第二讲： 名词.doc

第二讲：常考点清单二 名词一、名词的分类名词即表示人或物的名称的词，它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表：类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词Lucy, the Greener, China, the Great Wall, the Great Hall of the People普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary, pencil, chair, table, book, dog集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词family, police, class, group, team不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice, glass, water, paper, air, wood, wool抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情、等抽象概念的词danger, health, life, knowledge, interest, love, homework二、可数名词的复数形式1. 名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词（Countable Nouns）与不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）,可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，名词复数构成形式的部分规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读 /s/；在浊辅音和元音后读 /z/在t后读 /ts/； 在d后读 /dz/cake cakes day daysstudent students bed beds以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的词加-es读 /z/bus buses class classeswatch watches以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i，再加-es读 /z/baby babies city citiescountry countries lady ladies以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-es读 /z/toy toys monkey monkeys以f(fe)结尾的词变f(fe)为ves读 /vz/leaf leaves wolf wolveslife lives以ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加-s读 /z/face face orange oranges不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母mAnmenman men woman womenfoot feet tooth teeth单复数形式相同读音不变fish fish sheep sheepdeer deer Chinese ChineseJapanese Japanese 其他形式maus maismousemice2. 某国变复数 中国人 a Chinese Chinese 日本人 a Japanese Japanese 英国人 an Englishman Englishmen法国人 a Frenchman Frenchmen 美国人 an American American 阿拉伯人 an Arab Arabs 埃及人 an Egyptian Egyptians 德国人 a German Germans 澳大利亚人an Australian Australians可用口诀记住这一点，即：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面。3. 以o结尾的名词，有些在词尾加-es.potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes, hero heroes, negro negroes有些在词尾加-s。zoo zoos, radio radios, photo photos, piano pianos, kangaroo kangaroos, bamboo bamboos4. 复合名词前面的名词是man, woman, 变复数时，构成复合名词的两个名词全部都要变成复数形式；如果是其他词，变复数时，只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。man teacher men teachers, woman driver women drivers, boy student boy students, apple tree apple trees5. 字母、数字、引语或缩略语（词）语的复数形式是在其后加s或s。There are two fs in the word “office”.单词office里有两个f。Many VIPs are coming to our city. 许多重要人物即将到我们市来。6. 有些以-f或-fe结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。roof roofs 屋顶belief beliefs信仰proof proofs 证据chief chiefs 首领三、名词所有格1. 名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式，一种是s所有格，另一种是of 所有格。Beijing is Chinas capital. Beijing is the capital of China.2. 用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这时只在最后一个名词前加s。This is Mary and her sisters bedroom. Lucy and Lilys mother is a nurse.用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词在词尾都加s表示所有关系。These are Toms and Marys bags. Weihuas and Johns licenses are missing.3. 以s结尾的名词，在s后面加“”，不以s结尾的词在词尾加s。Teachers Day Childrens Day4. of所有格常用于表示无生命的东西。the door of the room the leaves of the tree5. 双重所有格有两种形式：of +名词所有格；of +名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my brothers. Is she a daughter of yours?6. 表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上s代表全称。at the doctors = at the doctors office 7. 在one, body和some, any, no, every综合起来的复合名词后加s构成名词所有格。someones book 这些代词和else连用时，s应放在else后。somebody elses pencil8. 表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾加s或构成所有格。todays news ten minutes ride/drive/walk四、名词在句中的作用1. 作主语名词在句中能作很多成分，但作主语是它的主要用途之一。English is very useful. 英语很有用。The children are playing games happily. 孩子们在高兴地做游戏。2. 作定语名词作定语时，一般用单数形式。paper tigers（纸老虎），work places（工作的地方）3. 作及物动词和介词的宾语She works hard at Chinese every day. 她每天在努力地学中文。4. 作表语Tom is my good friend. 汤姆是我的好朋友。5. 作宾语补足语They chose the boy monitor. 他们选择那个男孩当班长。6. 作状语My father will come back next Monday. 我父亲将于下周一回来。7. 作同位语This is Miss. Smith, our English teacher. 这位是史密斯小姐，我们的英语老师。题组训练 用所给单词的正确形式填空。1. When the cat is away, the _ (mouse) will play happily together. 2. Those you admire very much are called _ (hero).3. Ive got a toothache, so I need to go to the _ (dentist).4. How many _ (woman doctor) are there in the hospital?5. The red car over there belongs to my _ (father). 6. Its about twenty _ (minute) ride from my house to the city centre. 7. Most of the tourists on the coach are _ (German), only two of them _ (Japanese).8. Would you please make some _ (room) for the old man, sir? 易混点清单二 名词一、有些名词既是可数名词，又是不可数名词，但意义有所不同。work (工作) a work (著作) glass (玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯)paper (纸) a paper (报纸、证件、试卷) tea (茶) a tea (一种茶) (表示种类)wood a wood (小树林) room (空间) a room (房间)二、有不少名词在汉语中是可数的，在英语中却不可数，比如说：a news, a bread, a cloth等。如果要表示“一”这一概念，就必须加a piece of一类的定语。a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of advice 一条建议a piece of bread 一块面包 a piece of work 一份工作a carton of milk 一盒牛奶 a basket of food 一篮子食品a block of ice 一块冰 a pair of glasses 一副眼镜a pair of trousers 一条裤子 a piece of music 一曲音乐三、有些名词以s结尾，但它们不是复数。physics (物理学), maths (数学），politics（政治），news（新闻）四、“数词+名词+形容词”构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式，必须用单数形式。She is a five-year-old girl. 他是一个五岁的女孩。（five-year-old不能说成是five-years-old）a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞a two-metre-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子 a ten-story-high building 一幢十米高的楼房a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典 a 100-metre race 一百米的比赛五、分辨可数名词盒不可数名词的八句口诀可数不可数好分辨，名词所示物分两半。每半还能把原名叫，不可数名词就遇到。有的名词是两面堵，意变不可数为可数。bike（自行车）如果把一辆自行车分两半，每半只能叫自行车的一部分，不能再叫自行车，所以bike是可数名词。water（水）如果把一杯水分为两杯装，每杯仍可叫水。因此，water是不可数名词。orange（橘汁）把一瓶橘汁分成两瓶，每瓶还可叫橘汁，故orange（橘汁）为不可数名词，但意为“橘子”时是可数名词。六、双重所有格与of所有格的用法 a friend of her mothers 他母亲的一位朋友（强调他母亲朋友中的一位） a friend of her mother 他母亲的朋友（强调这是他母亲的朋友） a picture of his mothers 他弟弟的一张照片（强调是他弟弟众多照片中的一张，不一定是他本人） a picture of his brother 他弟弟本人的一张照片（强调是他本人）七、同义词辨析1. family, house与homefamily指“家，家庭”，可强调家庭中的全体成员，不指住房；home作“家”讲，指人们生活居住的地方，强调居住d饿范围和环境；house有“住宅，家”之意，强调房屋和居住点。My family are very kind. 我们全家都很友好。 He left home for Beijing. 他离家去北京了。They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。2. job与workjob是可数名词，指一项具体的工作，多指“零工”或“短工”；work是不可数名词，指工作、劳动、努力、用功。Selling newspapers is his part-time job. 卖报纸是他的兼职工作。He has been out of work. 他失业了。3. problem, question两个词都表示“问题”。一般来说，problem总是与“困难”相联系，它可以指社会问题、教学问题，这种“问题”是“有待解决的”，与之搭配的动词是solve；question总是与“疑问，质问，询问”相联系，这种“问题”是“有待回答的”，常与动词answer连用。He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。There is no problem that she is honest. 他为人诚实是毫无疑问的。4. voice, noise, soundvoice是“嗓音”；noise是“吵闹音”，指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声；sound是指人所听到的。自然界的任何声音。 题组训练 选择适当的词填空。1. Tom regards Nanjing as his second _ because he has been here for over ten years. (family; house; home )2. Li Ling wants to be a singer. She thinks its an interesting _. (work; job)3. The _ now is that he always has lots of _ to ask. (question; problem)4. At the foot of the hill, you could hear nothing but the _ of the running water. (voice; noise; sound)八、课堂练习题：1. More and more foreign students come to China to learn _ Chinese. A. aB. anC. the D. 不填2. Betty is talented. She plays _ violin very well. A. aB. an C. the3. Do you know _ woman in pink over there? Yes. She is _ office worker of Lijing Hotel. A. a; anB. the; the C. a; the D. the; an4. Whats your _? I like collecting stamps. A. nameB. jobC. address D. hobby 5. Orange represents _. It can bring you success and cheer you up when you are feeling sad.A. wisdomB. joyC. energyD. sadness6. Dr. Ma, _ ORBIS doctor, has done so important _ job that many people are grateful to him. A. a; aB. a; anC. an; aD. an; an7. A picture of the White House? Yes, I took it in _. A. LondonB. WashingtonC. ParisD. Bangkok 8. I think its _ useful advice, so I will always remember it. A. aB. anC. theD. 不填9. Lets go to this _ to find a pair of shoes to match my new skirt.A. shoe shop B. toy shop C. electrical shop D. clothes shop11. I looked under_ table and found _ pen I lost yesterday. A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the;/12. Dont talk to Simon like that. He is only _ eleven-year-old boy.A. aB. anC. theD. /13. On the shelf there is _ fancy teddy bear. A. theB. aC. anD. /14.