02第二讲 动词及动词词组.doc

高中英语语法 第二讲 动词及动词词组第二讲 动词及动词词组一 定义：表示动作或者状态的词叫做动词。二 动词的分类其用法 1.按在句中的功能分类词类细分类定义例句实义动词 Notional Verb及物动词Transitive Verb后面要跟宾语She can dance and sing.不及物动词Intransitive Verb不能直接跟有动作的对象（宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如to, of ,at后方可跟上宾语。She can sing many English songs.动态动词表示动作 give, take, work, run 等She gave me a gift.静态动词表示感觉、情感、内心世界、相互关系live, lie, exist, have, love, like, dislike, hate, surprise, astonish, contain, include, guess, suppose, believe, doubt I think she will come here tomorrow.延续性动词动作可以延续rain, live, work, learnI have been working all the day.非延续性动词动作不能延续come, go, leave, start, arrive, join, finish, endHe left yesterday.系动词Link Verb状态系动词用来表示主语所处的状态be The girl in black is a dancer.Look at those boys over there! They are students of Class Two.感官系动词 表示感官feel, smell, sound, taste This kind of cloth feels soft. The flower smells sweat.表象系动词 用来表示“看起来像”这一概念seem, appear, look He looked very tired.She seems (to be) so sad every.持续系动词 表示主语保持一种状态或态度keep, remain, stay, lie, stand He always kept silent at meeting.This matter remains a mystery.变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样come, become, get, grow, go, turn, fall, runHe became mad after that accident. She grew rich within a short time.终止系动词表达“证实，变成”之意 (表示主语已终止动作) prove, turn outAfter a long time, the rumor proved false. To our surprise, his plan turned out a success.助动词 Auxiliary Verb协助主要动词构成谓语的动词。它本身没有词义，不可以单独作谓语，只能和别的动词一起构成宾语，表示时态、语态、语气等，或表示疑问或否定。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）be1 be+现在分词，构成进行时态be doing2 be+过去分词，构成被动语态 be done3 be+动词不定式 be to doa.表示最近、未来的计划或安排b.表示命令c.征求意见d.表示相约、商定They are having a meeting. English is becoming more and more important. The window was broken by Tom.He is to go to New York next week.You are to explain this.How am I to answer him? We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.have1 have+过去分词，构成完成时态have done, had done2 have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时have been doing3 have+been+过去分词，构成完成式被动语态have been doneHe has left for London.By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.I have been studying English for ten years.English has been taught in China for many years.do1构成一般疑问句2 do+not构成否定句3构成否定祈使句4放在动词原形前，加强语气5 用于倒装句6用作代动词Do you want to pass the exam?I do not want to be criticized. Dont go there.Do come to my birthday party.I did go there.Never did I hear of such a thing.-Do you like Beijing?-Yes, I do.will shall与动词原形一起构成一般将来时 (will常用于第一人称，但shall只用于第一人称，如用于第二、第三人称，就失去助动词的意义，已变为情态动词) 情态动词shall 一三疑征求意见；二三陈述意愿He will go to Shanghai.I shall study harder at English.He will come.他要来。（will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。）He shall come.他必须来。（shall有命令的意味。）would should 1 should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称2would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第二、第三人称I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.“What shall I do next week?”I asked（可以说，shall变成间接引语时，变成了should。）He said he would come. “I will go ”he said. He said he would come. （变成间接引语，原来的will变成would，go变成了come. would 只是will 的过去式）情态动词Modal Verb表示说话人对动作或者状态的各种观点和态度，如：需要、猜测、意愿、怀疑等。情态动词can, may, must, need, dare, shall, will, should, would, ought to, have toHe can speak English.You have to finish it on Saturday.半情态动词used to, had better, would ratherYou had better take my advice.2. 根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制定义分类意义例句限定性动词（谓语动词）Finite Verb动词的形式受主语人称和数的变化而变化人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第 一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三 人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English.主 动The road was filled with rubbish. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望He has flown to America. 事 实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿 望定义分类意义用途例句非限定行动词（非谓语动词）Non-finite Verb不受主语的限制，没有词形变化不定式to do起形容词和名词作用主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school.动名词V-ing起名词作用主语、宾语、表语、定语She likes reading.分词现分 起形容词、副词作用，表主动表语、定语、状语、补语The steam is seen rising from the wet clothes.过分起形容词、副词作用,表被动The cup is broken. 时态 （按高考要求共十一个时态） 谓语动词 语态 （主动语态和被动语态） 语气 （陈述语气和虚拟语气） 主谓一致动词 动词不定式 非谓语动词 动名词 分词 （现在分词和过去分词）3. 根据动词的组成形式定义例句单字动词（One-Word Verb）单个动词The English language contains many words and phrase.短语动词（Phrasal Verb）动词加小品词构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。说明：构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词（Particle）。Turn off the radio.Let me have a look.Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.12常考动词词组1. agree vi. 同意;持相同意见1) agree on /about/upon sth (就价钱、条件等)达成协议，商定 2) agree that 同意(接从句) 3) agree to do 同意去做 4) agree to ones plan/suggestion 采纳某人的计划(建议)5) agree with ones idea/opinion/analysis 同意某人的看法(见解) 6) sth agree with sb. (衣服,食物等)适合某人 与一致 同意、赞同 7) agree with sb. on that point 在那方面同意某人2. break vt.打破;损坏;破坏 1)break down 机器坏了=go wrong 身体垮了/终止谈话 2)break in 闯入,插话 3)break off 忽然停止讲话/断绝,结束/暂停工作,休息 4)break out (战争等)爆发; 逃出(无被动式) 5)break through 打破包围 6)break up 驱散,学校的放学, 破碎，(使)(人与人关系)发生破裂，断绝关系，关系破裂(或中断)；(使)(夫妇)离异7)break away from 脱离,逃说,与.断绝来往/改变某种习惯8) break ones promise/words 破坏某人的诺言、食言 9) break the record 打破纪录 10) break the rules 违反规则3.bring vt.拿来;带来;取来 1)bring about =cause, result in, lead to带来、造成2)bring force 使产生,引起 3)bring forward 提出建议=put forward/提前 4)bring in 引进5)bring back to ones mind 使回想起 6)bring up sb 抚养某人 7)bring up sth 提出 bring up 呕吐 8)bring to an end 结束=come to an end 9) bring down 使倒下,使下降 4.call vt.叫喊;打电话给 1)call on sb 拜访,号召 call on sb to do号召某人做某事2)call at sp.访问(某人的家);(火车、船)停靠 3)call for 需要,邀请4)call for sb 去接某人一起去做某事 5)call off 取消(计划,比赛) 6)call out (call out+to sb.)大声地叫 7)call up sb 使想起 给打电话 8)call ones attention to sth. 让某人引起对的注意 5.carry vt.携带;运载;传送 1)carry out 进行到底,贯彻执行 2)carry on 进行下去,坚持下去 3)carry away 拿走,入迷,被.吸引 4)carry forward 推进,发扬(精神) 5)carry off 抢走,夺走/获得奖品6)carry through 进行到底,完成计划 7)carry sb through 使.渡过难关 8) carry out ones promise 遵守某人的诺言6.catch vt.捉;抓住 vi.接住 1) catch up 赶上 2) catch on 勾住,绊倒 3) catch at 想抓住 4) be caught in the rain 被雨淋 5) catch up with 赶上某人,补上工作 6) catch a cold 感冒 7) catch fire 着火 7.clear a.清澈晰的 vt.清除 1) clear up (天气)转晴,澄清事实,整理收拾 2) clear away 清除掉,去掉,消散 3) clear off 消除(积雪)等障碍,把.拆掉,擦掉,清除8. come vi.到来; 变得; 到达 1) come across 偶然发现,偶然遇到 2) come on 快点(口),开始,到来,举行,走吧,一起去 3) come down 倒下,(温度,价格)下降,病倒 4) come forward 涌现,主动地响应要求做某事 5) come from 来自于 6) come out 产生、出现 被知道 出版、发行 结局、结果 7) come to 苏醒,总共,达到,得到谅解 come to oneself 苏醒、恢复知觉8) come up sb 走进 9) come up 上升 发生 产生 (问题、话题、议题)被提出(无被动) 10) come up with something. 想出个办法11) come to ones rescuers 帮助 12) come true 实现 13) come at 向.扑过来,向.袭击14) come in 进来,上市15) come into effect 生效、启用 come to power 掌权 9.cut v.割,切,削减,切断 1) cut sth in half 把.砍成两半 cut sth. into halves 把切成两半 cut sth. into two parts 把切成两半 2) cut away 切除,逃跑3) cut through 走近路,剌穿 4) cut down 砍倒,减少,压缩(开支) 5) cut off 切断(关系,来往),中止(电话,思维) 6) cut out 删掉/改掉(恶习),停止 7) in a short cut 诀窍 8) cut up 割开；切碎 10.die vi.死亡; 枯死; 熄灭 1)die from 因饥渴,战争,被污染的意外死亡 2)die off 因年老,疾病而死亡 3)die away 声音变弱,渐渐消失/停息,消失 4)die down 慢慢地熄灭(风,火) 5)die out 熄灭,变弱,消失,灭绝(动物) 11. lose 1) lose heart 失去信心 2) lose ones life/lives 丧命 3) lose ones sight 失明 4) lose ones temper 发脾气 5) lose ones way 迷路6) lose touch with 与失去联系 7) lose weight 减少体重12. fall vi.落下;跌倒;陷落 1)fall a sleep 去睡觉=go to sleep fall ill 病了 2)fall across 遇见(偶然) 3)fall back 后退,后撤 4)fall behind 落后,跟不上 5)fall in 集合/陷入 fall in love with sb. 爱上某人6)fall off 减少,从. 7) A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。 8)fall on 看到,落在.上面 9)fall short of 缺乏 10)fall out of 放弃 13. get vi.变得,成为;到达 1)get about 到处走,消息的传开 2)get across 穿过,讲清楚使人了解,领会3)get away 逃掉,离开,摆脱 4)get down 从下来,写下来,记下来,病了/使某人不安 5)get down to sth./doing 开始去做 6)get along with sth 进展得 7)get along with sb 相处 8)get in 进去,进站,收进来,收帐 9)get off 离开,下车 10)get on 上车 11)get out 拔出,传开 12)get over 克服(困难),从病中恢复过来,13)get around =spread 传开 14)get through 接通(电话) 通过(考试) 完成(工作、任务) 通过(议案、计划) 消息传到 15)get to 到达,抓住问题的要害,本质 16)get together 聚会,联欢 17)get in a word 策划 18)get into trouble 陷入 19)get rid of 摆脱,去掉 20) get in touch with 与取得联系21) get sb. to do 让某人 get sb./sth. doing 让.一直get sth. done 让某物get to see/ know/ understand 开始明白/知道/理解 22) get tired of sth./doing 感到厌倦 23) get to know sb. (刚刚)认识某人 14. give vt.给出,赋予,发生 1)give in 屈服 2)give off散发、发出(气味、光线、声音) 3)give out 发出(气味、光线、声音) 用尽 精疲力尽 4)give up 放弃,停止做某事 5)give over交托,让位于=give way to被取代 6)give away把送出去7)give away to 被取代, 让位给 8)give rise to 引起,导致9) give sb. a lift 搭车15. go vi.离开; 移动; 运行 1)go bad 变坏;变酸;腐败 2)go red 变红 go hungry 挨饿 3)go wrong 出错;发生故障 4)go about 随便走/进行 5)go after 追赶,追逐、追求6)go ahead 说吧,走吧,做吧(口语),走在前面 7)go at 从事于 8)go beyond 超出 9)go by =pass 经过,过去 10)go down 下降 11)go into 进入 12)go off 消失,腐败,坏的 13)go out (火)熄灭,过时了,罢工 14)go over 复习,检查 15)go through 穿过 仔细察看,审阅 经历(痛苦,困难)16)go up 提高,上涨(价格) 17)go around 分配,传播,传开 18)go all out to do sth 全力以赴去做某事 19)go back to 追溯到 20)go with 相配=match=go along with 和一起去 (颜色、款式等)搭配21)go well with 协调 22)go too far 太过分了,走太远了 16. hold vt.怀有,持有(见解等) 1)hold up 主持,耽搁,延误,继续下去,拿起 2)hold back 阻挡,忍住,保留,隐瞒 3)hold down 控制,镇压=put down hold off 延误,保持距离,使“疏远”4)hold on 坚持下去,停止,别挂(电话)5)hold out 坚持到胜利,支持,维持,伸出 6)hold to 坚持某个看法（路线）,紧紧地抓住 7) hold the record 保持纪录 =keep the record17. hunt vt.追猎;追赶 vi.打猎 1)hunt for 寻找 2)hunt out 找出来 3)hunt through 翻找 18. keep vt.保存,保持;留住 1)keep to 坚持某种习惯,遵循,靠(左右) 2)keep back 阻止、阻挡、使后退 扣留、保留 3)keep down 控制,下降,缩减开支 4)keep off 避开,远离,让开 5)keep out 使其等在外面,不让进入 6)keep up 保持,维持,鼓足勇气 7)keep sb from doing 阻止某人做某事keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事 8)keep sth from sb 把某事瞒着某人 9)keep up with 跟上 10) keep fit 保持身体健康 11) keep in touch with 与保持联系12) keep on doing sth. 持续做某事 13) keep ones promise/words 遵守某人的诺言 14) keep quiet 保持安静 keep silent 保持沉默 15) keep the record 保持纪录19. knock vi.&vt.&n.敲,击,打 1)knock into sb 撞到某人身上;偶然遇到 2)knock sth down 降低价格,拆除,缩减开支 3)knock off 下班,停工,很快地写出文章 4)knock sb up 匆匆做饭,敲门把某人叫醒,使某人疲倦 5)knock at 敲(门) 6)knock sb up 把某人叫醒 7) knock over 撞翻 20. know vt.知道;认识;通晓 1)know about 了解,知道情况 2)know of 听说,知道为什么 3)be know for sth 以.出名 4)as known to all 众所周知 21. lay vt.放,安排,铺设,覆盖 1)lay aside 放在一边,积蓄 2)lay down 放下,制定计划 3)lay emphasis on sth 强调 4)lay down ones life for 为.献出生命 5)lay out 布置;设计 6)lay off 解雇 7)lay in 积蓄,储蓄22. leave v.离开，留下1)leave alone 不要管(某人),不要碰(某物) 2)leave behind 遗留,遗志 3)leave off (使)停止;中断 4)leave out 删掉,漏掉 5)leave over 剩下的,暂时不去解决的 6) leave for sp. 到某地 7) leave sth. undone 使某物未.leave sb. to do .sth. 留下某人做某事 leave sth. to be done 留下某事需要去做leave sb./sth. doing 留下某人/某物一直做.23. let vt.容许,使得,假设 1)let alone 不要管,不碰,更不用说 2)let down 放下(窗帘),失望 let sb. down3)let off 燃放鞭炮,放掉蒸汽,放过某人 4)let out 放掉气,发出响声,泄露 5) let in 让进来6) let sb. do sth. 使/让某人做某事24. look v.看,期待 n.外观,神色 1)look after 照料 2)look at 看 3)look back 回顾 4)look in 顺便来访=drop in 5)look into sth 调查,了解某事,浏览(书报) 6)look on sb./sth as 把.看作. 7)look out 小心,当心,向外看 8)look around 到处看 9)look over 审阅,翻阅,检查10)look through 浏览,仔细地检查 11)look to 负责,留意 12) look up (从词典中)找出,天气转变,物价上涨,仰视 13)look up to sb 尊敬某人 14)look down on sb 轻视某人= look down upon sb 15)look forward to期待 25. make n.(产品)来源 vt.制造 1)make for 有助于,向走过去 2)make out 辩认出,理解,开(写)支票,假装 3)make up 编造 和好 凑足(钱)、使完整 构成、组成 打扮4)make up for 补偿 5)make up of 由.组成 6)make fun of 嘲笑,和某人开玩笑 7)make the best of 充分利用 make (good) use of (正确地)使用8)make certain 弄清楚 9)make up ones mind 决定,下决心 10)make a choice 作出选择 make a decision 下决心 11)make tea 泡茶 12)make coffee 冲咖啡 13)make off 逃跑,匆匆离开 14) make a promise 许下诺言 15) make an effort to do 努力去做16) make ones living (by doing) (以)谋生17) make sb. do 使/让. 做/干make sb. doing sth. 使/让.一直做/干make sth. done 使.make oneself heard/ understood 使.被听到/理解18) make sth. into sth. 把变成 19) make sth. out of sth. 用做26. open a.开的;开放的 vt.开 1)open to the public 向公众开放2)open traffic 通车 3)open into 门打开后通向 4)open to 道路通向 5)open up 开垦 6)open fire on sb. 向某人开火 7)open out 打开,转开 27. pass v.通过 n.经过;通行证 1)pass away 消磨(时间) 2)to pass away 去世,死（委婉的说法） 3)pass by 从某人身边经过,过去 34)pass off 消失,顺利地进行 5)pass for 冒充,假扮 6)pass on 传下去 pass down 继承、传下去7)pass through 经历8) pass the exam 考试及格 28. pick n.风镐;牙签 v.凿;摘 ;挑选1)pick out 挑选,认出(某人),领会 2)pick up好转，恢复健康,重新开始3)pick sb/sth up捡起来,中途把某人装上车,偶然结识，见到，听到，学到，染上，买到，取到，得到，找到4)pick sbs pocket扒窃5)pick and choose挑选29. pull v.拖,拔, 扯 n.牵引 1)to pull a trailer 拖汽车房屋2)pull down 拆掉,推掉,使身体虚弱,使价格降低 3)pull off 脱衣帽 pull off a plan 实现计划 4)pull out 拔出,离开,度过难关,恢复健康 5)to pull out of the garage 从车库开车出来 6)pull through 渡过难关,使从病中恢复过来 7)pull up 车子停下,拔起(树、草) 30. put v.放;移动;使穿过;写 1)put away 放下,收起来,把放在原位 2)put aside 把放在.留出(时间),备用 3)put back 放在原处,推迟,延期 4)put down 镇压,写下来 5)put forward 提出,提前,提供 6)put in 提交,申请(+for) 7)put off 推迟,延期,打消,关上 8)put on 穿上,上演 9)put through 接通电话 10)put out 扑灭,关灯,生产,出版 11)put up 张贴,留某人过夜,建造 put up with 忍受 12)put into production 把.投入生产 13)put into use 投入使用 14)put ones heart into 全心全意投入 15) put sth. into/in practice 投入(运用于)实践 31. run v.(使)跑 n.赛跑;路线 1)run across 穿过(跪道),偶然遇到 2)run after 追赶 3)run away 逃走,失去控制 4)run down 身体虚弱,电用完了 5)run into sb 碰到某人 6)run for 竞选 7)run out 用完 8)run over 匆匆浏览 9)run through 穿过,匆匆看一下,做完 10)run a risk of =at the risk of 冒.险 11)run a fever 发烧 12)run short of 缺乏 32. see vt.看见;遇见;看出 1)see sb off 为某人送行,解雇 2)see into sth 调查,了解某事 3)see about 负责处理 4)see through 看穿某人 5)see to 负责；照顾6)see sth through 进行到底 33 send vt. vi.送,寄发;派遣 1)send for 派某人去请,去叫某人 2)send off 发出,寄出 3)send sb off =see sb. off 为某人送行,解雇 4)send out 发出,发射 5)send in 交上去,递送 6)send on 转交 34set vi.(日,月)落,vt.放 1)set about sth 着手做某事 2)set about doing sth 着手做某事 3)set out 出发,开始做某事,陈述 set out for sp. 出发去某地 set out to do 开始去做4)set apart 分离,流出 5)set aside 流出,宣布无效 6)set down 放下,写下 7)set off for sp出发 8)set up 建立 9)set fire to 放火烧 10)set an example for 为某人树立榜样 35start vi.跳起;出发;开始 1)start from 从.开始 2)start with 就此开始 3)start in 开始 4)start after sb. 追赶上某人 5)start off 动身出发 6)start out 着手进行 7)start up 开工,突然站起来 8)at the very start 一开始 36take vt.耗费(时间);需要 1)take away 拿走,离开 2)take back 拿回来 3)take back ones words 收回(刚讲的话) 4)take A for B 把A误认为是B 5)take in sth 接受 6)take in sb 欺骗 7)take off 起飞,离去，突然大受欢迎8)take sth off脱下，切除，取消，休假9)take sb off模仿，救出，调离，减去，挪走10)take on sth呈现,承担 11)take sb on as雇用为 12)take sb on 用车搭乘13)take sb out取出，带走14)take sth over接管，接任15)take to doing sth 逐渐习惯于16)take up 占据(时间,地方),从事于 17)take pride in =be proud of 引以为豪 18)take turns to do sth 轮流 19)take in turn 依次 20)take pains to do 努力做某事 21)take a chance 碰运气 22)take a lead 带头 23)take effect 生效 24)take charge of 负责 25)take ones leave 告辞 26) take (an active) part in (积极地)参加27) take a message for sb. 为(发信人)留个信 take a message to sb. 给(收信人)留/传个信 28) take a rest 休息 take a seat 坐下 take a taxi 找出租车、打的 take a trip (因私)旅行 28) take along 携带 29) take care 小心30) take place 发生 take the place of 取代、代替31) take it easy 别紧张、放松 掉以轻心 32) take it for granted that 认为是理所当然的37think v.思考;认为;想起 1)think about 考虑,关心 2)think of 想起,记得,觉得怎样 3)think of sb. as 把.当作. 4)think over 仔细考虑 5)think out 想出,解决了,想清楚 6)think back to 回想过去 7)think well of 高度评价 8)think highly of 高度评价 38 throw v.投射;摔倒 n.投掷 1)throw about 到处扔 2)throw away 扔掉,浪费(金钱),失去(机会) 3)throw back 扔回来,阻止,进攻 4)throw down 扔下来,推翻 5)throw in 扔,扔进 6)throw into 扔,扔进 7)throw in a word or t