倒装比较强调.doc

一、倒 装I.考点分析1. 以某些副词开头的句子，如：here, now, then, up, down, out, in, 或由副词there, then, now 等引起，谓语动词为come或go，并且主语不是人称代词的句子，应该完全倒装。例：1) Here comes the bus. 2) There goes your last chance. 3) Out rushed a tiger from among the bushes. 4) Up went the rocket carrying the satellite on its top.2. 虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时， were, had 和should 要移至主语之前。例：1) Had I known it, I should have told him. 2) Were he to tell us everything, we could try to solve his problem. 3) Had it not been for the reservoir, we had never have been able to beat the drought.3. 句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。例：1) Under no circumstances shall we cancel the party. 2) Not a single book had he read that month.3) By no means was he able to handle the tough problem.4) Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 常用于这一结构的词语有：little, nowhere, rarely, scarcely, seldom, few, hardly, never, under no circumstances, on no account, in no way, at no point, at no time, in no sense, at no/other time, by no means, hardly/scarcely when, in vain, much/even/still less, no longer, no sooner than, not a single word, not a soul, not infrequently, not often, not only but (also), not until 等。4. only位于句子开头， 如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。例：1) Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. 2) Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly.3) Only in a few countries does the whole of the population enjoy a reasonable standard of living.5. so / such that结构中的 so放在句首时， 需要倒装。例：1) So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him. 2) So proud is the young man that he is reluctant to accept others opinion.3) Such a good student was she that all the teachers liked her.6. 在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。例：1) Much as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes. 2) Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.3) Child as the little girl is, she knows several foreign languages.II. 历届四级试题中的倒装句及相关练习:1. She never laughed, _ lose her temper. (90/ 01/ 59)A) or she ever did B) nor did she ever C) or did she ever D) nor she ever did2. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _ we all sat down to rest. (91/06/62) A) when B) then C) than D) until 3. _ for your laziness, you could have finished the assignment by now. (93/01/61) A) Had it not been B) It were not C) Werent it D) Had not it been4.We dont need air conditioning, _. (94/01/ 57)A) nor can we afford it B) and nor we can afford it C) neither can afford it D) and we can neither afford it5.I could not persuade him to accept it, _ make him see the importance of it. (95/01/42)A) if only I could not B) no more than I could C) or I could not D) nor could I 6. _ for my illness I would have lent him a helping hand. (95/01/47) A) Not being B) Had it not been C) Without being D) Not having been7. _ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention. (96/01/26) A) Being published B) Published C) Publishing D) To be published 8. The organization had broken no rules, but _ had it acted responsibly. (96/01 /33)A) neither B)so C)either D)both9. _ right now, she would get there on Sunday. (96/06/42) A) Would she leave B) If she leaves C) Were she to leave D) If she had left10. _ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party. (97/01/34) A) Had they arrived B) Would they arrive C) Were they arriving D) Were they to arrive二、比较用法I. 考点分析尽管比较级包括平级比较、比较级和最高级以及倍数等知识点，但考试中考察的重点是平级的比较和倍数。要掌握以下几点：1. 在分句中以替代词do的某个形式代替主句的谓语部分George writes as neatly as John does.They bought fewer books than the others did.分句中的主语和替代词do也可采用倒装的形式:Some people have no doubt that their cat understands as many words as does a dog.Nobody did more for education in this country than did the late Mr. Green.2. 形容词比较结构与名词搭配时的词序问题在asas或more than结构中，如果出现名词，通常将名词置于比较结构中。I havent seen as old a car as this for years.I cant drink as sweet coffee as this.There are more intelligent men than John.但有时也将名词置于比较结构之前。I havent seen a car as old as this for years.I cant drink coffee as sweet as this.There are men more intelligent than John.3. 比较结构的修饰语修饰asas结构的有：nearly, almost, exactly, twice, (three) times, not nearly, not half, nothing like, by no means, nowhere near, quite等词，这些修饰语无一例外地置于 asas结构之前。修饰more than结构的有：far, even, many, much, still, a lot, a (little) bit, rather, slightly, (three) times, not any等词，这些修饰语一般置于more than结构之前。修饰最高级结构的有：by far, much, easily, nearly, almost, not quite, not really, by no means, nothing like, nowhere near, nest, second, third, yet, ever等，这些修饰语位置各有不同，可前，可中，可后。4. 当more than结构表示“与其说不如说”时，它实质上不能算是比较结构。He is more big than strong.I was more annoyed than worried when they didnt come home.这种句子肯定前者，与less than恰好相反。He was less hurt than frightened. (=He was more frightened than hurt.)当more than 表示“不止是：时，也不是比较结构。My trip to Beijing was more than sightseeing.He is more than happy about it.He more than complained: he threw the whole book of rules at me.5. 注意 as much of aas, more of athan, less of athan:和一样 不少于的用法: It was much of a success as I had hoped. He is more of a sportsman than his brother. He is less of a fool than I thought he was.e.g It was _we had hoped.A: more a success thanB: a success more thanC: as much of a success asD: a success as much as 五、特殊句式特殊句式往往含有特殊的含义，它们既是词汇语法中的考查点，也是阅读理解、完型填空和翻译试题中的考查点、难点。本节对四级试题中常出现的固定句式进行归纳并详细讲解它们的用法。 1. rather than 而不是；与其不如rather than连词，用以连接同类词语，以表示“(是) 而不是”，“与其不如”，着重客观上的差别。请看下列全真题例句：Thats why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather than technical ability. (91/06 -Passage 1)题意：这就是为什么教师常常鼓励学生尽早使用辞典并把注意力放在写作内容上而不是写作技巧上。We were struck by the extent to which teachers decisions served the interests of the school rather than those of the students. (96/06-35)题意：教师们的决定为学校利益服务而不是为学生利益服务的程度让我们吃惊。Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _ harm them. (93/06 53)A) more than B) other than C) rather than D) better thanC 四个选项意思分别为 A) more than超出，多于；B) other than不同于；除了；C) rather than而不是； D) better than优于，空格前说：“核科学的发展应有利于人民”，空格后说：“危害人民”。空格处应是表示“而不是”的词语意思才完整。英语中表达“而不是”可以用rather than， 所以选项C是答案。这里的rather than是一个连接词。题意：核科学的发展应有益于人民，而不是危害人民。请学习下列例句例1 He is a writer rather than a teacher . 他不是老师而是作家。（他是作家而不是老师。）例2 He lay rather than sat in his chair. 与其说他是坐在椅子里，不如说是躺在椅子里。例3The freckles over her nose were an added attraction rather than otherwise.她鼻子上的雀斑不但无损容貌，反而使她更加娇媚动人。（注意要点：rather than后为否定的成分，即“不是”。）ratherthan “宁可而不”,“宁愿”，表示主观上的抉择。例如:I would rather have a room of my own, however small it is, than share a room with someone else. 55)I would rather read than watch television. 我宁愿看书也不愿看电视。(97.01-42) 请学习下列例句We would rather die than surrender. 我们宁死不降Rather than cause trouble, he left他宁可走开而不愿惹麻烦。.rather than 用于“prefer + 不定式”后面时，应接一个不带to的不定式，即动词原型。He prefers to work rather than remain idle. 他宁愿工作也不愿闲散。Sydney would prefer to live in a small village rather than live in a big city. Sydney愿意住在小村庄里而不愿住在大城市里。 Rather than John do it, I would prefer to do the job myself.与其让约翰干这件事，我宁肯自己动手。2. more A than B 与其说是B, 倒不如说是A。例句The children are more frightened than hurt. 这孩子与其说是受伤，倒不如说是受到惊吓。例句He seemed old to me , more like a grandfather than a father .我总感到他长相老, 更像祖父而不是父亲。（注意要点：more 后的成分为“是”的东西，than 的意思像当于“not ”。）3. more than1) 超出，超过的It is not unusual for workers in that region _. (95/01/55)A) to be paid more than a month late. B) to be paid later than more a month C) to pay later than a month more. D) to pay late more than a month答案A） 题意：这一地区工人的工资经常被拖欠达一个月以上。I like watching TV _ the cinema. (91.06/50)A) more than to go B) than going C) more than going D) rather than to go 答案C） 题意：与看电影相比，我更喜欢看电视。The little man was _ one meter fifty high. (97/01/36)A) almost more than B) hardly more than C) nearly more than D) as much as答案B） 题意：这个矮个子身高不到一米五。Fifty years ago, wealth people liked hunting wild animals for fun _ sightseeing. (01/06/47)A) than to go B) rather than to go C) more than going D) other than going答案C） 题意：五十年前，有钱人狩猎多为娱乐而非游历观光。例句The story is really more than I could believe. 这故事我实在不能相信。2）（口语）十分，非常，极其句型：more than happy / glad / willing etc. to do sth 非常愿意做某事例1 They were more than willing to help. 他们非常愿意帮忙。例2 I am more than pleased .我是十二分高兴4.do more than +不带to的不定式 In the course of day students do far more than just _ classes.A) attend B) attended C) to attend D) attending 答案A） 题意：在这一天里，学生所做的远不止只是听课。解析：than引出的是比较状与从句，从句的结构应与前面的主句相符，所以A是答案。选D项attending是由于对比较句的结构不熟悉， 误以为than后面 要用动名词。 than可引出比较从句，从句中也可以有所省略。选C to attend与前面对应不上。选项B attended是过去时，意思更对不上。5. none other than 不是别的，正是, 原来是例1 Its none other than the manager himself. 正是经理本人。例2 Its none other than Jones. 不是别人，正是琼斯。6. no other than 1) 同none other than，但更强调物。 例1. Its no other than this. (不是其他)正是这个。例2. Its no other than my best friend Smith. 正是我的好朋友史密斯。2)（加强语气用）只有；除外没有例3. I have no other friends than you.除了你我没有其他朋友。例3. The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender. 被打败的敌人只得投降。7 .other things being equal 如果其它条件情形都一样_, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. (97/06/56)A: other things being equal B:were other things equalC:To be equal to other things答案A） 解析：结合选项来看，空格中应是一个表示条件的状语或是状语从句，表达“在其他条件相同的情况下”这一意思。选项A other things being equal是一个分词独立主格结构，可起条件状语的作用， 因此是本题答案。B项were other things equal (如果其他条件相等) 是一个虚拟语气条件句， 相当于if other things being equal, 但空格后面的句子用的是陈述语气，而不是虚拟语气。 所以选项B不是答案。C项To be equal to other things是动词不定式短语，可以做目的状语，但不能做条件状语。D项的结构是不存在的。8. nothing more than (=only) 不强于，与一模一样Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. （93/06-L2, P2）不断变化的时装无异于蓄意制造浪费。9. none but (= only)只有When he arrived, he found _ the aged and the sick at home. (97/06/46)A) none but B) none other than C) nothing but D) no other than答案A）题意：他到家时，发现家里只有老人和病人。They choose none but the best.他们选人为贤。None but fools have ever believed it. 除非傻瓜才会相信它。 （注意要点：none but 和nothing but都表示除之外、没有，或只有的意思，none but通常后接人，而nothing but 后接物。）10. other than 1）除了There is nobody here other than you.2不同于与不同；非 The truth is quite other than what you think. 事实真相和你想的完全不一样。例1 She performed other than perfectly. 她的表演远非尽善尽美。例2 do not wish him other than he is. 我不希望他与现在不同（改变现状）。（注意要点：other than第二个意思相当于 different from。四级考试中经常出现的意思是第一个“除了”。）11. 祈使句and陈述句= if , then Five minutes earlier, _ we could have caught the last train. （93/06/42）A) and B) but C) or D) so 答案A）题意：如果早五分钟，我们可以赶上最后一班火车。 解析：连词and前面部分表示一种条件，相当于if从句的功能，and后面的部分是结果。这种结构的前面部分一般用祈使句，有时也可能是一个省略句，如本题。could have done sth表示“本可以做到而实际没有做到”。请看下列例句：例1 Turn off the main road here and you will come to the lake.如果你在这儿离开大路就可以到达湖边。例2 One more effort and we shall succeed. 再努力一把我们就会成功。12. in that （书面语） 因为，由于；在这一点上Liquids are like solids _ they have a definite volume. (95/06/58) A) in that B) for that C) with that D) at that答案A） 题意：本题空格前说液体和固体一样，后面部分说的是两者在哪方面一样。再如：Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak.人之不同于禽兽，在于人能思考和说话。13. have no choice but to do sth 只能，别无选择That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but _ the police. （97/01/24）A) called in B) calling in C) call in D) to call in答案D） 题意：那件事情事关重大，我别无选择，只好请警察。在本句中have no choice but后要接动词不定式。14. When it comes to sth/doing sth 当涉及时；当说到时She becomes nervous whenever it comes to learning mathematics. （93/06/2）Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores and this is especially true _ it comes to classroom tests. (96/01/2)A) when B) since C) before D) after答案A） 题意：做好家庭作业是提高学习成绩的切实有效的方法，在课堂测验时更是如此。例句 When it comes to computer, I know nothing. 我对计算机一窍不通。15. no more than / not any more than 和一样不例1 I am no more mad than you are. 你没有疯， 我也没有疯。（我和你一样不疯。）例2 The whale is no more a fish than the dog is. 鲸鱼和狗一样都不是鱼。例3 She is no more able to read Spanish than I am. 她和我一样都读不懂西班牙文。16. not so much as 与其说是 不如说是例1 They were not so much islands as sandbars. 那些与其说是岛屿，不如说是沙洲。例2 It was not so much the clothes as the man himself who impressed immediately . 立即给人以深刻印象的与其说是衣服不如说是这个人本身。II. 历届四级考题中的比较用法：2. Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _ harm them. (93/6/53) A)more than B)other than C)rather than D)better than3.They usually have less money at the end of the month than_at the beginning. (93/6/54)A)which is B)which was C)they have D)it is4. In the course of a day students do far more than just _ classes. (93/6/55) A) attend B)attended C)to attend D)attending5. Mr. Johnson preferred _ heavier work to do. (93/6/61) A) to be given B)to be giving C)to have given D)having given6. She is -_ a musician than her brother. (93/6/65) A)much of B)much as C)more of D)more as7. Beethoven is my favorite musician. I regard him as _ other musicians. (94/1/55) A)superior to B)more superior than C)more superior to D)superior than8.Certain programs work better for some _ for others. (95/1/50) A)and B)than C)as D)but9.It is not unusual for workers in that region _. (95/1/55) A)to be paid more than a month later B)to be paid later than more a monthC)to pay later than a month more D)to pay late more than a month10.If you dont like to swim, you _ stay at home. (95/1/60) A)should as well B)may as well C)can as well D)would as well三、强调结构I. 知识点及考点分析四级考试中的强调结构通常考的是句型it be + 被强调部分（主语、宾语或状语）+ that。1.一般说来，被强调部分指人时用who，whom，指物时用that（但that亦可指人）。但在考试中只能用that。2. 强调句中的it和先行词it 的区别：可用恢复原句来判别，即是把It is (was) that取消，剩下的仍能组成一个完整的句子，就是强调句型，否则就不是。 -It is there that accidents often happen. It is that There accidents often happen. 这个强调句强调的是地点状语there -It is clear that not all boys like football. 去掉It is that Clear not all boys like football. 剩下的句子不完整，因此不是强调句，而是由作先行词it引导的一个主语从句eg: -John wore his best suit to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚穿者他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会我们即可用强调结构来强调句中的主语、宾语和状语： It was John who (that) wore his best suit to the dance last night. 是约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会的。（强调主语） It was his best suit (that) John wore to the dance last night. 约翰昨晚是穿着他最好的一套衣服去参加舞会 的。（强调宾语） It was last night (that)John wore his best suit to the dance.(强调状语last night) 约翰是昨晚穿着他最好的衣参加晚会的。 It was to the dance that John wore his best suit last night(to the dance)约翰昨晚穿着他最好的一套衣服是去参加舞会的 （强调状语to the dance）3. notuntil句型的强调句 It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分 -He didnt go to bed until (till) ten oclock. It was not until ten Oclock that he went to bed.（强调句） -Regular radio broadcasts didnt begin till (until)1920. It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句） 本句型只用until，不用till，但如果不是强调句型，till, untill可通用 本句型也可用倒装句表示 -Li ming didnt watch TV till (until) he finished his homework. Not until hefinished his home work did Li ming watch TV.=Only when he finished his ho0mework did Li Ming watch TV.4另外一种常用的强调结构是: Whatis /was结构这种结构比较简练用于强调主语和宾语：-I like travelling. Travelling is what I like.-My back hurts. What hurts is my back.- I want this hat. This hat is what I want. What I want is this hat.-You need a good rest. A good rest is what you need. What you need is a good rest.II. 历届四级试题中的强调句及相关练习1_ that the trade between the two countries reached its highest point. (89/1/42) A) During the 1960s B) It was in the 1960s C) That it was in the 1960s D) It was the 1960s2. _she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist. (90/1/48) A) That was from Stephen B) It was Stephen whom C) It was from