Grammar Passive voice.doc

GrammarPassive voice一、语态概述 英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。 巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：ManypeoplespeakEnglish. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语manypeople来执行的。 被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。 巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：Englishisspokenbymanypeople.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成 被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。1、被动语态的句型肯 定 句 主语 + be + 过去分词 + （by ）否 定 句 主语 + be not + 过去分词 + （by ）一般疑问句 Be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）?特殊疑问句 疑问词 + be +主语 + 过去分词 + （by ）？试用 I write a letter.改写成被动语态的各种形式。2、被动语态的时态 A一般现在时The song is called Dont forget me. 歌曲的名字叫“勿忘我”。He is often asked to do this work他常常被派做这件工作。B 一般过去式These new cars were made in Tianjin in 2003.这些新车是2003年在天津生产的。C 一般将来时Many believe that one day the earth will be destroyed if people do not learn to live in peace .许多人相信，如果人类不能学会和平相处，地球总有一天要被毁掉。D现在进行时A new railway is being built.一条新铁路正在修建。E 过去进行时The road were being widened.路那时正在加宽。F 现在完成时He has been sent to work in Shanghai .他已经被派往上海工作了。G 过去完成时A new hotel had been built when I got there .我到那时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。H 过去将来时My neighbour said a new hotel would be built in six months.我的邻居说六个月后新旅馆将会建好的。3、被动语态的否定句和疑问句友情提示：凡有be动词表进行时态的句子，其否定结构在具有相应形式的助动词be后加not,疑问时be直接提前，被动语态切记要加入being！They werent widening the road.The road were not being widened.Were the road being widened?三、主动语态变为被动语态 被动语态是由助动词be+动词的过去分词的形式构成的，过去分词保持不变，而所有的变化即人称、数、时态的变化，都体现在助动词的变化上。如果助动词be的变化能掌握好，被动语态就很容易掌握了。重要提示：Be动词的五种变化形式：原 形 be现在时 am ,is ,are 过去时 was , were现在分词 being过去分词 been1、主动语态转换为被动语态的步骤主动句The naughty boy broke the window yesterday. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语被动句The window was broke by the naughty boy yesterday. 主语 谓语 介词短语 状语步骤一 原主动句中的宾语the window变为主语。步骤二 谓语动词break改为被动形式：be + 过去分词。步骤三 原主动句中的主语放在介词by的后面。其他成分不变。宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。 这个顺口溜要牢记谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”记住用四、被动语态的几种类型1、由及物动词构成的被动语态A有一个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ O（宾）被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）He wrote this poem yesterday.This poem was written by him yesterday.Thousands of tourists will visit Kunming this year. Kunming will be visited by thousands of tourists this year.B有两个宾语的句子的被动语态主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ IO（间接宾）+DO（直接宾）被动句 S（原IO）+be +过去分词+原DO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式） S（原DO）+be +过去分词+原IO +by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）I have asked Brown the question . Brown has been asked the question by me. The question has been asked (of) Brown by me.加上of，表示强调向布朗提出，而不是向别人。经常使用双宾语的动词：Tell show buy ask pass write do make sell send sing give answer teach offer pay promise allow award 可以有两种被动语态的一些动词buy, give ,leave ,lend , offer , pay , teach, tell,show, award（奖励）通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词 bring , do , make , pass,sell , send , sing , sew write通常用间接宾语作被动语态主语的一些动词 answer , deny（否认）envy （妒忌），refuse save , spare（节约）examplesHe lent me a bike A bike was lent to me by him.I was lent a bike by him.He wrote her a letter.A letter was written to her by him（合习惯）She was written a letter.（不合习惯）I refused him the invitation .He was refused the invitation by me.（合习惯）The invitation was refused him by me （不合习惯）C 含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态主动句 S（主）+V（谓）+ O（宾）+ C （宾语补足语）被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+ C+by+ O（原主语之宾格形式）切记：动词短语的被动语态也应保证其完整性如：take care of为be taken care of cut down 为be cut down look after为be looked after注意：所有带不定式宾语补足语的动词，在变为被动语态时，不定式前都要加to,特别是感官动词（see, watch, look at, Observe listen to , hear,feel）和使役动词（make , have）在主动语态的句子中宾语补足语前省略to,在变为被动语态时主语补语前一律加To,但含有let的句子在变为被动语态时,to 可以省略。examplesWe call him Windy.He is called Windy by us .They will make the city more beautiful .The city will be made more beautiful by them.Children saw the balloons raising.The balloons were seen raising .He saw a thief steal something from the room.A thief was seen to steal something from the room by him .2、由“不及物动词+介词或副词”构成的被动语态一般情况下，只有及物动词的后面才能跟宾语，而不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，这个动词相当于一个及物动词，那它就可以形成被动语态了。A 由短语动词形成的被动语态主动句 S（主）+V（不及动）+ 介词+ O（宾语）被动句 S（原宾）+be +过去分词+ 介词+by+ O（原主语宾格形式）告诉你：在动词短语中，动词和介词的关系非常密切，已经形成一个固定搭配的词组，介词的位置也是固定的不能随意变动。由被动语态形成的动词短语以下这些短语本身就是被动语态的形式，不需再加by.Be covered with Be interested in Be surprised at Be made of / fromBe known to 3、由情态动词构成的被动语态肯定句 主语+情态动词+ be（be永远是原形）+ 过去分词.否定句 主语+情态动词+not+ be（be永远是原形）+ 过去分词.疑问句 情态动词+主语+be（be永远是原形）+ 过去分词?试改变: We can clean the room quickly. 4、祈使句的被动语态 祈使句的被动语态使用let 句式。 A 肯定祈使句主动句 V（原形）+ O被动句 Let + O （原宾语）+ be（原形）+ 过去分词Do homework at once! Let homework be done at once注意：否定祈使句只需在let 前加dont注意：“be going to +动词原形”句型变为被动语态时，我们把be going to 看成一个词，就如同情态动词can一样,因此他的被动语态应该是：“be going to be +过去分词”五、被动语态的注意事项1、适合被动语态的情况(1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例：Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) Thisbookwaspublishedin1981.这本书出版于1981年。(2)强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。例：ThewindowwasbrokenbyMike.窗户是迈克打破的。 Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.这本书是他写的。 Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.每天8小时睡眠必须得到保证。 歌诀： 谁做的动作不知道， 说出谁做的没有必要； 动作承受者需强调， 被动语态运用到。2、主动语态不能变被动语态的情况（1）当宾语是反身代词时。（2）当谓语是表状态的及物动词时。I found myself in the park.We will have a meeting.A meeting will be had by us.We will hold a meeting.A meeting will be held by us. 把下列句子变为被动句: 1.They asked me to come a little later. I was asked to come a little later. 2.Women often talk about food and clothes. Food and clothes were often talked about by women. 3.Do they make this kind of truck in Nanjing? Is this kind of truck made in Nanjing? 4.We must clean our teeth twice a day. Our teeth must be cleaned twice a day. 5.Can I answer this question in simple English? Can this question be answered in simple English? 6.You may clean the room after work. The room may be cleaned after work. 7.We use brooms for sweeping the floor. Brooms are used for sweeping the floor. 8. They built quite a few tall buildings in their hometown last year. Quite a few tall buildings were built in their hometown last year.9. You must not put the bike there. The bike mustnt be put there. 10. Can you see the stars in the daytime? Can the stars be seen in the daytime? 引入练习3、请将下列主动语态变成被动语态。1.The farmer made the horses work the whole day. The horses were made to work the whole day.2.Mum asks the twins not to swim in the lake. The twins are asked not to swim in the lake.3.I saw a mouse run into the room. A mouse was seen to run into the room.4.I often hear him sing English songs. He is often heard to sing English songs.5.I saw Lucy playing in the park just now. Lucy was seen playing in the park just now.6.They watched the children sing that morning. The children were watched to sing that morning.小结:1.主动语态中省略to