虚拟语气语法.doc

虚拟语气虚拟语气的重点是：1一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。2虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3主从句表示不同的时间概念、事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。4含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型（1）由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式（be动词用were）。B用wish表示对将来的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would, could, might+ 动词原形。Cwish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could, would + have +动词过去分词。The picture exhibition bored me to death; I wish I had not gone to it.-“I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.”-“Thats all right, but I wish he would buy one of his own.”I wish that he werent so lazy.(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him, but his son became an artist later.(3)would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。（4）Its (high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。（5）as, 或者whetheror谓语多用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamivc, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.（6）由连接词in case, so that ,unless, lest ,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.(7) if it were not for与现在事实相反， if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for。例如：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.(8) 虚拟语气用于as if（though）引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与wish宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously, and her good humor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。They talked as if they had been friends for years.他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型, as though, suppose, had rather, supposing, if only等等If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、建议、命令、提议、意愿等的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should(可省略)+动词原形that从句。A、 用于表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要求 advise建议 arrange安排 beg请求command命令 decide决定 demand要求 desire渴望determine决定 insist坚持 intend打算 maintain坚持主张move建议，动员 propose提议 object反对 order命令prefer建议 require 需要 request要求 resolve下决心recommend推荐 suggest建议 stipulate约定，规定 urge强调，促进vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令） pray请求 注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）She advised keeping the gate locked.(较随便)B、用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的 decided决定的 crucial关键的 appropriate恰当的determined决定的 commanded命令的 arranged安排的 essential紧要的，基本的complied遵照 anxious焦急的 imperative迫切的 important重要的desirable合意的 better较好的，更好 insistent坚持的 desired想要asked请求 keen渴望的 incredible难以置信的 adamant坚定不移的natural自然的 insisted坚持 necessary必要的 suggested建议urgent紧迫的 ordered命令 shocked震惊的 vital极其重要的possible可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable （好一点） proposed提议requested要求的 required要求的 recommended推荐 resolved决定的probable（可能的） pity可惜，憾事 shame遗憾 注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以forto do来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C用于由表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice忠告 decision决定 demand要求 desire要求、愿望insistence坚持 motion提议 necessity必要性 order命令preference偏爱 proposal提议 pray恳求 recommendation推荐request要求 requirement要求 resolution决心 suggestion劝告、忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。 三、混合虚拟语气有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说，在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是解题的关键。If you that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy.A. havent watched B. didnt watchC. hadnt watched D. wouldnt have watched 答案选C。Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return for something.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟（如果你去并且解释的话），但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。四、含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：（1）介词或介词短语，如but for, but that, without, in case of, under more favorable condition等。 the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today.A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 答案选B。But that she was afraid, she would have said no.(2)连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若)，for fear that(唯恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是就好了)等。She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what he wanted.=if she listened carefully ,she might discover exactly what he wanted.If only I had more money, I could buy a car.(注：lest, for fear that 和 in case 引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood him. 这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用此法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。（3）通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but, otherwise, unfortunately等类似转折词。I thought the children when we returned home, but they were still awake.A. were sleeping B. would be sleeping C. had been sleeping D. would sleep选择 B。(4)形容词及其比较级A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done.(5)分词短语Having known in time, we might have prevented the accident.Born ten days earlier, the boy could have seen his late father.(6)动词不定式短语。一般intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或 was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。I intended I should call on you, but I was busy at that time.To hear him speak French, you would take him for an Englishman.She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.It would be easier to do it this way.(7)名词短语和名词+and结构A judicious man would not have committed suicide.A diligent student would have worked harder.(8)独立主格结构All things considered, the price would be reasonable.(9)定语从句Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.A nation, which stopped working, would be dead in a fortnight.(10）情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didnt.The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(11)动词原形表示虚拟动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。God bless you!All magnets behave the same, be they large or small.Shell be sixteen years odd, com May.(come May =when May come).If that be so, we shall take action at once.押题1Can you come to attend our party tonight? Sorry, but I do wish I _. A. had B. can C. will D. could【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要理清上下文语境，准确判断wish引导的宾语从句中虚拟结构的使用。【答案解析】分析上下文语境可以知道，wish引导的宾语从句表示与将来事实相反的愿望，故应用would，could+动词原形。答案D。押题2 It is necessary that people both young and old in China _some English to be prepared for the Olympic Games to be held in Beijing in 2008. A. learn B. will learn C. must learn D. have learned【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型It is necessary(strange, natural, important.)+从句中，从句中谓语动词虚拟语气结构的使用。【答案解析】在句型 It is necessary(strange, natural, important.)+从句结构中，从句中谓语动词要用should+动词原形构成，should 可以省略。答案A。押题3 If he his legs in the last training, he the coming World Cup, which he has been longing to compete in.A. hadnt hurt; would join in B. hadnt hurt; would have taken part inC. didnt hurt; would go in for D. didnt hurt; would have taken part in【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是根据句子意思准确推断出主从句中谓语动词虚拟结构的使用，特别注意主从句动作所发生的时间不一致性的关系。【答案解析】根据句子结构可以知道，该题是由if引导的条件状语从句，分析句意，该句表示一种假设，从句中的动作是在过去发生，即表示与过去事实相反，主句的动作是在将来发生，即表示与将来事实相反，故从句谓语动词用had done，主句用would (could, might) +动词原形。答案A。押题4 I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I _you waiting for such a long time.A. will not keep B. have not kept C. had not kept D. would not have kept【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要把握otherwise表示转折意义后的句子结构中虚拟语气的使用。【答案解析】根据句子意义，otherwise 前的分句为客观事实，使用的为一般过去时，而otherwise 后一分句则表示与过去事实相反的一种假设，句中实际省略了if 条件句if I hadnt been caught.故选项部分应为与过去事实相反的主句虚拟结构，应选 wouldnt have kept。答案D。押题5 Though the girl had been suffering from the blood disease, she acted as if nothing _ to her while facing her friends and relations. A. happened B. would happen C. was happened D. had happened【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要准确判断as if引导的从句中虚拟结构的使用。【答案解析】在as if ，as though 引导的方式状语从句中，从句谓语动词要用虚拟结构，根据题干中动词所使用的时态可以看出，选项部分是表示与过去事实相反的动作，要用had + 过去分词构成。答案 D。押题6 Its high time that we students _ even harder at our lessons as the national entrance examination is coming nearer.A. work B. will work C. worked D. have to work【解题关键】 解答该题的关键是要注意在句型Its time that.结构中虚拟结构的使用。【答案解析】在It is time that .句型结构中，从句的谓语动词要用虚拟结构，可以用一般过去时，也可以用should +动词原形，但should不可省略。答案 C。押题7 _him not to do so, he wouldnt have made such a serious mistake.A. Did I persuade B. If I persuad