公务员招考体检复检申请书.doc

Research on tThe relationship between land ecological function changes and social development needs ：:The case of cCentral ChinaYang Wei a, Duan Jian-nana, Liu Luob, Liu Yia，,Hu Wenmina, Wang Haiyana(a. College of Resource and Environment, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China，, b. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China;）)Abstract：: Social development needs （(SDN）) and of land ecological functions （(LEF）) have changed, as cased evidenced by the influence during the lpast two decades of the rapidly increased growing economyic and peoples material and cultural needs during the last two decades. In this study, SDN were calculated based on Five- Year Plans, and LEF were counted determined by LUCC data fromof 1990, 1995，,2000，,2005 and 2010 by using the Delphi method and Pearson method, respectively. FThen, or the study area located in central Chinas Hunan Province, the relationship between SDN and LEF of the study area waswhich located in central Chinas Hunan Province were subsequently analyzed. Results of these analyses showed: ：(1) The needs of the ecological environment of sSocial dDevelopment in Hunan Province was upshowed an upwards trend, has increasinged 8.13 %, and the agriculture product needs and sSocial life needs were increased 8.13 % and 6.83 %, respectively. In contrast, and in addition the economic development needs and cultural and educational needs were reduced by 13.02% and 6.96 %, respectively, from 1990 to 2010. (2) The LEF of the Hunan Pprovince had decreased 0.26% in the past 20 years. The main reason of the erosion offor the decrease of ecological functions was the conversion of farmland and woodlands change into construction land. (3) The change of the LEF has a significant negative correlation with ecological needs and social life needs of SDN, while and a significant positive correlation with economic needs was showned a significant positive correlation. It showed that wWhen the land ecological function decreased, the requirements of the ecological environment and social life have gradually increased; besides otherwise, the demand for economic development will be declineddecreased.Key words: Land; Ecological Functions; Social Development NeedsIntroductionDevelopment of the society always is typically accompanies withied by a series of problems, such as unreasonable use of land resources and , eco-environmental degradation, which are caused by industrialization, urbanization, and rapid population growth, etc. In recent years, these problems have gained more attention from scholars who have done much research on them. For example, in tropical regions, Shiferaw (2011) found that economic development and population growth contributed to make a large number ofthe conversion of large areas of grassland and woodland converted to farmland and pasture, which raised a series of social and ecological problems. In Central Europe, many scholars such as Slovakia Juraj (2013) also noticed problems of a with large numbeareasr of disused vineyard land and the changing the use of land caused by the marketing economy. In La Plata Basin of South America, Seung (2013) found that whether thethe amount of precipitation is small or large turned out to be played a positive role in all the all of the land cover. And Chinese scholar Dong (2014) pointed outnoted that, in addition to natural conditions and population conditions,; there are other driving forces which that can also cause changes in land cover and land use. For example, mining ore can lead to economic improvement, urban sprawl and population aggregation. Meanwhile, Jianchao Xi (2014), by studying functional changes inof the rural land in village Gougezhuang, found that it is the main cause that of changes in the industrial structure made of land function was from villager livings living to a variety of needs to meet the demands of tourists, which led to the rapid expansion of construction land expanded rapidly both horizontally and vertically over the past 25 years.It can be seen from the above that the current studies on land resources only reflect only the direct reasons causing for these problems. However, as for the relationship between society development demand and land ecological problems, it needs further research and discussion. This study of the , selecting Hunan Province in central China, which has developed rapidly in economyeconomically over the past 20 years as the study area, attributes ecological problems caused by irrational use of land resources to the decrease or loss of LEF from the perspective of ecological services. It choosesThis study focuses on the demands of the whole society and changes in LEF as a research object to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of land functions and SDN, and to reveal the relationship between human society development needs and changes in land functions.Overview of the Study AreaLocated in the central China hinterland and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, Hunan Province is neighbored bys Jiangxi in the east, Chongqing and Guizhou in the west, Guangdong and Guangxi in the south, and Hubei in the north. It covers a land area of 211,815 square kilometers. In east longitude 10847 to 11415, Hunan Province is the transitional zone from the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the Jiangnan hilly land and from the Nanling Mountains to the Jianghan Plain. It is surrounded by mountains to thein east, west and south, and it gradually slopes down to the central and northeast regions. Its distribution of heightelevation of generally more than 2000 meters above the sea level is basically identical with to the distribution of the features of the terrain, which concentrates in mountains of the east, south and west.Hunan, enjoying a subtropical humid monsoon climate bearing with obvious features of a continental climate, is rich in sunlight, heat and water resources, the high values of which are nearly in synic. The weather is changeable invariable over a year;. iIt is cold in winter and hot in summer. The temperature is changeable also variable in spring and drops suddenly in autumn. It is rainy in spring and summer with r, droughtdry seasons in autumn and winter. The annual sunshine time in Hunan is 1300-1800 hours. With rich heat, iIts annual average temperature is between 15-18C. In winter, under the control influence of the winter monsoon, it is in favor of cold air marching descends into Hunan with from the mountains in all directions except the north. Therefore, the average temperature in most times ofin January is between 4-7C. And itsHunans frost-free period lasts as long as 260-310 days, and 280-300 days in most regions. The annual average rainfall is between 1200-1700 mm. Therefore, Hunan enjoys ample rainfall and is one of Chinesea provinces of much more rainwith large volumes of precipitation.Fig 1. Diagram Mmap of China with the research area (Hunan Province) highlighted.Research Methods and StepsResearch MethodsThe fFunction here means satisfying a demand from an object. From the perspective of the land function, there iswas a direct relationship between function and needs, and the changes in land functions are is certainly affected by a demand. Therefore, land function changes in an area are definitely affected by its social development demands. As one part of the Chinese national socio-economic plans, the “Five-Year Plan” aims to plan for a significant proportion offor major construction projects, distribution of productivity and the national economy, and to and to stipulate goals and directions for the vision of the national economic development. Therefore, this paper regards the basic tasks and targets set in the “Five-Year Plan” as periodic demands of Chinese regional social and economic development.Data CollectionIn China, the “Five-Year Plan” can reflects the demands of social development. This study, on the basis of the main tasks and development indicators of the eighth to the twelfth five “Five-Year Plans” concerningfrom the eighth to the twelfth of Hunan ProvincePlease ensure that the intended meaning has been maintained in this edit., analyzes different demands of Hunan social and economicaleconomic development in different stages. And tThe social demanding data of this researchused here takes the “Five-Year Plan” as the basis of quantitative social demands. There are eight “Five-Year Plans”, including the eighth to the eleventh, which came from the Hunan Development and Reform Commission. The “Five-Year Plan” is a part of Chinas national economic plan, aiming to plan for a significant proportion offor distribution of productivity and the national economy, and to and to stipulate goals and directions for the vision of the national economic development.The land cover data in this study from 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 arei from the national land use database, which is in the Center of Resource and Environment database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)ncludes that of the following five years: 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010 and came from the national land use database which is in the center of resource and environment database of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The national land use database is a dataset comprisinged of a multi-temporal 1:100,000 scale of the current land use status covering the national land areafor all of China. This database was, which has been established through years of data accumulation under the support of many important projects in a number of national land areasnationally, funded by such as the National Science -Ttechn- ology Support Plan Projects and the Innovative Program of the CAS (Liu Jiyuan, 2005, 2003, 2010). This dataset, with Landsat TM/ETM remote sensing images as the primary data source, is generated by artificial visuional interpretation. The land use types include six6 first-level onestypes: farmland, woodland, grassland, water, residential areas and unused land. Field investigation and validation show that the accuracy of comprehensive evaluation of the first-level land use has achievedis above 94.3%. This study, from the five periods of land use dataset, acquired investigated the changing land cover changing status of Hunan Province in central China from 1990 to 2010. Research StepsThis researchOur work, which, on the basis utilizes both collected land cover data and quantification of society development demands and land ecological function changes in theof Hunan Province in central China, and its land ecological function changes, figured outdetermined the variation inof society development demands and LEF during each period of the “Five-Year Plan” from 1990 to 2010. It We also analyzed the variation inof the four periods and pointed outshowed the relationship between society development demands and land ecological function changes (. (As for the specific steps, see fFigure 2).LUCCRelationship between land function and social development needsThe Five- -Yyears PlanResults of land ecological functionQuantitative results of social needsSocial development needs changesLand function changesLand functional value calculationNormalizationLand functions Fig 2 Study StepsSociety Development NeedsWith the rapid development of the society, the objectives of the “Five-Year Plan” keep changingchange; these changesis can reflect variations in social demanding varieties. A fuzzy algorithm is used to calculate various indicators of social development demands and to classify social development demands into the following five categories: ecological needs, agricultural needs, economic needs, social life needs and science and education infrastructure needs of the social development. This allows comparison and analysis of In order to contrast and analyze the variations trend and features of Hunan society development demands in different times inages Hunan Province, this research adopted fuzzy algorithm to calculate various indicators of social development demands to describe it more accurately, and classified social development demands into the following five categories: ecological needs, agricultural needs, economic needs, social life needs and science and education infrastructure needs of the social development.Tab 1 Five- -year planYear Plan goals of Hunan provinceHunan Province forin 1990-2010 (requirements or tasks)Total target numberEcological environmentAgricultural productionNon-farm production andeEconomic financeSocial life andlLegal systemConstruction,、eEducation, and scientific26854321611T3557321159T429421184T1：: The 8th Five- -year planYear Plan of Hunan Province，, T1：: The 9th Five-year planYear Plan of Hunan Province，, T1：: The 10th Five-year planYear Plan of Hunan Province，, T1：: The 11th Five-year planYear Plan of Hunan ProvinceLand Ecological FunctionsThis work classifies the LEF of Hunan Province in central China into the following 10 types after Costanza (1999) and Liu Pei (2010): climate regulation, water regulation, water supply, soil erosion control, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, food production, raw materials and genetic resources (Figure 1). have many types, therefore this research, referring to research results by Costanza (1999) and Liu Pei (2010), etc., classifies LEF of Hunan Province in central China to the following 10 types: climate regulation, water regulation, water supply, soil erosion control, soil formation, nutrient cycling, waste treatment, food production, raw materials and genetic resources (see figure 1). Cultural and recreational functions are difficult to compute and thus are not considered in this researchhere considering due to the fact thatbecause they do not have greater effects on ecological environment and are strongly influenced by societaly economic development and the local culture. And dDue to data availability, this studyresearch adopted methods of economic opportunity cost and market replacement cost , consultingbased on research results by Zhao Jinlong (2013) and Wu Shuang (2014), adopted methods of economic opportunity cost and market replacement cost.Tab 2 Land Ecological Functions and the Value Calculation Method in Hunan pProvinceFunctions typesMethodFormulaclimate regulationOpportunity cost approachAverage value of climate regulation land areawater regulationReplacement cost methodWater reservation per unit reservoir cost of water storage water supplyMarket value methodWater supply quantity water pricesoil erosion controlReplacement cost methodReduce soil erosion compensation of unit soil erosionsoil formationOpportunity cost approachAverage Value of soil formation land areanutrient cyclingOpportunity cost approachAverage Value of nutrient cycling land areawaste treatmentMarket value methodPpollutant treatment quantity cost of pollutant treatmentfood productionOpportunity cost approachAverage Value of food production land arearaw materialsOpportunity cost approachAverage Value of raw materials land areagenetic resourcesOpportunity cost approachAverage Value of genetic resources land areaResults and DiscussionLand Cover StatusAs Tab 3 shows, for the land cover status as a whole, farmland, woodland and grassland show a downward trend, while construction land and waters show the oppositean upward trend, and unused lands show fluctuated variable changes. The construction land has increased to the maximum amount of 867 km2, accounting for 32.87% of land use, and thenfollowed by the waters and construction land, covering an area of 412 km2 and 35 km2, respectively. FThe farmland has decreased the maximum amount ofto 1318 km2, accounting for 2.12% of land use, and then thefollowed by woodland and grassland, covering 276 km2 and 111 km2, respectively. The rapid growth of the construction land and the decline of farmland, woodland and grassland have mainly been due to a large demand for housing caused by population growth and, a large number of industry-driven mining warehouse spaces caused byresulting from economic growth, and expansion of the construction land land was likely caused by rapid urbanization. TAnd the enlarging increase in area covered byof water area is mainly due to the massive construction of water conservancy facilities such as reservoirs, or returning farmland to lakes or building ponds for breeding, etc. Due to the many types of unused land, the reasons for its changes are more complex and need further analyzing.Tab 3Land covers status forin different yearstime table in Hunan pProvince19901995200020052010Agricultural land6164961199612986092860724Woodland132255132304132146132083131979Grassland76207550757475557509Waters69067238715173177318Construction land26382787289932173505Other sites746738748716781Land Function StatusThis researchwork, making use ofutilized all statistical indicators from the “Hunan Statistical Yearbook”, “Hunan Water Resources Bulletin”, and the surveying data by the relevant departments in 2010 to, received all statistical indicators and figured outdetermine, with calculation methods shown in Tab 2 , the land ecological service value per unit area of different types of land cover in Hunan Province with calculation methods shown in Tab 2. The results are shown in Tab 4.Tab 4The vValue of different lands covers types （(104 yuany-1）)A