英语专业词汇学ppt.ppt

Chapter51 Polysemy2 Homonymy 5 1Polysemy Polysemymeansthatonesinglewordhastwoormoresensesatthesametime ThebulkofEnglishwordsarepolysemantic one meaningwordsarerareandaremainlyscientifictermssuchashydrogen molecule andsoon Polysemy Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturallanguages ThisisparticularlytrueofhighlydevelopedlanguageslikeEnglish InmodernEnglish anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous Therearewordsthathavetwoorthreesenses andthemostcommonlyusedonescanhaveasmanyasoverahundred Polysemy However whenawordisfirstcoined itisalwaysmonosemic Butinthecourseofdevelopment thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings Theresultispolysemy Buthowdoesawordacquirenewmeanings Inwhatwayarethemeaningsrelatedtooneanother TwoApproachestoPolysemy Theproblemofinterrelationofthevariousmeaningsofthesamewordcanbedealtwithfromtwodifferentangles diachronicapproachandsynchronicapproach 1 Twoapproachestopolysemy Diachronicapproach历时研究方法Itisassumedtobetheresultofgrowthanddevelopmentofthesemanticstructureofoneandsameword Thefirstmeaningistheprimarymeaning Latermeaningsarecalledderivedmeanings Synchronicapproach共时研究方法Synchronically polysemyisviewedasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinahistoricalperiodoftime 从共时的角度看 在同一个历史时期 同一个词可以拥有许多不同的意义 Thebasicmeaningofawordiscalledthecentralmeaning Thederivedmeaningsaresecondaryincomparison 2 Twoprocessesofdevelopment 1 Radiation辐射型2 Concatenation连锁型 1 Radiation辐射型 Semantically radiationistheprocesswhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthecenterwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlikerays Allthemeaningsareindependentofoneanother butcanallbetracedbacktothecentralmeaning Takeheadforexample theheadoftheschool sixpenceperhead theheadofapage tocometoahead toloseone shead sixheadofcattleThoughthesesenseshavelittleincommon theyallderivefromspecialapplicationofthecentralideaofheadasapartofthebody 2 Concatenation连锁型 Concatenationisasemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveshiftsuntilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning Concatenation Thewordtreacleisanillustrativeexample 1 wildbeast 2 remedyforbitesofvenomousbeasts 3 antidoteforpoisonorremedyforpoison 4 anyeffectiveremedy 5 BrE molasses 例1 board 木板 餐桌 会议桌 董事会例2 candidate 穿白袍的人 身着白袍申请职位的人 候选人 5 2Homonymy Homonymsaregenerallydefinedaswordsdifferentinmeaningbuteitheridenticalbothinsoundandspellingoridenticalonlyinsoundorspelling 1 Typesofhomonyms Perfect absolutehomonyms完全同形同音异义词Homographs同形异义词Homophones同音异义词Ofthethreetypes homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon Perfecthomonyms Perfecthomonymsarewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling butdifferentinmeaning e g bankntheedgeoftheriver lake etc banknanestablishmentformoneybusinessbearnalargeheavyanimalbearvtoputupwith Homograph Identicalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning e g bow bau nbendingtheheadasagreetingbow bcu nthedeviceusedforshootingarrowssaw scu vtoscatterseedssow sau nfemaleadultpig Homophone Identicalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning e g dear dic nalovedpersondeer dic nakindofanimalson s n namalechildofsomeonesun s n ntheheavenlybodyfromwhichtheearthgetswarmthandlight 2 Originsofhomonyms Changeinsoundandspelling读音和拼写演变的结果Borrowing借入外来词的结果Shortening词语缩略的结果 homonymsandpolysemants Perfecthomonymsandpolysemantsarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation Thiscreatestheproblemofdifferentiation DifferentiationofHomonymsfromPolysemants Thefundamentaldifferencebetweenhomonymsandpolysemantsliesinthefactthattheformerreferstodifferentwordswhichhappentosharethesameformandthelatteristheoneandsamewordwhichhasseveraldistinguishablemeanings importantcriterion Oneimportantcriterionistoseetheiretymology i e homonymsarefromdifferentsourceswhereasapolysemantisfromthesamesourcewhichhasacquireddifferentmeaningsinthecourseofdevelopment Thesecondprincipalconsiderationissemanticrelatedness Thevariousmeaningsofapolysemantarecorrelatedandconnectedtoonecentralmeaningtoagreaterorlesserdegree e g head See5 1Polysemy Ontheotherhand meaningsofdifferenthomonymshavenothingtodowithoneanother Indictionaries apolysemanthasitsmeaningsalllistedunderoneheadwordwhereashomonymsarelistedasseparateentries 3 Differentiationofhomonymsfrompolysemants 一般地说 多义词是一词多义 几个意义之间有历史的或现实的联系 它们都是从一个基本意义派生出来的 有 同源 同族 的关系 而同形同音异义词则是同一拼写或同一发音 但在意义上大多没有任何历史的或现实的联系 它们非同出一源 而只是读音和拼写上的偶合 在词典中 同形同音词通常以独立项分立 而多义词的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下 4 Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms 1 Waiter Yes sir what sthis It sbeansoap sir Nomatterwhatit sbeen whatisitnow 2 Whyshouldamannevertellhissecretsinacornfield Becauseithassomanyears 3 WhyistheMiddleAgesalsocalledtheDarkAges BecausethereweresomanyKnights Fromtheaboveexamples wecanseethathomonymsareoftenemployedtocreatepunsfordesiredeffectofhumouorironyforstylisticpurposes MeaningandContext Asmostwordshavemorethanonemeaning itisoftenimpossibletotellthemeaningofawordbeforeitisusedincontext Contextisveryimportantfortheunderstandingofword meaningbecausethemeaningisinfluencedimmediatelybythelinguisticcontext andinmanycasesbythewholespeechsituationaswell Whenawriterorspeakerusesaword she hemakesitmeanjustwhathechoosesittomean neithermorenorless Withoutcontext thereisnowaytodeterminetheverysenseofthewordthatthespeakerintendedtoconvey whereaswithcontextthereisgenerallynodangerofmisinterpretation formeaninglivesincontextandthecontextdefinesmeaning Typesofcontext Contextisveryimportantfortheunderstandingofword meaningbecausethemeaningisinfluencedimmediatelybythelinguisticcontext andinmanycasesbythewholespeechsituationaswell Typesofcontext Therearetwotypesofcontexts linguisticcontextandextra linguistic ornon linguisticcontext Extra linguisticcontextreferstothosesituationsandfeatureswhicharenotdirectlyapartofthelanguageinusebutwhicheithercontributeinconveyingamessageorhaveaninfluenceonlanguageuse Typesofcontext 1 Inanarrowsense itreferstothewords clauses sentencesinwhichawordappears Thisisknownaslinguisticcontextwithmaycoveraparagraph awholechapterandeventheentirebook Typesofcontext 2 Inabroadsense itincludesthephysicalsituationaswhole thisiscalledextra linguisticornon linguisticcontext whichembracethepeople place andeventhewholeculturebackground Theextra linguisticcontextmayextendtoembracetheentireculturebackground tradeunioninwesterncountries inChinaLandlordinChinese inwesterncountry Linguisticcontext LinguisticorIntra linguisticcontextisfurthersubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext Linguisticcontext Bylexicalcontextwemeanthewordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion Bygrammaticalcontextwemeanthatthemeaningsofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs LexicalContext LexicalContext referstothewordsoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestion Themeaningofthewordisoftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighboringwords Grammaticalcontext Grammaticalcontext Themeaningsofawordmaybeinflectedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs Generallyspeaking theimmediateverbalcontext eitherlexicalorgrammatical willsufficeforinterpretingmeaningofaword Linguisticcontext Asindicated however therearecaseswherethemeaningofawordmayremainapuzzleuntilawholeparagraph achapterorevenawholebookcovered Threemajorfunctionsofcontext Threemajorfunc