语 法 与 翻 译.doc

第五章 语 法 与 翻 译一 从 句 翻译部分涉及从句的部分占到总题量的三分之二。主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，宾语从句，定语从句，状语从句。（一） 主语从句 1. (谁去) makes no difference. It makes no difference (谁去). 2. (他是如何逃脱的) still puzzles us. 3. (谁为这次事故负责) is not yet clear. (二) 同位语从句：news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal. 同位语从句与其前面的名词时同等关系，用that引导，that在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接的作用，但一般不能省略。 1. We are surprised at the fact _ (孩子们是自己完成这件事情的。) 2. They expressed the hope _ _(他们会再次去德国参观的。) 3.An idea occurred to him_ _(他可以乘飞机去那儿) 4. I have no idea_ _(他们多快会赶到) 5. The problem, _ _(你为何要放弃这次计划), has not been answered yet.（三）表语从句：常见于be动词之后，有时见于look之后；引导表语从句的连接词还有because和as if/though. 1. One advantage of living in the country is (可以贴近大自然). 2. It looks (好像要下雨了) 3. The reason (why) I came to school late today was _ _(我没有按时起床).（四）宾语从句：通常由that, what, who, whom, whose, which, when, where, why, how, whether, if 等词引导。宾语从句的引导词为that时，可以省略。 1. I doubt (他是否反对这个想法) 2. I know nothing about him (除了他住在隔壁) 3. Many Americans live on credit, and their quality of life (是用他们能够借到多少来衡量) , not how much they can earn.（2007-12） 4. He said (他是对的，我们应该接受他的建议) 5. He thought it a pity (他错过了电影) 如果主句的谓语是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider, see to 等词带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用it作形式宾语，构成“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句” 6. I dont believe (她认识他，对吗？) You saw (他偷了这幅图，是吗？) 当主语谓语动词为assume, believe, expect, guess, imagine, suppose, think 等表示“认为”，“猜想”的动词时，其后的宾语从句如果带有否定意义，通常应将否定词迁移至主语谓语上。例如：I dont think she will succeed. I dont suppose that anyone will object to the plan. 此类动词若主语为第一人称，变成反意疑问句，提问宾语从句中的谓语动词。而其他宾语从句的动词变成反意疑问句时，则提问主语谓语动词。 7. Do you doubt (他会赢？) 8. I dont doubt (你的观点是错的) 9. He doubt (我知道这件事情) 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句时，其后的宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句时，连接词用whether 或 if 都可，而不用that.(五) 定语从句 1. There are persons and things _ _(每天我们必须要处理的)如果先行词是既指人又指物的并列名词词组时，用that. 2. All _ _(活着的)must die. 当先行词为those, all, something, anything, nothing, everything，或some, any, every, little, few, much, only；或最高级等，关系代词在从句中做主语用that，作宾语用that或省略关系代词。 3. Such people (你所描述的) are rare nowadays. Have you bought the same dictionary (我昨天用的) the sameas, suchas, asas 4. (正如他说他会的那样), he met the girl. As引导的从句可位于句首，句中或句末，而which 引导的从句则不能位于句首。 5. He graduated last summer, (他记得很清楚) because a terrible drought hit his hometown then. 先行词在定语从句是作宾语，就不能用when，而要用which. 6. They hurried to the place (事故发生的) Switzerland is the most beautiful country (我曾经参观游览的) The prevent and treatment of AIDS is (我们可以合作的领域)( 2007-06) 表示地点的先行词，指代它的关系代词，如果在从句中作状语，须用 where或者介词+ which。其指代的关系词如果在从句中做宾语，则用 which或者that. （六）状语从句 A时间状语从句 1. He ran away (他一看见我) We hadnt met for 20years, but (我一看到她就认出了她) 引导词用when, as soon as, just as, the instant, the minute, the moment, the second. 2. I didnt begin working (直到他来了之后) (直到天黑)that she realized it was too late to go home. 3. Hardly had they got to the bus stop (车就到了) (我刚一离开家)than it began to rain heavily. no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen 均表示主从句的动作相继发生，“一就”. 主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时; no sooner , hardly/scarcely位于句首，主句谓语部分则要部分倒装。 B 原因状语从句4. (既然没人反对)，we will adopt the proposal. They pardoned him only (因为他是个小孩子) since引导的从句常位于主句之前；because 引导的常位于主句之后。 because之前可用just, only, simply; 而since不能。 C为目的状语从句5. Take your coat (以防下雨) They risk their lives (为了可以发财) 目的状语从句可由that, so that, in order that, for fear that, lest, in case 等引导， 从句中谓语通常带有情态动词may, might, can could, should, would. 6. We spoke in whisper (以免惊醒孩子) for fear that/lest: 从句采用(should)+do 7. Tom went to the library (为了能够解决这个问题) I went to the lecture early, (因此，我得到了一个号座位。) So that 引导目的从句，从句中常有情态动词；引导结果时，从句中没有情态动词。 目的的，前面不用逗号，结果地前面用逗号。 D条件状语从句8. You will not get a good grade in the course (除非你认真地做家庭作业) (只要你紧紧抓住), you wont fall. (如果他遇到事故), who would take over his job here? (假如他回来), what are we to say? (假如电影八点开始), shouldnt we be leaving? E让步状语从句9. (不管谁打电话)，tell him I am out. (无论有多难), he never gives up. I am going to pursue this course, (无论我要做出什么样的牺牲)2007-12 Leaving one (不管是什么工作), is a difficult change even for those who look forward to retiring. 2008-06 (尽管他有耐心), he wouldnt like to wait so long. (尽管他很勇敢), I dont think he acted wisely.F. 方式状语从句10. Mary was behaving (好像她还没有长大) He treats me (好像我是个小孩子)G比较状语从句11. Your gun (不如他的枪好) Tom drove (比简开车仔细) Since my childhood I have found that (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力)(2006-12) In my sixties, one change I notice is that (我比以前更容易累了)(2007-12) 12. the morethe more The more you explain, (我愈糊涂) (2006-06) (多多益善) (越早越好) (你练习英语越多)，the better your English is. (他越不烦恼), the better he worked. The more she flatters me, (我越不喜欢她)二非谓语动词（一）：动词不定式1. He went to the concert on time,_ (结果却被告知音乐会被取消了)。2. They hurried to arrive at the station, _ (结果却发现火车已经离开了)。only+不定式常常表示令人不快的结果。3. I cant help but _(跟他进去)。cannot but, cant help but, do nothing but 等短语后面，要省略to.do anything/nothing/everything等之后加but或except 时，省略to.4. That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but_ (打电话叫警察)have no choice but, have no alternative but后面必须接to do sth, 其中to 不可省。（二）：动名词 1. If there is no objection _ (这个周末出去)，I will dismiss the meeting. 2. The traditional approach_ (处理复杂的问题)is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems. approach to, objection to, experience in, skill in, apology for , excuse for+doing. Approve of, aim at, admit to, be engaged in, be keen on, be sick of, get/be used to, get/be accustomed to, be worth, confess to, depend on,devoteto, dream of, give up, hear of, look forward to, object to,put off, persist in, refrain from, suspect of+doing（三）：分词1. _(从口袋里掏出一把钥匙) ，he opened the door.2. _(从远处看)， the island looked like a cloud.3. _(与我成长的地方相比)，this town is more prosperous and exciting. (2008-06)（四）：不定式和动名词做宾语的区别 go on to do sth 接着又做另一件事 go on doing sth 继续做同一件事 chance to do sth碰巧去做某事 chance doing sth 冒险试一试 try to do sth 努力做某事 try doing sth 试验，试一试 forget to do sth 忘记要去做的事 forget doing sth忘记做过的事 remember to do sth记住要做的事 remember doing sth 记住做过的事 regret to do sth 对要做的事感到遗憾 regret doing sth对做过的事感到后悔 mean to do sth 要做某事 mean doing sth 意味着 like/love/hate/prefer to do sth 某一次具体行为like/love/hate/prefer doing sth 一般性的倾向 三虚拟语气（一）时间从句主句与现在相反did/werewould/should/could/might +do与过去相反had donewould/should/could/might+ have done将来难以实现的1. did/were2. were to do3. should dowould/should/could/might +do(二) 虚拟语气在条件句中的运用 1. _(如果我是你的话)， I would accept the gift. 2. If I knew English, _(我应该就能够读这些英语书了)。 3._(如果当初接受老师的建议)，she would have passed the exam. 4. The victim _(本来会有机会活下来)if he had been taken to hospital in time. (2006-12) 5. If it should rain tomorrow, _(我们就会不得不改变我们的计划)。（三）如果条件从句中包含有were, had, should, 可将if 省略，但要把were, had, should 提前，放在主语前，形成部分倒装。 1. Were he to take more exercise, _ _ (他就不会那么胖)2. Had I known it, _ _ (我就不会给他错误答案)（四）错综时间条件句：如果条件句中的时间和主句动作发生的时间不一致，动词形式要根据时间进行调整。 Amy would be alive today, _ (如果昨天晚上医生来得快一些)。 （五）含蓄条件句 假设的情况并不通过条件句表现出来，而是隐含在一个由介词（如：without, but for, but that等）引导的短语中，或由but, otherwise等表示的上下文中，这样的题难度较大。 1._ _(他本来可以给你更多帮助)，but he was busy. 2._ _（要不是你的合作），we could not have succeeded in our project. 3. But that she was afraid, _ (她就自己待着了)。 4. We didnt know his telephone number, otherwise _ (我们就给他打电话了)。 （六）虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用 A. 在表示愿望，请求，建议，命令等主观愿望的动词后：(should)+do，常见的动词：advise, arrange, beg, command, demand, desire, insist, maintain, order, pray, prefer, propose, provide, regulate, require, request, recommend, suggest, urge （注：这些词的形容词和名词也用虚拟语气） 1. He insisted that _ _（我们马上走）。 2. We suggested that _ _(会议推迟)。 3. The professor required that _ _ _ (我们交研究报告)。（2006-06） B 虚拟语气在wish从句中的应用 与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实相反wishwere/didHad donecould/would/should/might+do If only 和wish用法相同 After the competition, I couldnt help thinking “_ _ _ _” 要是我接受了他的建议就好了。 C. would rather, would sooner, would just as soon 等结构表示“希望”或“委婉的责备”，因此也用虚拟语气，谓语动词形式与wish相同。 1. I would just as soon _ _ _ (昨天你通过考试)。 2. To be frank, Id rather _ _ _ _ _ (你跟这个案子没有关系)。（七）虚拟语气在It is high/about time 结构中，表示早该做而未作的事，谓语动词用should+do, should不可省略；或用did. It is time that _ _ _ (孩子们睡觉)。 四倒装结构(一) not until 在句首_（直到他完成使命