定于从句.docx

定于从句Attributive Clause5定语从句概念一、概念：用来充当定语成分的句子叫做定语从句。二、结构先行词+关系词+从句先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。关系词：引导定语从句的词叫做关系词。关系词分成关系代词和关系副词2种。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as。关系副词有when, where, why.需记住:what不能引导定于从句！三、关系词的运用I在从句中充当主语(不可省略)指人who, that；指物which, thate.g.The man who is talking with a group of student is our headmaster. The comrade who/that visited our school yesterday is our headmaster.A washing machine is a machine that can wash clothes.II在从句中当宾语(可以省略)whom, that指人； which, that指物 例如：The man (whom) you want to see has come.The letter (that) I received yesterday was from a friend of mine.This is the book( that) I bought yesterday.III在从句中当定语无论指人或指物，关系代词一律用whose。例如：The girl whose father is a professor studies very hard.This is the room whose windows face south.IV关系副词（when, where, why）在从句中当状语例如：I still remember the night when I first came here.Shell never forget the day when she succeeded.I dont know the reason why he didnt came.四、关系词that和which的区别I用that的情况1). 当先行词是不定代词时。（如All、much、anything、everything、nothing、something、none、the one等）。e.g.Tell me all (that) you know.2).先行词被序数词修饰时。e.g.This is the first place (that) I have visited since I came here.3).先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。e.g.This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.This is the most piece of exciting news I have ever heard of.4).先行词被某些形容词修饰时，如the only、the very、the last、the same、any、few、little、no、all 、one of、just等。e.g.This is the very book (that) I am looking for.This is the only example (that) I know.5).先行词同时有人和物时。e.g.We talked about the persons and things (that) we remembered at school.6).由who引出的疑问句（若有定语从句，为避免重复，关系词用that引导）e.g.Who is the man that is working over there?7). 当关系词表方式时。The way + that（表方式）+ clause （以上7中情况下，关系词必须要用that）指人时有时只用who不宜用that。 1先行词为one、ones或anyone （1）The comrade I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works hard. （2）Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. 2先行词为those时 Those who are going to Beijing are the best students of our school. 3在there be 开头的句子中 There is a student who wants to see you. 4一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who，以免重复。 The student that won the first prize is the monitor who works hard. 5在非限制性定语从句中 I met a friend of mine in the street, who had just come from Japan. 但：主句以who开头的句子中,只用that,不用whoII用which的情况1).当关系词引导非限定性定语从句时。当关系词引导非限定性定语从句时，先行词无论指物或者指前句的概念，关系词一律用which。e.g.He gave me a book, which was about computers.Mary was late again, which made her teacher very angry.2).带介词的定语从句指物时必须用whom、 which不能用who或that.即prep. + which/ whome.g.This is the house in which he used to live.The girl about whom they were talking is our monitor.在从句中，若谓语是个介词短语，则该介词不可前置到关系词之前，因为该介词离开介词短语单独存在时无意义。相反，当介词单独存在有意义时，可前置到关系词之前。如：Is this the book which she is looking for? The old man who/whom they are waiting for is Professor Li. The child who/whom she is looking after is Wang Pings son. 下列情况下只能用which，不宜用that。 （1）关系代词放在介词之后 This is the factory in which we once worked. （2）非限制性定语从句中 This is the book, which is written by Lu Xun. （3）that，Those作主语时 Those which are on the desk are English books. 五、定语从句中3个比较特殊的关系词：as, than, but。Ias可作关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语。先行词前有such、the same、 as时, 关系代词用as，不用that, 但the sameas表示同样的, the samethat表示同一的 如： He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. Such people as you refer to are rare nowadays. the sameas suchas asasas we all know as is known to all.e.g.I want the same book as you have.The students should be encouraged to read such books as are good for them in forming good habits.Tom is as clever a boy as Peter.As we all know, is a developing country. As is known to all, the novel has been translated into English.Energy can never be created nor destroyed, as has been said before.IIthan亦可作关系代词引导定语从句。e.g. He gave me more books than were needed.IIIBut亦可作关系代词引导定语从句，指“其人或物不”e.g.Theres not one of us but wishes to help you.六比较When/which、where /which、why. This is the day which I still never forget. This is the day when I joined the party. This is the day which he spent reading the books. This is the place where I found the book. This is the place which makes machines. This is the place which we once visited. This is the place which I will never forget. This is the place which I am looking for. Thisisthereasonwhy/forwhichhewaskilled.Thisisthereasonthat/whichisunreasonable.Thisisthereason(that/which)heraised.注意： 关系代词与关系副词之间并非毫无关联， 两者之间存在密切的联系。在备考中尤其要注意以下几点： 1. 很多情况下关系副词用“介词which/whom”来代替， 其中的介词由先行词或定语从句中谓语动词的形式来决定， 例如： The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. = The day on which I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. I shall never forget those years when I lived with her. = I shall never forget those years during which I lived with her. This is a hall where the medical conference will be held. = This is a hall in which the medical conference will be held. 2. 并非先行词表示时间或地点时都分别用when或where来引导相应的定语从句， 若关系词在修饰表示时间或地点的先行词的定语从句中充当主语、 宾语等而不是状语时， 需用which或that引导相应的定语从句。例如： Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school?先行词the days表时间， 但是其定语从句的引导词在定语从句中作宾语而不是状语， 因此不能用when而应该用which或that。 3. that有时可以代替定语从句中的关系副词when， where， why， 且that常可以省略， 例如： This is the time （when/that） he arrived. 初试牛刀：1. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. （2003北京春） A. which B. that C. whose D. when 2. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far away village. （2001） A. until B. that C. when D. where 3. It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, _ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. （2000北京、 安徽春） A. that B. while C. which D. when 4. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child. （1996） A. which B. where C. that D. when 5. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go. （2002北京） A. what B. which C. where D. when 6. I walked in our garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees. （2005辽宁） A. which B. when C. where D. that 7. Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk. （2006山东） A. where B. that C. when D. which 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别： His brother who is a soldier is coming back next week. His brother, who is a soldier, is coming back next week. His mother who is in good health has gone to Shanghai.（这句话恰当吗？） 再研究下面两个例句： 1.This elephant is like a snake, as /which everybody can see. =As everybody can see, this elephant is like a snake. 2.Tom didnt pass the physics exam, which made his parents very angry. 这两个例句中，as和which所代表的都是整个主句所表示的内容。但有两点不同之处： 1 在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面。 2 在意义上，as引导的定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如”，“就像”，而which引导的定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which引导的定语从句是对主句的评论。因此，在意思通顺的情况下，which可代替as，而as许多时候不能代替which，如句2。再如： 1He was late again, as / which we had expected. =As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。 2 The street hasnt been cleared for weeks, which makes it very dirty. 街道好多星期没有打扫了，因此整条街很脏。（不用as） 3The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful. 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。（不 用as） 4He takes exercise everyday, which has done a lot of good to his health. 他每天运动，这对他的身体很有好处。（不用as） 5As has already been pointed out, English is rather difficult for a foreigner. 正如已经指出的那样，英语对于初学者说，是相当难学的。在suchas、the sameas、 as、 as many/much as等结构中,as不能用which代替。如： 1.Such books as this are too difficult for beginners. 2.I live in the same building as he (does). 3.He knows as many people as are present at the meeting. 4.That day we all got up early as usual. “One of the +复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况 这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，跟定语从句所*近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致。如： 1 That is one of the books that are required for study at school. 2 This is one of the most wonderful novels that have been published since 1990. 3 She is one of the few persons who know Spanish . 4 This is one of the most famous plays that were written in the thirties, 如果one of +复数名词这一结构前面带有the only、the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意义上修饰的是而不是那个复数名词。如： 1.He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.( 修饰the only one) He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.( 修饰the teachers) 2.This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one) This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰rooms) 定语从句专项练习题 1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry. A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that against B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 19. Is there anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 20. - “How do you like the book?” - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except _ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others 22. The train _ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that 23. He has lost the key to the drawer _ the papers are kept. A. where B. in which C. under which D. which 24. Antarctic _ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round. A. which B. where C. that D. about which 25. Its the third time _ late this month. A. that you arrived B. when you arrived C. that youve arrived D. when youve arrived 26. It was in 1969 _ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon. A. that B. which C. when D. in which 27. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 28. We are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, _ live my grandparents and some relatives. A. which B. that C. who D. where 29. The hotel _ during our holidays stands by the seaside. A. we stayed at B. where we stayed at C. we stayed D. in that we stayed 30. Is it in that factory _ “Red Flag” cars are produced? A. in which B. where C. which D. that 31. It is the Suez Canal _ separates Asia _ Africa. A. which, to B. where, from C. that, from D. that, with 32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, _ was a small canoe, with a boy in it. A. there B. where C. it D. which 33. He is not _ a fool _. A. such, as he is looked B. such, as he looks C. as, as he is looked D. so, as he looks 34. Is that the reason _ you are in favour of the proposal? A. which B. what C. why D. for that 35. He must be from Africa, _ can be seen from his skin. A. that B. as C. who D. what 36. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 37. I, _ your good friend, will try my best to help you out. A. who is B. who am C. that is D. what is 3