英汉语言对比第十一讲.doc

第十一讲 英汉定语对比第一节 英汉定语位置对比 前置定语还是后置定语？成分？中心词什么类型词作定语？位置？中国历史名词历史潮流好办法形容词老实人吃的东西动词讨论的问题对文学作品的兴趣介词短语关于农村生活的小说我喜欢的书主谓结构中国制造的产品总结：1. 定语位置 2. 什么成分作定语再看英语的定语成分？中心词分析？stoneBridgebookKnowledgeBeautiful GirllargeRoomsleepingChildwoundedsoldier下一组成分？中心词？分析？Books Important to studentsPeople Able to speak EnglishThe book On the deskstudentsOn the playgroundThe child Sleeping on the bedThe soldierWounded in the battlebooksThat I likeproductsWhich are made in China总结：1. 定语位置 2. 什么成分作定语? 3. 哪种语言定语位置更灵活？更灵活的例子- 与语义相关The shameful actionThe child ashamed Interesting thingsSomething interestingThe concerned motherThe leader concerned如何理解上面的词组？英语形容词作定语的后置情况：1. a- 开头的形容词通常不作前置定语,作表语和后置定语。The baby who is asleep was born last month.The baby asleep was born last month.Some children awake want to get up.The biggest ships afloat now are oil tankers.The house ablaze can be seen for away. 2.当被修饰的词语是-thing, -one, -body等结尾的合成代词，形容词须后置。He has written a book on somebody famous but I cant remember who.Something interesting happens here every day.Have you noticed anything unusual?3. 有些形容词既可以作前置定语，也可以作后置定语，但其意义不同。形容词前置定语后置定语Present出席的目前的Absent缺席的，心不在焉的缺席Proper恰当的本身的Involved复杂难懂的所涉及到的concerned关切的、忧虑的有关的Among those present are some officials of the city.The present situation is favorable to us.He always does his work in an absent sort of way.Students absent are required to give their reasons.The city proper is half the size of the metropolitan area.That was not the proper way to approach her.Please inform all the leading members of the department concerned.He looked at me with a concerned air.He could not fully understand involved scholarly lectures.The person involved in this matter is my former classmate.4. 当被修饰的名词前有all, only, any 或形容词最高级时，-ible 或 able结尾的形容词通常作后置定语。This is the fastest way possible.Wind is the only energy available in that area.West Lake is one of the most attractive scenic spots imaginable.5. 当matters 和things 表示笼统意义，不指具体事物时，其意义相当于something，修饰这些词语的形容词通常后置。In matters musical, I am an idiot.I dislike things abstract.6. 在某些固定用法中，形容词作后置定语。Court martial 军事法庭Notary public 公证人Attorney general 司法部长Postmaster general 邮政总长Blood royal 皇族Ambassador extraordinary 特使Queen regnant 执政女王God Almighty 万能的上帝Poet laureate 桂冠诗人第二节 状化定语从句英语中的定语从句除了修饰和限制先行词外，还可能含有状语意义。但是，学生往往拘泥于形式，忽略定语从句的逻辑意义，不会把定语从句翻译成状语。In learning a foreign language, say English , one should first pay attention to speaking, which is the groundwork of reading and writing.(cause)We should not give much credence to this tale, which is more likely to make fun of the supposed stingy nature of the Scots. (cause)我们不要太相信这个故事，因为人们传播这个故事很可能是为了取笑苏格兰人所谓的吝啬本性。In a dispute between two states with which one is friendly, try not to get involved. (condition)当两国发生争端时，如果与两国都友好则力避卷入。The same thing, which had happened in the old society, would have amounted to disaster. (condition)He is efficient in his work, for which he was awarded by the general manager. (effect)They turned a deaf ear to our demands, which enraged all of us. (effect)Chinese diplomatic envoys were sent who should strengthen our international position. (purpose)The Wall Street multi-millionaires are looking for new markets overseas where they can dump their surplus goods. (purpose)The latest model of this car, whose exterior dimensions remain unchanged, gives much more passenger room. (concession)Mr. Smith, who was busy all day, never complained of his hard work. (concession)第三节 分隔定语分隔定语： 定语与中心词之间被某一成份所分开。汉语中的定语用来修饰或限定名词，其位置总是在名词前。英语中定语的位置很灵活，有前置，后置，也可以分隔。1. 定语从句与中心词之间被谓语分隔Many specific problems remain which will require further study.The day will come when man can make full use of solar energy. No people could be respected who would not fight for their freedom.A few stars are known which are smaller than the earth, but the majority are much bigger than the earth. Few foreign influences are visible that are not American.No effective drug is avoidable at present that can cure lung cancer.No student came to the movie but was moved to tears.Not a day went by but brought us good news.(but 引导定语从句)All is well that ends well.He laughs best who laughs last.Nothing can be wholly beautiful that is not useful.All is not gold that glitters.2. 介词短语作定语与中心词的分隔No mention was made of the classification of the disease in his report.A list has been drawn up of words we have learned this term.The question has been raised as to where the building should be built. 3. 非谓语动词作定语与中心词的分隔Decisions have been made to install safety devices on all machines.The time has come to explore the South Pole. Many ways have found to make full use of natural resources. An investigation committee will be informed consisting of representatives from all the departments concerned. 第四节 双重所有格汉译时往往出错。试一试我的这本书约翰的一些朋友老师的那些参考书This book of mineSome friends of JohnsThose reference books of the teachers比较：A picture of my fatherA picture of my fathers第五节 名词作前置定语1.词、词组、句子都可以作前置定语Petrol price fearsCabinet papers leak inquirySome people adopted a wait-and-see policy at the beginning.There are also some reading-and reviewing-and listening-for-pleasure libraries in U.S.A.He took an I-know-everything attitude.With your nothing-can-be-done attitude, you cant hope to accomplish anything. 2. 前置所引起的歧义A criminal lawyerA deaf and dumb teacher An English teacherA mad doctorBritish history teacher A small car factory 名词作定语，还是形容词作定语？这座石桥建于300 年前。This stony bridge was built 300 years ago. This stone bridge was built 300 years ago.第六节 英汉前置定语的词序对比1. 汉语定语的排列顺序（1）组合式定语一般放在粘合式定语之前新建的大牧场 大新建的牧场著名的男演员 男著名的演员（2）当数量词作定语时，既可以放在组合式定语前，也可以放在组合式之后。三本新出的书 新出的三本书表领属的词语各类短语形容词名词中心词他的那套新买的蓝色花呢西装我的那只红色的皮箱子2. 英语前置定语的顺序社会主义强国Socialist powerful country or powerful socialist country ？形容词作定语名词作定语中心词品质尺寸、新旧、样式、颜色产地过去分词名词名词beautiful old brown Frenchhandmade kitchen cupboard1) 名词作定语最靠近中心词Stone bridge woman writerkitchen tableA cotton summer shirtA teak kitchen cupboard2) 动名词作定语一般靠近中心词，作用相当于名词Some clean drinking waterA modern washing machine Some fresh cooking oil3) 由名词构成的形容词，其位置与名词定语相当A yellow wooden chaira new woolen suit4) 作形容词的过去分词一般较靠近名词Manmade satelliteHandmade cake5) 表产地或一个历史时期的形容词，一般放在作形容词用的过去分词前A British handmad