谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装从倒装的....doc

倒装 谓语动词放在主语之前的这种语法现象称为倒装。从倒装的形式来看，可分为全部倒装(full inversion)和部分倒装(partial inversion)两种。前者是指整个谓语置于主语之前，而后者仅是指助动词、情态动词或be 动词等功能置于主语这前。 引起倒装的情况多种多样，倒装的表现形式大体有下列几种： 1在疑问句中 例1：How are you getting along with your work? 例2：Is this report written in detail? 注：如疑问词作主语或者作定语修饰主语时，不发生倒装。 2在there be 及其类似结构中 例1：There are forty students in our class.例2：There seem to be still some elements undiscovered yet. 例3：There stands a bridge across the river. 3在表示祝愿的句子中 例1：Long live the Peoples Republic of China! 例2：May you succeed! 例3：Dog-tired though they were, they continued to march on. 4在省略if 的虚拟语气条件状语从句中 这类句子中有were, had, should等词时，把were, had或should置于句首。 例1：Were there no air or water, there would be no life in the world. 例2：Had you been more careful, such spelling mistakes might have been avoided. 5在so, nor, neither或no more开头的句子中 此类句子通常表示前面一句话中的谓语所说明的情况，也适用于另一句中的主语。例如： 1）This problem is not difficult and neither is that one. 2）Coal is under the ground in some places, and so is oil. 6在以具有否定意义的副词、连词及词组开头的句子中 这些词和词组通常有：rarely, never, scarcely, no sooner, little, few, hardly, seldom, at no time, in no way, on no account, nowhere, nobody, not only等。例如： 1）Visit our stores. Nowhere else will you find such magnificent bargains. 2）Hardly had he finished his work when the telephone rang. 3）Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it. 4）Little did we think his speech had made so deep an impression on his audience. 7在强调表语时 例1：Worst of all were the humiliations. 例2：Such is the case. 8在强调宾语时 例1：Still greater contributions should we make to our socialist construction. 例2：Useful chemical fertilizer can we make from the waste liquid. 注：当前置宾语由“not a +名词”或者“not a single +名词”构成时，也会引起倒装。例如： Alice had a terrible time touring that country. Not a day did she spend without having some unpleasantness with waiters in the hotel. 9在强调状语时 （1）当句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动词时句子须倒装。例如： 1）Up went the plane. 2）In came the chairman and the meeting began. 注：如果主语是代词则不发生倒装。例如： 1）Out they rushed! 2）Lower and lower he bent. (2) 当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时，句子须倒装。例如： 1）Round the corner walked a large policeman. 2）Under the table was lying a half-conscious young man. （3）当句首状语由“only +副词”，“only +介词词组”，“only +状语从句”构成时，句子须倒装。例如： 1）Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing. 2）Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end. （4）当句首状语为here, there, now, then等时，句子须倒装，主语是代词时，句子不用倒装。例如： 1）Here is a ticket for you. 2）Now comes your turn. 3）Here he comes. （5）以关联词so (that)开头的句子中，句子须倒装。例如： 1）So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. 2）So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. 3）So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night. 注：在该结构中，“so +形容词”是表语的前置；“so +副词”是状语的前置。 10在直接引语之后 在叙事性书面语中，直接引语后常跟asked Mary, answered John, said the old lady, grunted Peter之类的词语。在这些词语中，动词常的主语之前，主语是代词时，不用倒装。例如： 1）“What do you mean?” asked Henry. 2）“What do you mean?” he asked. 11. often, many a time等表示频度的状语置于句首时 例如：Often did they think of going there, but they never had a chance. 12在as, though引导的让步状语从句中 在as, though引导的让步状语从句中，一般将形容词、副词或名词等置于句首。例如： 1）Small as the atom is, we can smash it.2）Big as the workpiece is, it is turned out with much smaller machine tools.替代 替代是一种避免重复的连接上下文的手段。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词性替代、动词性替代和分句性替代；同理，替代词也分为名词替代词、动词替代词和分句替代词。此外还有状语的替代。 一、名词性替代 用名词性替代词one (s), the same, the kind, the sort等所表示的替代现象叫做名词性替代。 1名词性替代词 例1：The child doesnt like this book. Show him a more interesting one. (one = book) 例2：His novel is a bad one for children. (one = novel) 2某些不定代词 在名词性替代中还可以用一些不定代词来替代。如all, both, some, any, enough, several, none, many, much, more, (the ) most, (a) few, another, the other, others, either等。例如： I dont want any more food. Ive had enough. 3. one 和 ones是最常见的替代词 one的复数形式是ones.one 和ones作为替代词只能用以替代可数名词， 不可用来替代不可数名词。例如： 1）The grey horse is stronger than the black one. 2）The new design is much better than the old ones. 4名词性物主代词mine，yours 名词性物主代词mine, yours等可用来代替my +名词，your +名词等，例如： “Whose is that coat?” “Its mine.” 二、动词性替代 用动词替代词do，do so等所表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。 1谓语的替代形式 do是谓语的替代形式，有时态和人称的变化。例如： 1）Some people like a shower after they have played tennis. Peter does, for example. 2）John speaks German as fluently as Mary does. 2由do，so等组成的复合替代形式 （1）“so +助动词+主语”。例如： “Mary will enter the university in September.” “So will Joan.” （2）“so +主语+助动词”。例如： “Ive been to Beijing.” ”So you have.” 注：这种结构中第二句的主语与第一句的主语是同一个人，否则应像“so +助动词+主语”的结构一样，主谓要倒装。 （3）“主语+（助动词+）do + so”。例如： “Have you sent your plan to the committee?” “I did so yesterday.” （4）“主语+（助动词+）do + that”。例如： “Do you know who broke the television set?” “I heard John did that.” （5）“主语+（助动词+）do + it”。例如： “My brother said he was going to send a letter of protest to the President.” ”I did it last week.” 注：如果上文表示否定意义而在简短反应中表示相同的看法时，则用“neither / nor +do +主语”。此时，do 不是动词替代词，而是助动词。例如： Mary didnt like English, neither did her brother. 3.to代替整个动词不定式 当某个动词不定式词组在句子中再次出现时，我们可以只用to这个词，而不必重复整个动词不定式词组。例如： 1）I went there because I wanted to. (=because I wanted to go there.) 2）Perhaps Ill go to Brazil this summer; Id very much like to. 3）“Are you and Gillian getting married?” ”We hope to.” 4）I think he should get a job, but you cant force him to if hes not ready (to). 5）I dont dance much now, but I used to a lot. 6）Well never leave home; he hasnt got the courage (to). 注1：有时to可省略（尤其是在形容词和名词之后，见例4、6）。在某些动词（如try）之后也可省略to。例如： “Can you start the car?” “Ok, Ill try.” 注2：在want和would like之后，通常不能省略to。然而，当want或like 用于从句时（例如，在when, if, what, as之后），to常常省略。例如： 1）Come when you want. 2）Ive decided to do what I like. 3）Come and stay as long as you like. 三、分句性替代 用分句替代词so或not替代整个分句的现象叫做分句性替代。例如： Many people believe that there will be another world war before the end of the century. My father think so, but I believe not. 1分句替代词so或not可替代that从句 so可用来替代肯定的that从句，not替代否定的that从句，它们常与Im afraid, believe, expect, fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配。例如： 1）“Have we got enough money?” “I think so.” 2）“Were not going to be in time.” “No, I suppose not.” 2. so与not可用来代替if 后面的从句 例1：Are you free this evening? If so, come and have a drink with us. 例2：Are you busy this afternoon? If not, I wish you would stay with me for a while. 3用it, this, that, such作为替代词 例1：If you dont work hard, youll regret it. (regret it = regret not working hard) 例2：He was very tired. This explains why he went to bed early. 例3：Youre trying to cut with the back of the knife; thats a silly thing to do. 例4：I may hurt your feelings, but such (= that) was certainly not my intention. 四、状语的替代 1时间状语的替代形式主要用副词then 例如：We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We told him then that we could be coming to the party. 2地点状语的替代形式主要用副词here和there 例如：Mary is in London and John is there too. It和that有时也可以用作地点状语的替代形式，这种场合的it和that在句中作主语，并可同there交换使用，谓语动词是联系动词。 例如：They sat right in front of the stage. That / it / There was where the noise was greatest. 3方式状语的替代形式用in that way和like that 例如：“She plays the piano with great concentration and with great energy.” “Im afraid she doesnt study like that.”I 一致性一、主谓一致主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即语法形式一致，概念一致（语言内容上一致），毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。1. 语法形式一致（1）单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或bothand连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。例如：1) The performance was very funny.2) Serving the people is my great happiness.3) Whether well go depends on the weather.4) Many natural materials are becoming scarce.5) Both you and I are students.6) What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper.注1：在what 引导的主语从句中，如果主语补语是复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：What we have to learn are the pieces of language that produce inversion.注2：修饰语对主语的数不起影响。例如：The performance of the first three clowns was very funny.（2）由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no less than 等引起的结构跟在主语后面，不能看作是并列主语，该主语不受这些词组引导的插入语的影响，主语如是单数，其谓语动词仍然用单数形式。例如：1) My mother, as well as my father, has a key to the office.2) The man together with his wife and children sits there watching TV.3) His sister no less than you is wrong.4) The reading course book, plus its reference books, is helpful to college students.注：有时在with结构里，加上both之后，with就具有and含义。例如：Grandpa Wang with his son, both looking very happy, are taking a walk in the park.(3)有些代词只能指单数可数名词，当它们在句子中作主语时，尽管在意义上是多数，谓语动词仍要用单数形式。这类代词有either, neither, each, one, the other, another, somebody, someone, something, anyone, anything, anybody, everyone, everything, everybody, no one, nothing, nobody等。例如：1) Neither likes the friends of the other. (两人都不喜欢对方的朋友。)2) Everything around us is matter. (我们周围的所有东西都是物质。)(4)在neither of与either of的结构里，一般语法书都认为谓语动词可用单数形式也可用复数形式，但在美国的TOEFL考试内要求用单数形式。例如：1) Neither of them was in good health, but both worked very hard.2) Has either of them been seen recently?(5)当and连结的两个名词是指同一个人或同一件事，and后的名词前没有冠词，谓语动词应该用单数形式；在and后面的名词前有冠词，谓语就用复数形式。例如：1)The bread and butter is served for breakfast. (早饭供应黄油面包。)2)The bread and the butter are on sale. (正在出售黄油和面包。)（6）当one of, a portion of, a series of, a species of, a chain of 结构作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1)One of those students has passed the examination.2)A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use.(7)form of, type of, kind of 结构的谓语视form, type与kind的单复数而定.these/those kind/type of后是复数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：1) The kind of books an author writes depends on the kind of man who he is.2) Some new types of cars are now on show.3)These kind of recorders are good.(8)由one and a half + 复数名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：One and a half apples is left on the plate.(9) 由the majority of + 名词作主语时，谓语动词视名词的单复数形式而定。例如：1) The majority of the damage is easy to repair.2) The majority of criminals are non-violent.（10）plenty of, half of, a lot of, lots of, heaps of, loads of, scads of等 + 可数与不可数名词作主语时，不可数名词的谓语只用单数，可数名词的谓语视可数名词的单复数而定。例如：1）Half of this building is to be completed by spring. 2）Half of the buildings have been painted completely.3）There is plenty of water in the pail.4）There are plenty of eggs in the box.5）There is loads of milk on the farm.6）There are loads of big red apples on the ground.注：当名词前有其他量词修饰时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常取决于量词。例如：1）Row upon row of soldiers is marching towards us on the field.2）A body of volunteers has been organized to aid the helpless in their struggle for survival.（11）由all of, most of, a lot of, some of, none of, plenty of , the rest 等 + 名词作主语时，谓语动词的单数形式应与名词一致。例如：1）None of the books satisfy the students.2）None of this meat is fit to eat.3）All of the research work was designed by the chief engineer.4）All of the students are against the plan for an outing at this time of the term.（12）由more than one (或more than one + 单数名词)，many a + 单数名词作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1）More than one student has passed the examination.2）Many a boy learns to swim before he can read.注：如果more than后面是复数名词，则谓语动词要用复数。例如：More than two hundred students have attended the lecture.（13）quantity of + 不可数名词，谓语动词用单数形式; quantities of + 可数与不可数名词，谓语动词用复数形式。例如：1）Great quantities of milk are needed in this city.2）There is a large quantity of milk.（14）如果名词词组中心词是“分数或百分数 + of + 名词”，谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于of后的名词或代词的单、复数形式。例如：1）Over three-quarters of the swampland has been reclaimed.2）Two-thirds of the people present are against the plan.（15）定语从句谓语动词的单复数形式应与先行词一致。例如：1）He is one of the men who were chosen to represent the group.2）“Keep cool” is the first of the rules that are to be remembered in an accident.注：当one之前有the only等限定词修饰时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。例如：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.2.概念一致（语言内容上一致）（1）有些集合名词如crowd, family, team, orchestra（管弦乐队）, group, government, committee, class, school, union, firm, staff, public等，它们作主语时，谓语动词的数要根据语言内容而定。如果它们作为一个集体单位时，动词用单数形式，如就其中的各个成员来说，则谓语用复数形式。例如：1）His family is going to move.2）His family are very well.3）The public is / are requested not to leave litter in the park.注：如这类词后跟有定语从句时，定语从句的谓语动词也遵循概念一致的原则，强调具体成员时，谓语动词用复数，关系代词用who; 强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，关系代词用which。例如：1）The government who were responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.2）The government which was responsible for this event attempted to find a solution.(2)有些表示总称意义的名词，形式上是单数，而意义上却是复数，谓语动词要用复数形式，如people, police, militia, cattle, poultry（家禽）等。例如：1）Cattle were allowed to graze on the village common.2）The police are searching for a tall dark man with a beard.(3)有些名词形式上是复数，而意义上却是单数。如news, means, works.还有许多以ics结尾的学科名称，如economics, physics, mechanics, politics等，它们作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1）Politics is a complicated business.2）Here is the news.(4)用and连接的单数主语，前面有each, every, many a, no等修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语与each连用时，应不受each的影响，谓语动词仍用复数形式。例如：1) Each pen and each paper is found in its place.2) Every boy and girl is treated in the same way. 3) Many a boy and many a girl has seen it.4) The old workers and the young each have their own tools.(5)表示重量、度量、衡量、价值的复数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。例如：1) Twenty miles is a long way to walk.2) Three pints isnt enough to get me drunk.(6)国家、单位和书报的名称，作为一个单一的概念，其谓语动词要用单数形式。例如：1）War and Peace is the longest book Ive read.2）General Motors has recently closed down a plant. (通用汽车公司最近关闭了一家工厂。)（8）the +形容词作主语时，如主语指的是一类人，谓语动词用复数形式；如果指的是单个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：1) The blind are taught trades in special schools.2) The departed was a good friend of his.3.毗邻一致（就近原则）(1)由连词or, neitheror, eitheror, not only also, nor等连接的并列主语，谓语动词的单复数形式按毗邻一致的原则，与贴近它的主语一致。例如：1) He or you have taken my pen.2) Either you or he is no telling the truth.3) Not only the switches but also the old wiring has been changed.(2)在there be 的结构中，谓语动词的单复数形式一般也采取就近原则。例如：1)There is a desk and four benches in the office.2)There are two chairs and a desk in the office.二、指代一致指代一致是指句中的代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致。1.人称一致(1)当代词指代名词或另一个代词时，须在人称上与所指代的词保持一致。例如：1）I recognized one of the girls, but I didnt speak to her.2) That woman said that she was over fifty.3) They asked whom they should apply to.(2)当代词指代集合名词时，用单数人称代词强调整体，用复数人称代词强调个人。例如：1) The committee have discussed their report on the disaster.2) The audience are raising their hands to signify their approval.(3)当everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等作主语时，相应的代词一般采用单数形式。例如：1) If anyone calls, tell him Ill be back later.2) Everyone thinks he is the center of universe.注：在非正式文体中，特别是在会话体里，常用代词的复数形式是为了故意不具体说出所指的那个人的性别。例如：1) Has anybody brought their camera?2) No one could blamed themselves.(4)由neither nor, not only but also, either or, not but, or等连结的并列主语，其后的附加疑问部分主语用复数代词。例如：1) Neither you nor I am wrong, are we?2) Both Tom and Jack came, didnt they?2.性、数、格一致(1)代词的性一般仅限于第三人称。例如：1) China will always do what she has promised to do.2) The boy stood at the door with his hat in his hand.(2) 当or或nor连接阳性名词或阴性名词时，代词一般和近者保持一致。例如：1) Neither John nor Mary has got what she wanted.2) If you should see Mary or Thomas, tell him the news.(3)单数名词由and连接时，相应的代词一般用复数形式。例如：1) Food and rent are more expensive than they used to be.2) Jim and Mary spoke on the subject as if they were experts.3.应注意的问题(1)当句子的主语是one, 并要在句子中多次出现时，一般用第三人称单数代词来代替后面将出现的one或ones;当one在句子中泛指人时，在反意疑问句中也可用you来代替。例如：1) One should never blame his friends when he friends when he finds himself in trouble.2) One cant be too careful, can you (one)? 平行结构一、连词连接两个对等的词和对等的结构并列连词and, but, as well as, or, or else, both and, neither nor, either or, not only but (also), rather than等以及从属连词than可连接两个对等的词和对等的结构。1.所连接的谓语形式必须一致例1：He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.例2：Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but not used in warfare until two hundred years later.2.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致例1：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.例2：We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 例3：I would much rather go to the countryside than stay here.3.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致例1：Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.例2：He was engaged in writing a letter rather than reading the newspaper.4.所连接的句子结构必须一致例1：She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.例2：The purpose of the research had a more different meaning for them than it did for us.二、某些特定的固定结构。例如：(1)有些词后要用平行结构。例如：prefer sth to sthprefer doing sth to doing sthprefer to do sth rather than do sth1) I prefer rice to noodles.2)I prefer watching TV to listening to music.3) He preferred to die rather than surrender.(2)有些结构中要用平行结构。例如：would / had rather / sooner do something than do something, would / had as soon do something as do something (宁可也不)1) Liu Hulan said she had rather die than give up. 2) I would as soon stay at home as go.III 部分强调句要强调句子的某一部分，可以把句子的结构改变一下，通常有两种表示强调的句式：It is / was that 结构和What is / was结构。一、It is / was that 结构1.It is / was that 结构可以用来强调句子中几乎任何部分例1