练习--写作(主题句)(WithKey)3-13.doc

写作：找出下面段落的主题句：I. My sister was the first person who made me question my conventional ideas about teaching English. She had a son in the seventh grade in a fairly good public school. His teacher had asked the class to read Coopers The Deerslayer. The choice was bad enough in itself; whether looking at man or nature, Cooper was superficial, inaccurate, and sentimental, and his writing is ponderous and ornate. But to make matters worse, this teacher had decided to give the book microscope and X-ray treatment. He made the students look up and memorize not only the definitions but the derivations of every big word that came along and there were plenty. Every chapter was followed by close questioning and testing to make sure the students “understood” everything. Being then, as I said, conventional, I began to defend the teacher, who was a good friend of mine, against my sisters criticisms. What was wrong with making sure that children understood everything they read? My sister answered that until this class her boy had always loved reading, and had read a lot on his own; now he had stopped.II. Music is used in stores to encourage you to buy more. It is used in fast food eating places to make you eat faster and get out. Indeed, music is used in many ways to affect peoples feelings and actions. It is used in factories to speed up the workers and increase the amount of work produced. It is used in hospitals to make the sick feel better and more tranquil. And, at sports events, music is used to make players try harder.III. When on is speaking to ones family, for example, one uses a certain level of speech, a certain diction perhaps, a tone of voice, an inflection, suited to the intimacy of the occasion. But when one faces an audience of strangers, as a politician does, for instance and he is the most social of emn it seems right and proper for him to reach for the well-turned phrase, even the poetic word, the aphorism, the metaphor. And his gestures, his stance, his tone of voice, all become larger than life; moreover, his character is not what gives him these prerogatives, but his role. In other words, a confrontation with society permits us, or even enforces upon us, a certain reliance upon ritual.IV. Both of my parents have black hair and dark skin and both have low voices and gentle personalities. They both like nature and are fond of gardening, walking and swimming. They are both interested in reading and music; they often go to the theatre together. They both believe in giving their children love and responsibilities and neither punishes us physically.V. Our whole modern civilization is built on mathematics! Not a street can be laid, a foundation dug, or a building constructed, without the use of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. Not a machine can be designed, an engines performance predicted, an electric power plant constructed, without mathematics through calculus. And the design of an airplane, a ship, a guided missile, or an electronic computer requires a profound knowledge of higher mathematics. No one, in short, from a grocers clerk to the nuclear physicist can do without mathematics and the study of mathematics can be a great adventure in the methods of quantitative thinking which will provide a lifetime of better understanding of a technological world.VI. Todays pop music is sending several dominant messages. Material values are in the ascendant, but idealism is by no means a spent force. Most pop songs are love songs, as always, but todays versions try to look at relationships without rose- colored glasses. Romantic notions are viewed with some suspicion, so are drugs. And important rock artists and rappers, while no longer anticipating radical change, are addressing these issues, and challenging their listeners to actively confront the world around them. There have probably been more angry protest lyrics written and recorded in the last three or four years than in any comparable period of the 60s.VII. “ in spite of the difficulties and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream.” Even though I am an Anglo-American who has never been the victim of racial prejudice, I think I have experienced a prejudice akin to that which inspired Martin Luther King, Jr., to pen those words. For the past two years, I have had to cope with the stigma of being an English teacher. In simple terms, people assume that since I teach English, I always sit in judgment of their usage and grammar. I can cite numerous examples of this kind of thinking.VIII. Winter and summer were two hostile lives, and bred two separate natures. Winter was always the effort to live; summer was tropical license. Whether the children rolled in the grass, or waded in the brook, or swam in the salt ocean, or sailed in the bay, or fished for smelts in the creeks, or netted minnows in the salt-marshes, or took to the pine-woods and the granite quarries, of chased muskrats and hunted snapping-turtles in the swamps, of mushrooms or nuts on the autumn hills, summer and country were always sensual living, while winter was always compulsory learning. Summer was the multiplicity of nature; winter was school.IX. The sky is a clear blue. Sparrows chirp in the early mornings. The fruit trees in the backyard are beginning to bloom. The hills are turning green, and purple and yellow wildflowers are appearing in the fields. The snow on top of the mountain has all melted. It must finally be spring.主题句的写法多种多样，下面是一些常见的类型：1. 设疑句：主题句以问题的形式写出。Should a man put loyalty to his country above loyalty to his friend?2. 要领式：以陈述句的形式概括出段落的中心思想。Beauty usually refers to what appeals to the eyes, but it can also refer to what appeals to the mind.3. 对比式：以对照引出主题。In choosing an ideal husband, some suggest wealth, while some look for a man who is handsome.4. 定义式：概念先行，把所要写的内容用某个概念先行下个定义。Concrete words are those which are precise and accurate in their meanings.5. 引用式：引用名人语录或谚语、俗语等作为主题句。As Francis Bacon says, “Writing makes an exact man.”6. 特写式：挑选引人注目的事实、数据作为主题句。Last night a fire destroyed a net bar in Beijing and killed more than twenty people.7. 引叙句：从某人的经历谈起，引出主题句。When he first came to Shanghai, he was astounded by its crowdedness.划出下面主题句的支配思想（Controlling Ideas）:1. Smoking is harmful to peoples health.2. A good dictionary is an indispensable tool to the writer.3. He was always cheerful.4. The space program has been a great expense to this country.5. The summer in Scotland can be very exciting.6. Terrorism is a dangerous threat to international security.7. The treaty of Vienna had three outstanding effects.8. In the 1980s, many public schools faced doubtful survival.9. A man owes it to himself to have a modest checking account, a few friends and integrity.10. Poets may be divided into two classes: the musicians and the psychologists.阅读下面的段落，然后写出一个句子充当段落的主题句：1. _. When a person drives a car, he can be alone, or at least choose his companions. He is not troubled by the presence of numerous strangers, many of whom he might consider obnoxious or even dangerous. This privacy has other aspects as well. At a time when public authorities are increasingly harassing various types of presumably antisocial behavior, the driver can order his own life reasonably well in his car. As an important example, public authorities are hassling smokers. The more that smoking is prohibited in “public” transportation systems, the more attractive the automobile is to nicotine addicts. In addition, for many people, the time spent driving is the only extended opportunity for contemplation. You can talk to yourself, or sing. The female driver is not ogled or caressed as the female transit passenger is.2. _. In 1990 there were five halfway houses for the needy in our city; in 1993 there were only three, and today we have only two. Furthermore, in 1992 we had six day-care centers; today we have only three and all of them are over-crowded. And finally, the hours our chest x-ray clinic is available to the public have been severely curtailed, while our home for battered wives must now rely on private donations. These facts seem to indicate that instead of reducing social welfare budget, we should significantly increase it.3. According to Freud, we revert in our dreams to the modest of thought characteristic of early childhood. Our thinking becomes concrete, pictorial and non-logical, and expresses ideas and wishes we are no longer conscious of. Dreams are absurd and unaccountable because our conscious mind, not willing to acknowledge our subconscious ideas, disguises them. _.4. _.A holy man in India may think that happiness is in himself. It is in needing nothing outside himself. In wanting nothing, he lacks nothing. He sits still there with all attention to his religious contemplation, free even of his own body, or nearly free of it. If some admirers bring him food, he eats it; if not, he starves all the same. What is outside world has got nothing to do with his happiness. We westerners, however, are taught that the more we have from outside ourselves, the happier we will be, and then we are made to want. We are told that it is only in wanting that our happiness lies. Advertising, one of our major industries, exists not only to satisfy our desires but to create them.5. A pack of cigarettes usually costs about one dollar; therefore people who smoke two packs of cigarette a day spend $2.00 on their habit. At the end of one year, these smokers have spent at least $370.00. But the price of cigarettes is not the only expense cigarette smokers incur. Since cigarette smoke has an offensive odor that permeates clothing, stuffed furniture, and carpet, smokers often find that these items must be cleaned more frequently than nonsmokers do. Finally, smokers have to spend money on medicines for the diseases which are incurred by their smoking habit such as coughing, bronchitis, etc. _.Writing (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below: 1.近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象； 2.出现这种现象的原因和后果； 3.我认为_KEY:I. My sister was the frirst person who made me question my conventional ideas about teacdhing English.II. Indeed, music is used in many ways to affect peoples feelings and actions.III. In other words, a confrontation with society permits us, or even enforces upon us, a certain reliance upon ritual.IV. My parents look and behave like each other.V. Our whole modern civilization is built on mathematics!VI. Todays pop music is sending several dominant messages.VII. For the past two years, I have had to cope with the stigma of being an English teacher.VIII. Winter and summer were two hostile lives, and bred two separate natures.IX. It must finally be spring.划出下面主题句的支配思想（Controlling Ideas）:11. Smoking is harmful to peoples health.12. A good dictionary is an indispensable tool to the writer.13. He was always cheerful.14. The space program has been a great expense to this country.15. The summer in Scotland can be very exciting.16. Terrorism is a dangerous threat to international security.17. The treaty of Vienna had three outstanding effects.18. In the 1980s, many public schools faced doubtful survival.19. A man owes it to himself to have a modest checking account, a few friends and integrity.20. Poets may be divided into two classes: the musicians and the psychologists.阅读下面的段落，然后写出一个句子充当段落的主题句：1. The rider in a car has privacy.2. The assumption that budget cuts should be made in our social service programs needs careful consideration.3. Some of Freuds interpretations are extremely fanciful, but there is almost certainly some truth in his view that dreams express the sub-conscious mind.4. The right to pursue happiness is issued to us all, but people in the east and west have different notions of happiness.5. Thus we can see that the habit of smoking can be very expensive.写作范文：Due Attention Should Be Given To the Study of ChineseWith Chinas opening up, intercultural communication has become more and more frequent between Chinese and foreigners. A good command of at least one foreign lang