涂尔干社会学理论介绍 有英文.docx

Religious representations are collective representations which express collective realities;宗教表示法是集体交涉,表达集体现实They are not merely received individually by all the members of this他们。他们不是仅仅收到单独所有成员国这个group; they are something belonging to the group, and they make its unity. The集团;他们是属于组,他们使其团结。这个individuals which compose it feel themselves united to each other by the simple个人感觉自己构成相互联合的简单fact that they have a common faith. A society whose members are united by the事实上,他们有一个共同的信念。一个社会成员的团结fact that they think in the same way in regard to the sacred world and its relations事实上,他们认为在同样的方式对于神圣的世界和它的关系with the profane world, and by the fact that they translate these common ideas与世俗世界,是因为他们将这些常见的想法into common practices, is what is called a Church.为常见的实践,就是所谓的教堂。that religion should be an eminently collective thing.宗教应该是一个非常集体的事情。宗教产生原因=As long as scientific analysis does not come to teach it to them, men来。只要科学分析不来教导他们,男人know well that they are acted upon, but they do no know by whom. So they must很清楚,他们据此采取行动,但他们不知道由谁。所以他们必须invent by themselves the idea of these powers with which they feel themselves in发明自己的想法,这些大国,他们觉得自己connection, and from that, we are able to catch a glimpse of the way by which连接,然后,我们可以瞥见的方式they were led to represent them under forms that are really foreign to their nature他们是领导来代表他们在形式真正外国的性质and to transfigure them by thought.和美化他们的思想。But a god is not merely an authority upon whom we depend; it is a force upon但神并不仅仅是一个权威身上我们依靠;它是一个强加于which our strength relies. The man who has obeyed his god and who for this这是我们的力量。服从他的人神,谁为这个reason, believes the god is with him, approaches the world with confidence and with the feeling of an increased energy.原因,相信神与他,世界有信心和方法与增加能源的感觉For the collective。为集体force is not entirely outside of us; it does not act upon us wholly from without;力量并不完全是我们之外的;它不行动我们完全从没有;but rather, since society cannot exist except in and through individual而是,因为社会不能存在除了和通过个人consciousness, this force must also penetrate us and organize itself within us; it意识,这种力量还必须穿透我们和组织本身在我们;它thus becomes an integral part of our being and by that very fact this is elevated因此变得不可分割的一部分,我们正在和这个事实这是升高and magnified.和放大。we are then able,我们可以to measure the height to which we have been raised above ourselves. 衡量我们的高度提出了超越自我。宗教的图腾崇拜-We are now able to understand how the totemic principle, and in general,我们现在能够了解图腾的原则,一般来说,every religious force, comes to be outside of the object in which it resides. It is每个宗教力量,是外部的对象,它驻留。这是because the idea of it is in no way made up of the impressions directly produced因为它的想法绝不是由直接产生的印象by this thing upon our senses or minds. Religious force is only the sentiment通过这件事在我们的感官或思想。宗教力量只是情绪inspired by the group in its members, but projected outside of the受该集团在其成员,但预计之外的consciousnesses that experience them, and objectified. 意识,经验,和对象化。为什么谈宗教religious life be the eminent form and, as it were, the concentrated expression of宗教生活成为杰出的形式和的的集中体现the whole collective life. If religion has given birth to all that is essential in整个集体生活。如果宗教已经生了所有的极其重要的society, it is because the idea of society is the soul of religion. 社会,正是因为社会的想法是宗教的灵魂。Thus the collective ideal which religion expresses is far from being due to a因此,集体理想宗教表达远非由于vague innate power of the individual, but it is rather at the school of collective模糊的与生俱来的力量的个体,但它相当学院的集体life that the individual has learned to idealize. It is in assimilating the ideals生活,个人已经学会理想化。它是在同化的理想elaborated by society that he has become capable of conceiving the ideal. It is阐述了社会,他已经成为受孕的能力的理想。这是society which, by leading him within its sphere of action, has made him acquire社会,由领先他在其行动的范围,使他获得the need of raising himself above the world of experience and has at the same提高自己的需要高于世界的经验,并在相同的time furnished him with the means of conceiving another. For society has时间布置他的构思另一手段。对于社会constructed this new world in constructing itself, since it is society which this建造这个新的世界在构建本身,因为它是社会这expresses. Thus both with the individual and in the group, the faculty of表示。There can be no society which does not feel the need of upholding and不可能有社会不感觉需要坚持和reaffirming at regular intervals the collective sentiments and the collective ideas重申将定期对集体情绪和集体观念which make its unity and its personality. Now this moral remaking cannot be这使其统一和它的个性。现在这种道德改造不能achieved except by the means of reunions, assemblies and meetings where the除了实现手段的团聚,程序集和会议的individuals, being closely united to one another, reaffirm in common their个人,彼此紧密团结,重申在常见的他们common sentiments; hence come ceremonies which do not differ from regular常见的情绪;因此来仪式不不同于普通religious ceremonies, either in their object, the reults which they produce, or the宗教仪式,或者在他们的对象,reults它们产生,或processes employed to attain these results. What essential difference is there过程用来实现这些结果。有什么本质区别between an assembly of Christians celebrating the principal dates of the life of一个基督徒之间的组装庆祝校长日期的生活Christ, or of Jews remembering the exodus from Egypt of the promulgation of基督,或犹太人记起了出埃及记公布the decalogue, and a reunion of citizens commemorating the promulgation of a十诫的,和一个团聚的公民的纪念自公布之日起施行new moral or legal system or some great event in the national life?新的道德或法律系统或一些重大事件在国民生活吗?We have said that there is something eternal in religion: it is the cult and the我们已经说过,这世上永恒的宗教:它是崇拜和faith. Men cannot celebrate ceremonies for which they see no reason, nor can信仰。男人不能庆祝仪式,他们认为没有理由,也不可能they accept a faith which they in no way understand. To spread itself or merely他们接受一个信念,他们不明白。传播本身还是仅仅to maintain itself, it must be justified, that is to say, a theory must be made of it.维持本身,它必须是合理的,也就是说,一个理论必须由它。A theory of this sort must undoubtedly be founded upon the different sciences,这样的理论必须毫无疑问的会建立在不同的科学,from the moment when these exist; first of all, upon the social sciences, for当这些存在;首先,在社会科学,因为religious faith has its origin in society; then upon psychology, for society is a宗教信仰起源于社会;然后在心理学,社会是一个synthesis of human consciousnesses; and finally upon the sciences of nature, for合成的人类意识;最后在科学的性质,对man and society are a part of the universe and can be abstracted from it only人与社会是一个宇宙的一部分,可以从这只抽象artificially. But howsoever important these facts taken from the constituted人为的。但是不管怎样重要的这些事实来自构成sciences may be, they are not enough; for faith is before all else an impetus to科学可能,他们是不够的,因为信仰是在其他所有推动力action, while science, no matter how far it may be pushed, always remains at a行动,而科学,无论多远它可能被挤,总是保持在一个distance from this. Science is fragmentary and incomplete; it advances but这距离。科学是断断续续的,不完整的;它的进步但slowly and is never finished; but life cannot wait. The theories which are慢慢地,还没有结束,但生活不能等。原始分类=We have seen, indeed, how these classifications were modelled on the closest我们已经看到的,事实上,这些分类是仿照亲密and most fundamental form of social organization. This, however, is not going和大多数基本形式的社会组织。然而,这不会far enough. Society was not simply a model which classificatory thought远远不够。社会不是简单的模型分类上的思想followed; it was its own divisions which served as divisions for the system of跟随;这是它自己的分歧,担任审判庭,系统的classification. The first logical categories were social categories; the first classes分类。第一个逻辑类别被社会类别;第一个类of things were classes of men, into which these things were integrated. It was事情是类的男性,这些事都是集成。这是because men were grouped, and thought of themselves in the form of groups,因为人被分组,并认为自