IBT写作第一部分.doc

IBT写作PART ONE写作技巧一、 写作第一部分的基本介绍新托福写作的task1部分是一个集阅读、听力和写作于一体的综合写作题目。如果要在这个部分取得高分就必须从阅读、听力和写作三个方面着手，不断提高自己的英语能力。这类题目会先给考生3分钟的时间读一篇150-225词的作文，典型的问法是： summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard, explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage. 听力结束后，阅读部分再次出现并保留在屏幕的左半部分，考生便可以开始写作，写作时间为20分钟。对于刚接触这类考题的考生来说，这类题目时间有限，如何能听懂并很好地把听力和阅读材料结合起来写成一篇思路明确、内容充实的文章就是难点所在。下面重点讲如何抓住阅读和听力的核心来构思写作思路从而写出一篇符合要求的好文章。二、 第一部分写作技巧1、 阅读 找出核心句子和关键词语这部分阅读的文章都是节选自一些学术文章，所以文字比较简洁，每个句子所包含的信息量也会大一些。和普通阅读文章一样，文章的首句即为整个文章的主题，接下来文章会围绕这个主题站看一些细节性的话题。此外，还要把握文章的最后一段和每个段落的一些关键词语，以判断作者的语气和态度。在段落中间，一般情况下，第一句为主题句，以后就是论据，考生应注意表示转折和原因的连词“but, because, yet”等以确定作者的语气和对该对话的态度。2、 听力 判断说话人的语气，记录说话者的观点和支持性例子听力是这类考试的难点，但考生如果已经明白了阅读材料的意思，那么听力也就变得不那么难了。因为阅读部分已经揭示了听力的主题，考生需要做的就是判断听力文章的观点是支持还是反驳阅读文章的观点，支持/反对的例子有哪些。这就是听力的重点。鉴于听力的长度和难度，考生需要在听力的过程中做笔记。与阅读部分一样，记录关键词和句子，这些词语和句子往往存在于转折或者过度词语的后面。3、 写作 关键词语不变，有合理的结构和恰当的过渡词把听力和阅读部分的意思结合起来三、 如何在阅读和听力材料中做好笔记参考格式： Reading passage note-taking Topic of reading passage: _ Main point about 1.、_ 2、_ 3、_Listening lecture note-taking Topic of reading passage: _ Main points about: 1、_ 2、_ 3、_四、听力篇章的核心路标词1、 新老观点型（典型的Oppose）题型（笔记需记下路标词引出或者拓展的内容，而非路标词本身）复述老观点的路标词表示转折的路标词表述新观点的路标词earlier,yet,recentlytraditionallybutrecent study,originallyhowever,new findingpreviouslyin contrastalternativeconventionallycontrarily nowbeforere-examine2、 次序层次型（紧邻原则，紧邻次序层次路标词的内容一定是要点本身）A类Firstly first of all most of all on one hand in the first place for one thingB类Secondly moreover furthermore in addition whats more on the other hand for another and thenC类Thirdly eventually lastly3、 因果关系型（出现因果关系的路标词时，要么是新的要点引出，要么是旧的要点扩展，both important）表示原因的路标词since because for for the reason that cause表示结果的路标词therefore as a result thus consequence naturally4、 重要的小信号词Factor aspect point 五、两种题型题干考点词汇归纳表示反对阅读材料观点的词汇Oppose argue against controvert combat disprove talk back refute re-examine contradict表示支持阅读材料观点的词汇add to expand on complement reinforce supplement sustain boost uphold assent endorse.六、综合性写作的语言表达1、 如何表达综合性写作中转述阅读材料和听力材料的内容A 转述reading和listening的作者指代指代阅读材料的作者the writer the author the passage指代听力材料的作者the speaker the lecturer the professor the instructor the teacher the lecture.B. 转述Reading 和listening的动词表达转述阅读材料的动词discuss introduce argue conclude suggest recommend propose appeal转述听力材料的动词point out say tell put；disagree disapprove refute rebut object to oppose counter;doubt question challenge;cite mention quote refer to;suggest imply put forward；explain exemplify show illustrate C. 引述Reading passage和listening lecture时常用的抽象名词话题、命题原因、根据事实、范例猜想、假设观点、结论建议、提议IssueMatterTopicProblemSubjectConcernObservationDefinitionDescriptionReasonCauseBasisGroundMotiveMotivationExplanationAccountExampleInstanceExemplarparadigm evidencedatafactproofAssumptionPremisePresumptionSuppositionPostulationHypothesisGuessConjectureConclusionStatementPointBeliefIdeaOpinionJudgmentViewNotionTheoryAdviceAppealProposalPlanSchemeRecommendationD、引述listening lecture时常用的抽象名词（仅用于listening lecture）Further/closer studies, researches(new) finding, discoveryAlternative explanation/theory Objection, refutation Allegation, claim, assertionRemark comment.E、表示对比。提及文章中的信息的词组句式表达Not as the passage puts it,Unlike described in the passage,Quite the contrary, Just the opposite, By contraries/on the contrary/to be contrary, While/whereas the writers states, the lecturer opposes the claimActually/in fact/ indeed七、综合性写作的逻辑架构1、 Oppose题型的逻辑架构A、开头段的写法1、listening的观点 2、reading的观点 3、relation In the lecture, the professor/instructor made several points about_. On the other hand, the reading contends that _. The professors lecture casts doubt on the reading by using a number of points that are contrary to _.B、正文段的写法1、listening main point 1 2、reading main point 3、 reason, evidenceThe first point that the teacher uses to refute the reading is that_. According to him, _. However, this is different from the reading, which states that _. Moreover, contrary to the belief in the passage that_, the instructor asserts that_. To be specific, _.Finally, the lecturer points out that _. This is not what the reading says, the reading lists _. The lectures last point casts doubt on the reading on the basis of _.2、 support题型的逻辑架构A、 开头段的写法 1. listening的观点 2. reading的观点 3. relation In the lecture, the instructor focuses on _. The professor declares that _. The point made by the teacher accord with _. (Main idea of the reading passage)B、正文写法 1、listening main point1 2、reading main point 3、reason、evidenceThe first point that professor uses to support the reading is that ( ). According to the instructor, _. Meanwhile, the reading illuminates that _. Furthermore, the professor bolsters the reading by stating that_. Synchronously, _. This point is consistent with the truth of the reading because _.综合性写作实例Reading material External versus internal hiring When I company needs to hire someone for a managerial position, there is often a choice between promoting an employee who is already working inside the company or bringing in a person from outside. Hiring a qualified outsider is often to a companys advantage for several reasons.An important reason for hiring outsiders as managers is that they bring a new prospective. This contributes to the diversity of ideas and allows company practices to be seen in a new light. Often, a outsider hire will ask, “what is the reason for doing things in this way?” this question may lead to a reevaluation of practices that are actually inefficient but have become so much a part of the routine that it is difficult for insiders to question them. Another major factor to be considered is the cost of on-the-job training. Hiring outsiders aloos a company to look for people who already have the particular skills and experience required for the job. The company will not have spend time and money training an internal employee for the new job something that has to be done when, for example, an employee is promoted from a technical position to a managerial one. In such a case, usually the employee would be sent to classes to help learn needed managerial skills.Finally, managers hired from the outside will often have business contacts with suppliers, customers and technicians they the have developed in their previous job. Clearly these contacts can be a valuable asset for the company that hires managers form the outside.Listening materialProfessor: for some of the reasons presented in the reading, many companies have a polict of hiring outsiders to fill managerial positions. However, a closer examination will show that the policy is misguided.First of all, the new perspective an outsider brings into the companys corporate structure often leads to conflict in the managerial team. Companies often have specific corporate philosophies。(for example, about how decisions are to be reached and how work is to be organized). So when outsiders bring with them a significantly different philosophy, this can create serious disagreement and conflict, and make it difficult for the managerial team as a whole to function smoothly and efficiently, an internal employee, by contrast, is more likely to know company tradition. Another point to not is that hiring outsiders may entail an additional cost that perhaps isnt obvious. It is true that outsider hires may come with required managerial skills and experience. But to become effective as managers in a new company, they also have to establish personal relationships with their new colleagues-get to know then and win their trust. This can often take more time than one would expect an uncomfortable settling-in period between a new boss and workers can also be more costly in lost productivity than on-the-job training for an internal employee. Finally, suppose a company makes a point of hiring outsiders as managers instead of promoting insiders. Well, that company will soon find that its own best employees will have no choice but to look to advance their own careers outside the company. And when these key employees leave, they will also take their valuable business contact away with them to their new employer.Writing Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to specifically explain how they cast doubt on points made in the reading passage.School year vacation It used to be that parents took their children on vacation during the summer, when school was out of session. But today, much more often than in the past, many parents take their children on vacation during the school year. Although these children are away from school, sometimes for several weeks, travelling itself serves a valuable educational function.The most important educational benefit of taking children on vacation is that traveling exposes children to new places and cultures. It is good for children to read about distant countries, but it is even better to take them there. What students learn by meeting the people and absorbing the culture of these places is something they could not learn in their classrooms.Moreover, the benefits to the children who have been away from the classroom for several weeks traveling continue after they have returned to their classes. Students who are in school everyday of the school year can easily lose enthusiasm for their studies. But students invigorated by time away return with heightened excitement.The trend of students taking vacations during the school year also has benefits for teachers. When these students return to school, their knowledge and enthusiasm contribute positively to the entire class. Teachers can ask the children to share stories of their travels with their peers and can incorporate what they have learnt from traveling into writing and reading projects. This makes lesson development easier for teachers because the returning students experiences provide a ready basis for classroom discussions and projects. Listening material Professor: now, lets consider how taking children on vacation when school is in session impacts their education. I believe the impact on children and their children can be quite negative. While students have been travelling, their fellows students have been working. What do you think happens when they return to school? Well, they have to spend a lot of time playing catch-up, you kn