虚拟语气18.doc

高三英语第一学期导学提纲（18）语法复习专题七 虚拟语气 编写：陈绘 审阅：季明霞 英语动词有三种语气，它们是陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气(if 引导)If 从 句主 句与现在事实相反If + 主语 + 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were）主语 + would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形与过去事实相反If + 主语 + had + 过去分词主语 + would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词与将来事实相反If + 主语 + 动词过去式If + 主语 + should + 动词原形If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形主语 + would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形【重点提示】1. if省略句 若虚拟条件句中有 were, had, should 时，可省略 if 而将 were, had, should 移到句首。如： If you hadnt helped me, I should have failed._, I should have failed.If you were in my position, you would do the same. _, you would do the same.If they should attack us, well wipe them out completely._, well wipe them out completely. 注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词不定式的缩略形式。Should it not rain tomorrow, I would ride to school.2. 错综时间条件句 (混合虚拟语气)当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。混合虚拟语气一般都有较明显的时间状语，如：If you had finished writing the book last month, it would be published next month.You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.If you had met him yesterday, you would know what to do now.3. 含蓄虚拟条件句有时为了表达的需要，在虚拟语气中并不总是出现if引导的条件句，而是通过其他方式或介词with,without but for来代替条件句。What would you do with a million dollars(=if you had a million dollars)?Without air (If there were no air), there would be no living things. But for your help (If it hadnt been for your help / Had it not been for your help), I couldnt have done it.Everything taken into consideration, they would have raised their output quickly.A few hours earlier, and you would have seen the famous writer. (If you had come a few hours earlier, you would have seen the famous writer.)Given more time, we could have done it better .（分词短语）Supposing/ Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them.(= If I hadnt been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) I would have finished the work, but I was ill. (= If I hadnt been ill, I would have finished the work.) He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it.A man who stopped drinking water would be dead in about seven days.二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气1. would rather (that) sb. + did 对现在，将来虚拟 had done: 对过去虚拟I would rather you had returned the book yesterday.I would rather you posted the letter right away.Dont come tomorrow. Id rather you came next weekend.2. wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如: 与现在事实相反: wish + (that)+did (were) I wish I were as healthy as you. I wish that I had a plane.与过去事实相反: wish + (that)+had done/could, would + have doneI wish I had been to the concert last night. I wish you had written to him.与将来事实相反: wish + would/could/might + do I wish he would forgive me.此外，If only+句子= How I wish that+从句 “若是.那该多好啊; 真希望.; 只要.就好”。If only I were a flying bird! = How I wish that I were a flying bird!If only I had seen the film! = How I wish I had seen the film!If only she could have lived a little longer. If only she had lived a little longer.If only I could go abroad for further study.比较if only与only if only if 表示“只有”；I can wake up only if the alarm clock rings. /Only if the alarm clock rings can I wake up. If only the alarm clock had rung.3. 在某些动词后的宾语从句中需用should+动词原形的虚拟语气形式。“should”可以省略。常见的动词有:一个坚持insist; 两个命令order, command ; 三条建议suggest , advise, propose; 四项要求demand, request, require, urge.He insisted that we (should) discussthe matter at the meeting.他坚持要求我们在会上讨论这件事。He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. The doctor suggested that she (should) have an operation at once.【重点提示】suggest 指“表明、说明、暗示”时，insist表示“坚持认为，坚持说”时, 宾语从句谓语用陈述语气。The boys pale face suggested that he was ill and his mother suggested that he (should) be sent to hospital.The young man insisted that he didnt do anything wrong and (should) be set free.三、主语从句中的虚拟语气1. It be+过去分词+that+(should)+动词原形+过去分词: suggested, advised, requested, required, recommended, ordered, proposed, demanded, arranged, decided,desired etc.It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.Its suggested that everybody (should) buy a dictionary.2. It be+形容词+that+(should)+动词原形+形容词: important, vital, necessary, essential, urgent, natural, strange, etc. It is necessary that we (should ) have a walk now. I feel it important (of great/vital/critical importance) that our spoken English (should) be improved rapidly.How strange that you should not have heard it!It is quite natural that she should succeed. 3. It be+名词(a pity/a shame) + that + (should)+动词原形+ It seems such a pity that you should have to spend the day at the hotel.It is a shame that little children should have to beg in the street.Its a surprise that John should have accepted the offer.四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气英语中有些表示意愿、要求、命令、建议、提议的名词，后面要求跟虚拟的同位语从句和虚拟的表语从句。其谓语动词用“(should) + 动词原形”, 这样的名词有： demand, requirement, request, order, command, advice, suggestion, recommendation, proposal, etc. 1. 表语从句:My suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.2. 同位语从句:I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.1. His suggestion that you _ once more sounds reasonable. A. tryB. tries C. must tryD. can try2.He gave an advice that they _ each other. A. helpedB. must help C. helpD. had helped3. My suggestion is that a few more people _ there to help me.A. be sentB. have sent C. sentD. should sent五、定语从句中的虚拟语气It is (high, about) time that一般过去时/should + 动词原形(此处的should一般不省略)It is (about/high) time that we had dinner / we should have dinner. 我们早该吃饭了。注意: 此句型与下面的句型的区别:It is time for somebody to do something.It is the first time that + 从句用现在完成时It was the first time that + 从句用过去完成时It is time for us to have dinner.It is the first time that he _ _ there. It was the first time that he _ _there.六、由as if/ as though、even if/ even though等引导的表语从句或状语从句中的虚拟语气。1. as if/as though在as if/ as though从句中，当从句表示的情况不是事实，而是主观的想象或夸大性的比喻时，通常用虚拟语气。对现在虚拟时，从句动词用过去时或过去进行时。People treat me as if/as though I were a dangerous person.She stood as if she were/ was waiting for someone.对过去虚拟时，从句动词用过去完成时。They talked as if they had been friends for years.She looks as though he had been ill.对将来虚拟时，从句动词用would/could/might/should+动词原形It looks as if it might rain.He looked as if he would tell me about the exam.注意：在look或其他个别动词(如：walk, smell, sound, seem等)后由as if/ as though引导的状语从句，可以用虚拟语气也可以用陈述语气，具体用哪一种，应视具体的情境和意思而定。He walks as if he is drunk. (事实上的确喝醉了) He walks as if he were drunk. (事实上没有醉)2. even if/ though 引导让步状语从句中的虚拟语气同if 从句的虚拟语气。Even if she were here, she could not solve the problem.Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you.七、由连接词in case, so that, in order that, lest(惟恐,免得), for fear that(以免,为防止起见)引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.The teacher spoke slowly so that the students could/ might hear clearly.I got up early so that I should not miss the train.(特别是从句为否定结构，用should +动词原形)Heres some money in case you should need it.The peasants prepared to feed the city when it should be freed. 巩固练习: 1. One of our rules is that every student wear school uniform while at school. A. might B. could C. shall D. will2. If my car _more reliable, I would have driven to Lhasa instead of flying last summer.A. was B. had been C. should be D. would be3. Dont handle the vase as if it _ made of steel.A. is B. were C. has been D. had been4. I use a clock to wake me up because at six oclock each morning the train comes by my house.A. couldnt B. mustnt C. shouldnt D. neednt5. If we _ adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so successful. A. havent madeB. wouldnt make C. didnt make D. hadnt made6. We lost our way in that small village, otherwise we_ more places of interest yesterday.A. visited B. had visited C. would visit D. would have visited7. Oh, Im not feeling well in the stomach. I_so much fried chicken just now. A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat 8. Grace doesnt want to move to New York because she thinks if she there, she wouldnt be able to see her parents very often.A. lives B. would live C. having asked D. were to live9. They have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed.A. will B. can C. must D. should10. I didnt like the hotel. I wish we _to stay there. A. havent decided B. hadnt decided C.didnt decide D. wont decide11. Maybe if I science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help.A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying12. I _ sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting for me.A. had come B. was coming C. would come D. would have come13. - Pity you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution.- I it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview.A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended14. I _ through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldnt have gone B. didnt go C. wouldnt go D. hadnt gone15. Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he _A. was busy B. is busy C. had been busy. D. will be busy16. John went to the hospital alone. If he me about it, I would have gone with him.A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told 17. George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but Id rather he_ more on its culture.A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused18. - The weather has been very hot and dry. - Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables _. A. wouldnt die B. didnt die /gaokao/beijing C. hadnt died D. wouldnt have died /gaokao/beijing19. Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .A. would have been savedB. had been saved C. will be saved D. was saved20. - Sorry, Professor Smith. I didnt finish the assignment yesterday.- Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.A. must B. mustnt C. should D. shouldnt21. - It was the drug，not the disease，that killed the boy.- He would be still alive today if he _ that drug.A. not take B. shouldnt have taken C. didnt take D. hadnt taken22. The order came that the medical supplies to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon.A. would be sent B. should send C. be sent D. must be sent23. - I didnt attend the lecture yesterday.- I _, either, if my mother hadnt reminded me. A. wouldntB. wouldnt haveC. didnt D. hadnt 24. - Thank you for reminding me of the time, or I _ late yesterday. - Dont mention it.A. should be B. would be C. will have been D. would have been25. _ the clouds, you would find the airplane in the sky easilyA. Had it not been for B. If it were not C. If it had not been for D. Were it not for26. But for their help, we _ the program in time.A. can not finishB. will not finishC. had not finishedD. could not have finished27. Jam insisted that the book Mr. Black referred to .A. was worth buying B. was worth to be boughtC. being worth buyingD. be worth buying28. We _ last night, but we went to the concert instead. A. must have studied B. might study C. should have studied D. would study29. - Its really a pity that I didnt see you in Shanghai. - I _ to see you in the hotel, but I was too busy.A. hopeB. hadhopedC. hopedD. amhoping 30. _ it to rain, the crops would be saved. A. WillB. ShouldC. WereD. Could31. -Ann looks hot and dry.-So _ you if you had a high fever.A. do B. areC. willD. would32. He paid for a seat, when he free.A. should have enteredB. could have entered C. could enterD. would enter33. - You _a meal for me this evening. I had dinner at the Chinese Dragon with Tom. - Well, why didnt you phone and let me know?A. should cookB. neednt have cooked C. dont need to cook D. should have cooked34. What would happen if the earth _stop turning? A. willB. wouldC. couldD. were to35. -Guess what, he has decided to enter for tomorrows speech contest!-_it be possible?He is usually quite shy and reserved. A.Must B. Would C. Should D. Need36. I cant stand him. He always talks as though he everything. A. knewB. knowsC. has knowD. had known37. The law requires that everyone his car checked at least once a month. A. hasB. haveC. hadD. will have38. - What will you do during winter vacation? - I dont know，but its about time something. A. I decidedB. Ill decide C. Id decided D. Im deciding39. The two strangers talked as if they friends for years. A. should be B. had beenC. have been D. were40. Without electricity, what ? A. will the world be likeB. would the world be like C. the world will be likeD. the world would be like41. With your ability, you_ out the puzzle within a few minutes.A. could have worked B. need have worked C. ought have worked D. must have worked42. Its his suggestion made yesterday that we _ the sports meeting. A. delayingB. delayedC. must delayD. delay43. If we had not missed the bus, we _ lunch at home now. A. would have had B. would have C. must be having D. would be having44. _ here yesterday, he would attend the lecture with us today. A. Had he been B. If he were C. Were he D. Should be he45. His tired face suggested that he really tired after the 1ong walk. A. had been B. was C. be D. should be46. Our chairman hasnt come yet. If he on time，we would have to put off the meeting. A. should come B. would come C. shouldnt come D. doesnt come47. He did his best in everything; he would not have been what he was. A. and B. but C. otherwise D. but that48. - If he , he that food. - Luckily he was sent to the hospita1 immediate1y A. was warned；would not take B. had been warned；wou1d not have taken C. would be warned；had not taken D. would have been warned；had not taken49. “He will come tomorrow.” “But Id rather he _ the day after tomorrow.” A. will come B. is comingC. cameD. had come50. _ you succeed in everything and _ you be healthy. A. Hope; wish B. Wish; hopeC. May; mayD. Expect; hope51. If it had not been for the liberation, no changes _ place in my hometown. A. would have taken B. would have been taken C. will taken D. will be taken52. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _ a sudden loud noise. A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been 53. Supposing the weather _ bad, where would they go? A. will be B. is C. were D. be54. _today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 55. At the teachers meeting of March 9, 2007, the leaders from the Education Department demanded all the problems_ paid special attention to by all the teachers.A. refer to be B. refer to being C. referred to beingD. referred to be56. -Why didnt you come t