法律诊所讲稿.doc

法律诊所讲稿1法学教育的得失，关乎国家之兴衰（前途）孙晓楼，页5。2美国康奈尔大学前校长Andrew d.White在该大学创立法学院之日说：我们创办法律学校的目的，非在造就许多讼棍；乃欲以严格止训练，提高其程度，使将来出校之后，有高深的学问、远大的目光、高尚的道德；若再资以相当之经验，则无论其成为法官、为律师、为各种公共事业，鲜有不成为造福国家的法学者。3何谓法律人才？法律学问、社会常识、法律道德着三个要素。页9，页11。4美国大学的法学院为何青睐诊所法律教育？主要有五点理由：刘晓东：工作论文，页99。1为何美国法学院采用诊所法律教育方法？第一，美国法学院培养学生的目标很明确就是培养未来的职业律师。当这个根本目标不能实现的时候，发现原因是理论与实践脱节的问题。美国律师协会认为职业律师需具备的十大技能，法学院没有完成这个任务时，就力促法学教育方法进行革新，加大实践性法学教育的力度。诊所法律课程就是为解决这个问题而发展起来的。 第二，回应美国各界对法学院培养学生的不满。回应纽约上诉法庭的克瑞恩法官法官对法科学生的知识运用能力的缺失；回应1969年美国联邦法院首席法官沃伦E伯格的呼吁：现代法学院未能够为社会提供“以人为本”的法律顾问和辩护律师来满足处于变革中的世界的不断扩大的要求现今的法律毕业生的缺点不是缺少法律知识，而是他没有接受过处理事实和与人打交道等方面的训练；回应法律现实主义者的加强培养法律实践能力呼声；回应美国律师协会的麦考利特的报告关于对法科学生进行诊所式教育的呼吁。第三，诊所法律教育的理念体现了现代教育观念。诊所法律教育方法是一种法学教育的方法，是一种强调法律实践的方法，符合现代法学教育的要求。传统法学教育方法的理念是一种强调课堂教育和讲授方法的理念，而现代法学教育的理念在重视理论教育的同时，不忽视、轻视法律实践教育，甚至要突出这种法律实践教育的作用和重要性。所以像诊所法律教育那样的教育方法便逐渐显露出它的优越性。第四，案例教学法或苏格拉底式教学法忽略了法律实践中其它领域诸如接待、 咨询、谈判、起草文件等许多基本技能而且也忽略了在判断力、职业责任心以及理解法律和律师的社会角色等方面对学生们的培养。第五，20世纪60年代的美国民权运动的促进法学院思考实现公平正义的途径，尤其为弱势群体提供法律帮助。美国为何兴起诊所法律教育？诊所法律教育在中国，页18以下，5民国法学教育家：孙晓楼先生：“我们所谓的法律教育，希望以外国的方法，来训练出适合中国国情的法律人才”的法学教育的理想。 6律师技能和价值麦考利特报告（法学教育与职业发展一种教育上的连续体，1992）第5章杨欣欣主编：法学教育与诊所式教学方法，法律出版社2002年版，页6。第4章 律师职业的技能与价值：【印】马海发梅隆主编：诊所式法律教育，彭锡华等译，法律出版社2002年版，页42。Fundamental Lawyering SkillsSkill 1: 解决问题In order to develop and evaluate strategies for solving a problem or accomplishing an objective, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:1.1 Identifying （识别）and Diagnosing（判断） the Problem;1.2 Generating Alternative Solutions and Strategies;1.3 Developing a Plan of Action;1.4 Implementing the Plan;1.5 Keeping the Planning Process Open to New Information and New Ideas.Skill 2: 分析和评估法律/法律分析和推理In order to analyze and apply legal rules and principles, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:2.1 Identifying and Formulating （阐述）Legal Issues;2.2 Formulating Relevant Legal Theories;2.3 Elaborating （详尽阐述）Legal Theory;2.4 Evaluating Legal Theory;2.5 Criticizing and Synthesizing Legal Argumentation.Skill 3: 研究法律In order to identify legal issues and to research them thoroughly and efficiently, a lawyer should have:3.1 Knowledge of the Nature of Legal Rules and Institutions（制度）;3.2 Knowledge of and Ability to Use the Most Fundamental Tools of Legal Research;3.3 Understanding of the Process of Devising and Implementing a Coherent and Effective Research Design.Skill 4:调查事实In order to plan, direct, and (where applicable) participate in factual investigation, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:4.1 Determining the Need for Factual Investigation;4.2 Planning a Factual Investigation;4.3 Implementing the Investigative Strategy;4.4 Memorializing（保存） and Organizing （整理）Information in an Accessible Form（获取方式）;4.5 Deciding Whether to Conclude(终止) the Process of Fact-Gathering;4.6 Evaluating the Information That Has Been Gathered.Skill 5: 交流In order to communicate effectively, whether orally or in writing, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:5.1 Assessing the Perspective of the Recipient(接受者) of the Communication;5.2 Using Effective Methods of Communication.Skill 6: 咨询In order to counsel clients about decisions or courses of action, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:6.1 Establishing a Counseling Relationship That Respects the Nature and Bounds of a Lawyers Role;6.2 Gathering Information Relevant to the Decision to Be Made;6.3 Analyzing the Decision to Be Made;6.4 Counseling the Client About the Decision to Be Made;6.5 Ascertaining and Implementing the Clients Decision.Skill 7: 谈判In order to negotiate in either a dispute-resolution or transactional context（前后的）, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts involved in:7.1 Preparing for Negotiation;7.2 Conducting a Negotiation Session;7.3 Counseling the Client About the Terms Obtained From the Other Side in the Negotiation and Implementing the Clients Decision.Skill 8: 诉讼和非诉纠纷解决机制In order to employ-or to advise a client about-the options of litigation and alternative dispute resolution, a lawyer should understand the potential functions and consequences of these processes and should have a working knowledge of the fundamentals of:8.1 Litigation at the Trial-Court Level;8.2 Litigation at the Appellate Level;8.3 Advocacy in Administrative and Executive Forums（法庭，论坛）;8.4 Proceedings in Other Dispute-Resolution Forums.Skill 9:组织和管理法律业务In order to practice effectively, a lawyer should be familiar with the skills and concepts required for efficient management, including:9.1 Formulating Goals and Principles for Effective Practice Management;9.2 Developing Systems and Procedures to Ensure that Time, Effort, and Resources Are Allocated Efficiently; 9.3 Developing Systems and Procedures to Ensure that Work is Performed and Completed at the Appropriate Time;9.4 Developing Systems and Procedures for Effectively Working with Other People;9.5 Developing Systems and Procedures for Efficiently Administering a Law Office.Skill 10: 确认并解决道德难题In order to represent a client consistently with applicable ethical standards, a lawyer should be familiar with:10.1 The Nature and Sources of Ethical Standards;10.2 The Means by Which Ethical Standards are Enforced;10.3 The Processes for Recognizing and Resolving Ethical Dilemmas.Fundamental Values of the Profession职业基本价值Value 1: As a member of a profession dedicated to the service of clients, a lawyer should be committed to the values of:1.1 Attaining a Level of Competence in Ones Own Field of Practice;1.2 Maintaining a Level of Competence in Ones Own Field of Practice;1.3 Representing Clients in a Competent Manner.Value 2:As a member of a profession that bears special responsibilities for the quality of justice, a lawyer should be committed to the values of:2.1 Promoting Justice, Fairness, and Morality in Ones Own Daily Practice;2.2 Contributing to the Professions Fulfillment of its Responsibility to Ensure that Adequate Legal Services Are Provided to Those Who Cannot Afford to Pay for Them;2.3 Contributing to the Professions Fulfillment of its Responsibility to Enhance the Capacity of Law and Legal Institutions to Do Justice.Value 3:As a member of a self-governing profession, a lawyer shoul