名词复习.doc

预科英语语法复习【一点就通】分析历年的考题，可以发现，单项选择从三个方面出题。 1. 词性：名词、冠词、数词、介词、连词、代词、 动词、 形容词和副词等词性 2. 句法类 3. 情景交际词类篇根据词性、词形特征和句法用法等方面的特点，英语中单词通常分为十类。不同词类在句子中担任不同的句子成分。词类英语名称作用例句名词Nouns表示人或物的名称water, life, Mary动词Verbs表示动作或状态go, know, study数词Numerals表示数量或顺序two, third形容词Adjectives表示人或事物的特征cold, brave, good副词Adverbs修饰动词、形容词或其它副词，表示动作特征或形状特征happily, again代词Pronouns代替名词、数词等I, this, each冠词Articles用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物a(an), the介词Prepositions表示名词、代词等和句子中其他词的关系on, into, with感叹词Interjections表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感或口气ah, oh, hi连词Conjunction英语中的连词主要分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组或从句,从属连词常用来引导从句and, but, or, so【注意】以上十种词类中，前六种可以在句子中独立担任一定的句子成分，称为实词。后四种不能独立充当任何句子成分，称为虚词。一、名词名词的分类:名词可以分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词 (Common Nouns），专有名词是某个国名，地名，人名，团体，机构名称，如China, Beijing, Anderson, British Airways, the Peoples Congress等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词（Individual Nouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun, boy, house, tiger。2）集体名词（Collective Nouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family, team, police。3）物质名词（Material Nouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air, snow, bread, rice。4）抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）：无形状，只表示性质、动作、状态、疾病等抽象概念，如：act, work, glory, honesty, failure, education。 个体名词可用数目来计算，称可数名词（Countable Nouns），如a car, two cars, one pencil, two pencils; 集体名词有的可数，如 a family, two families,有的则不可数，如 furniture, equipment;物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。名词的数:个体名词都有单复数形式，单数名词就是名词的原形，前面可带不定冠词a, an或基数词one，如a desk, one desk; a man, one man。A.规则复数，一般在词尾加-s,或-es情况构成方法读音例词大部分名词（包括以不发音的元音字母e结尾的名词）加s在清辅音（s,t除外）之后读作/s/maps, books, boats, roofs在浊辅音（z, , d除外）之后读作/z/verbs, birds, dogs, kings, names, pens, boys, seas, hills在s,t, z, , d等浊辅音之后读作/iz/roses, places, houses, ridges, colleges, faces以th结尾的名词加s在长元音后ths读/z/baths, mouths, paths在短元音或辅音后ths读/s /months, moths（蛾子berths（铺位）少数读作/z/s/皆可youths, oaths, truths以-s, -x, -sh, -ch结尾的名词加es读作/iz/classes, boxes, watches, dishes以y结尾的名词以”辅音+y”结尾的名词，变y为i再加es读作/iz/parties, ladies, stories, families, cities以”元音+y”结尾的或以y结尾的专有名词加s读作/z/toys, boys, days, rays， Henrys以-o结尾的名词以”元音字母+o”结尾的加s读作/z/radios, bamboos, zoos以”辅音字母+o”结尾的名词，一般加es,外来词多加sheroes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes,pianos, photos, kilos少数加s,es皆可zero, volcano以f, fe结尾的名词多数加s读作/s/beliefs, chiefs, proofs, roofs少数变f,fe为v，再加es读作/vz/leaves, thieves, knives, loaves, wivesB.不规则复数1.改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice,tooth-teeth, child-children, ox-oxen2.单、复数同形a sheeptwo sheep, a deerfour deer此外还有means（方法、手段）,fish, works, species（种类）及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币制等单位的名词,如yuan(圆),jiao(角),fen(分),jin(斤),mu(亩)等。3.只有复数形式arms,ashes,belongings,compasses,clothes,contents,earnings,remains,savings,trousers,goods等。4.集体名词：只有复数的集体名词 people, police, cattle, staff做单数强调整体，做复数强调个人audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party5.复数形式含义不同customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)6.合成名词(4种形式)：a.以可数名词结尾的复合名词，直接加-sfilm-goer(s) store-keeper(s)b.以“可数名词+介词（短语）”构成的复合名词，在名词部分加-spasser(s)-by sister(s)-in-law prisoner(s)-of-war comrade(s)-in-armsc.以man或woman等为前缀的复合名词变为复数形式时，前后两部分皆为复数形式man servantmen servants woman doctorwomen doctors d.以“动词或过去分词+副词”构成的复合名词，是在副词部分后加-sgrown-ups breakdown(s)故障3)名词的所有格名词在句中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1s所有格的构成：单数名词在词尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo复数名词一般在词尾加the teachers room, the twins mother,不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens room, the womens rights表示各自所有时，各名词后加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表共同所有时，在最后的词后加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示“某人家”，“店铺”时，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors my uncles2of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students【自主导学】1. On the black wall of the classroom is .A. a China map B. a map of China C. a Chinese map D. a map of Chinese2. got off and had a look.A. The bus driver B. The driver bus C. The driver of the bus D. The bus driver3. I had some milk for breakfast.A. six breads B. six pieces of breads C. six piece of breads D. six pieces of bread4. The soldier saved many .A. boys life B. boys lives C. boys life D. boys lives5. The old man has on his house.A. a glass B. a glasses C. a pair of glasses D. a pair of glass6. Are there any in those ?A. knifespencil-boxes B. knivespencils-box C. knivespencil-boxes D. knivespencils-boxes7. We know doesnt travel so fast as light.A. sound B. sounds C. a sound D. the sound8. Our new has three bedrooms and a sitting room.A. home B. house C. family D. place9. What it is today!A. fine weather B. fine a weather C. a fine weather D. the fine weather10. Joan went to the to buy a pair of shoes.A. shoes store B. shoe store C. shoes store D. shoes store11. This is a useful book for .A. physics teacher B. physics teachers C. physics teacher D. physics teachers12. The model ship was made by a girl.A. ten-year-old B. ten-years-old C. ten-year-older D. ten-years-older13. Miss Brown is a friend of .A. Marys mothers B. Mary mother C. Mary mothers D. mothers of Mary14. Lucy is sister.A. Mary and Jack B. Marys and Jacks C. Marys and Jack D. Mary and Jacks15. The man has that he is unable to get a job.A. such a little education B. so little education C. so few education D. such little education16. These are all .A. boy students; Chineses B. boys students; Chinese C. boys students; Chineses D. boy students; Chinese17. These foreign friends are . A. German B. Germen C. Germens D. Germans18. The old man wanted .A. seven boxes of matches B. seven box of matches C. seven boxes of match D. seven boxs matches【分类练习】一、将下列名词分类English, tea, rice, zoo,picture, meat, water, child, milk, book, woman, work, air, bread, river, sheep, apple, foot, street, family1)可数名词 2）不可数名词 二、写出下列名词的复数形式1. photo 2. play 3. glass 4. box5. American 6. story 7. kilo 8. mouth9. sheep 10. Japanese 11. leaf 12. watch13. brush 14. baby 15. ox 16. radio17. foot 18. wife 19. homework 20. money 三、单选1. He found a lot of were A.passers-by;grown-ups B.passer-bys;growns-up C.passer-bys;grown-ups D.passers-by;growns-up2. There no life on the moon.A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be3. A group of are eating and at the foot of the hill.A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass;leafs4. This is an old photo of my aunts when she had black , but now she has some white A. hair; hairs B. hairs; hair C. hair; hair D. hairs; hairs5. Li Mings handwriting is better than in his class.A. anyone elses B. anyones elses C. anyones D. anyone else6. about the moon put into the computer.A. A great number of informations; wereB. A lot of information; wereC. Much information; wasD. A good many informations; were 7. The museum he paid a visit at the end of the street.A. stand B. stands C. to stand D. to stands8. food is kept in his new cave.A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of C. A large number of D. Quite a few9. On the wall two large portraits.A. hang B. hangs C. hanged D. was hanging10. The rest of the magazines within half an hour.A. is sold out B. are sold out C. was sold out D. were sold out11. Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, was done.A. little damage B. a little damage C. few damages D. a few damages12. Seventy percent of the students here from the countryside.A. is B. are C. comes D. has come 13. Three-fourths of the homework today.A. has finished B. has been finished C. have finished D. have been finished 14. The total number of the population in China about 1,000 million on April 14,1989.A. added up B. was C. were D. rose15. work has been done to improve the peoples living standard.A. A great deal of B. A great many C. A large number of D. Many16. the presents a set of tea things from Jack.A. In; was B. In; were C. Among; was D. Among; were17. Although the town had been attacked by the storm several times, was don