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英语四级阅读试题精选(二)附答案详解Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.11.Although heroes may come from different cultures, they _.A) generally possess certain inspiring characteristicsB) probably share some weaknesses of ordinary peopleC) are often influenced by previous generationsD) all unknowingly attract a large number of fans(A)12.According to the passage, heroes are compared to high-voltage transformers in that _.A) they have a vision from the mountaintopB) they have warm feelings and emotionsC) they can serve as concrete examples of noble principlesD) they can make people feel stronger and more confident(C)13.Madonna and Michael Jackson are not considered heroes because _.A) they are popular only among certain groups of peopleB) their performances do not improve their fans morallyC) their primary concern is their own financial interestsD) they are not clear about the principles they should follow(B)14.Gandhi and Martin Luther King are typical examples of outstanding leaders who _.A) are good at demonstrating their charming charactersB) can move the masses with their forceful speechesC) are capable of meeting all challenges and hardshipsD) can provide an answer to the problems of their people(B)15.The author concludes that historical changes would _.A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualitiesB) not happen without heroes making the necessary sacrificesC) take place ff there were heroes to lead the peopleD) produce leaders with attractive personalities(A)本文讲的内 容是英雄。第一段最后一句话就提出了文章论述的核心:What is a hero,何谓英雄。而第二段马上表明作者要从哪个方面阐述什么是英雄的问题:共有特征(heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics)。这些特征具有指导与激励人民的功用(instruct and inspire people)。后面的几段是对英雄特征的详细叙述。第三段简单地列举了几项英雄特征,比如历险故事(a story of adventure)、崇拜者等等。这应该只是一般人印象中的英雄,作者在段末指出英雄特征绝不仅仅是名声在外而已(a hero goes beyond mere fame),后面三段即是作者自己对英雄的真正理解。首先,英雄服务于高于其自身的权力或准则,如同高压变压器一样,把这些权力和准则的所带来的利益传递给普通民众(Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people)。其次,英雄的生活值得人们去仿效。仿效英雄的人们可以体验到更有深度、更有激情、更有意义的生活(Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning)。而模仿的关键就是服务于谁、为何而生为何而死(A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for?)。作者指出,如果只是为了自己的名声,则其充其量只能算为名人而非英雄。麦当娜和杰克逊都是名人,但他们的模仿者却没有因模仿而获得充实的生活 (who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?)。第三,英雄是变革的催化剂。之所以这么说,还是因为英雄的几点特征:目光深远(have a vision from the mountaintop),具备发动大众的技巧和魅力(have the skill and the charm to move the masses)。因为这几点,英雄可以给历史带来新的可能性。作者举出了几个历史上的英雄事例来说明这一观点,如印度的甘地、美国黑人运动领袖小马丁路德金等。作者最后指出,即使历史上没有出现这些人物,历史变革也有可能实现,但其过程就要缓慢、曲折得多,从反面证明英雄促进历史变革的鲜明特征。11. A题目问尽管英雄可能来自于不同的文化,但他们A,通常都具有某种能够鼓舞大众的特质。B,很可能具有某些普通人的缺点。C,经常受到前人的影响。D,全都会不知不觉吸引一大批崇拜者。第一题通常考查第一段,但本文前几段均较短,所以考查对象可能变为2-3个段。第一段基本没有什么内容,它的作用仅限于最后一句话:What isa hero?为本文提出了论题。其实要定位答案在文中所处的具体位置,可以通过题干来判断。题目的前半句已经给出了确定的信息:英雄可能来自于不同的文化。只要在文中找到与此相关的句子,答案应该就在附近了。第二段开头即有Despite immense differences in cultures(尽管文化上存在诸多不同),此后的半句话一定与答案有关。Heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people,此句的主语是heroes,谓语是share characteristics(享有共同特点),后面是对这些共同特点的具体描述:能够指导与激励人们的特点。看到这里就可以做出解答了,观察四个选项,A的说法符合文意。12. C题目问文章把英雄和高压变压器作以对比,是因为A,他们目光远大,高瞻远瞩。B,他们怀有丰富的感情。C,他们是高尚原则的具体化的例子。D,他们能使人们感觉自己更强、更有自信。题目指示得很清楚,答案与高压变压器有关,需要直接去文中寻找该词所在的上下文。第四段Like high-voltage transformers, heroes答案无疑在第四段。第一句讲到英雄服务于比自己更高的权力或原则,第二句便以服务于更高的权力为例解释英雄的作用。现在来简单分析第二句:heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people,可以看到句子中间有so that短语,那么可以把本句分为两个部分,后一句是对前一句目的的说明。英雄接过更高的权力所赋予的能量,并把它们向下分放,这恰似变压器把高压转为低压;这么做的目的是让普通民众也能分享、体验权力的能量。这道题选择C。C的句子结构和第四段第一句话非常类似。原文Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves,意思是英雄服务的对象包括权力和原则,选项C选其中一个“原则”,而larger than themselves修饰“原则”;比自己更大的原则可以理解为noble principles。在第二句中,作者是以权力为例进行说明的,没有提到principles,这为本题的解答增加了难度。13. B这道题问麦当娜和迈克尔杰克逊并不被看做是英雄,因为A,他们只在特定的人群中流行。B,他们的表演并不能提升歌迷们的道德水平。C,他们首先关心的是自己的商业利益。D,他们并不清楚自己应该遵循的原则。题目问到了麦当娜和杰克逊,解答本题时必须立即找到提及这二者的句子。相关的句子是倒数第二段的最后一句:Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?这是一个反问句,前半句意思是“麦当娜和杰克逊非常有名”,而后是一个问句:“但谁能说他们的歌迷的生活就会(比别人)更为丰富?”,反问句是无须回答的,因为反问本身就已经暗含答案:不能。但只从这句话还看不出麦当娜等不被看做英雄的具体原因,做出解答还需要参考上文。本段开头讲到英雄的行为值得人们去效仿(worthy of imitation),效仿的结果就是普通人也能体验到英雄生活的深度、意义等(new depth),而检验是否为真英雄的方法是看他们为谁、为了什么服务,以及生死的目的(What are they willing to live and die for)。最后一句,也就是题目涉及的一句,恰好是作者举出的一个反例,说明麦当娜这样的人不是真正的英雄。前文所说的为了什么服务、为了什么生死的问题,属于什么问题呢?应该属于道德修养问题,因此B的说法最为符合题意。A的说法明显错误,可以首先排除。C的说法在文中没有落脚点,文中说他们为了自己的fame(名声)服务,但名声并不直接代表商业利益。即便勉强可以把它们联系起来,这一说法也只是陈述表面现象,其本质应该如B所说是不能提升道德水平,因此应该选择更加贴切的B。D的说法本身就是错误的,麦当娜等是清楚自己的原则的,即为自己的fame服务。14. A题目问甘地和马丁路德金是杰出领袖的典型代表,他们A,擅于展现他们的人格魅力。B,能以雄辩的演讲征服大众。C,能够面对所有挑战和困境。D,能够为人民的问题找到解决方法。文章讲到甘地和金是在最后一段。涉及甘地的是这一句:Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire,意思是没有甘地,印度可能依然还是大英帝国的一部分。涉及金的是这一句:Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated buses, restaurants, and parks,大意是没有金,种族隔离饭馆、公园可能依然存在。这两句话谈的都是二位英雄人物的功绩,而四个选项展现的是他们某个方面的能力或特点,因此从这二句中无法判断出答案,需要结合前文作答。本段第一句称英雄是带来变化的催化剂,这依然是结果、功绩。此后二句讲到了英雄们的能力,即视野广阔(vision from the mountaintop)和具备征服大众的技巧和魅力。选项中C和D在文中都没有提及,可以首先排除。A和B的说法似乎和文中所述的英雄第二点能力存在联系,那么应该选择哪一个呢?按照流行的参考答案,本题选B,但B的说法值得推敲。首先,文中没有直接提到演讲,虽然同样提到了move the mass,但没有说明英雄征服大众的方式就是演讲,提到的是skill和charm。当然我们都记得马丁路德金那次震撼人心的著名演讲,但出题者很可能就是在利用我们的记忆,诱使我们选择错误的答案。其次,在介绍甘地等人的事迹之后,作者用了这样一个句子:It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities这里的magnetic personalities 应该是对最后一段前半部分所述英雄特点的一个总结,即人格魅力。这样的话,本题选择A更为合适。15.A这道题问本文作者总结道,历史性变革将会A,如果缺少具备鼓舞大众的人格魅力的领袖,历史性变革的出现将会出现延缓。B,如果没有付出必要牺牲的英雄,历史性变革就不会发生。C,如果出现领导人民的英雄,历史性变革就会发生。D,历史性变革会促使具备魅力人格的英雄诞生。这道题考查对文章最后一句话的理解:It may be possible for large-scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless,这是一个长句,首先观察句子结构,可以发现中间出现了but,but是转折连词,表示它之前和之后的句子处于并列的地位,前后两句都是独立完整的句子,也就是说都含有主谓结构,这样就需要在这两个句子中分别去寻找主谓语。前一句是一个it be结构,意思是“没有具备人格魅力的领袖出现,大规模的变革可能也会发生”。单词but后面是三个排比句,谓语都是would be,只是后两个单句把would be省略了。后半句的意思是“但变革的步伐会是缓慢的,前景是混沌的,委员会议永无休止(也就是没有杰出领袖的出现,群龙无首,人们无法做出果敢的决断)”。这but引导的后半句描述了三种情况,都是如果历史没有出现英雄后的情景,四个选项中A的说法符合三种情况中的第一种,因此正确答案是A。Passage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.According to a survey, which was based on the responses of over 188,000 students, todays traditional-age college freshmen are “more materialistic and less altruistic (利他主义的)” than at any time in the 17 years of the poll.Not surprising in these hard times, the students major objective “is to be financially well off. Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.” It follows then that today the most popular course is not literature or history but accounting.Interest in teaching, social service and the “altruistic” fields is at a low. On the other hand, enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up.Thats no surprise either. A friend of mine (a sales representative for a chemical company) was making twice the salary of her college instructors her first year on the jobeven before she completed her two-year associate degree.While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these other contributionsbe they scientific or artistic. It is equally true that, in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think. More important, perhaps, education teaches us to see the connections between things, as well as to see beyond our immediate needs.Weekly we read of unions who went on strike for higher wages, only to drive their employer out of business. No company; no job. How shortsighted in the long run!But the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense. I saw a cartoon recently which shows a group of businessmen looking puzzled as they sit around a conference table; one of them is talking on the intercom (对讲机): “Miss Baxter,” he says, “could you please send in someone who can distinguish right from wrong?”From the long-term point of view, thats what education really ought to be about.16.According to the authors observation, college students _.A) have never been so materialistic as todayB) have never been so interested in the artsC) have never been so financially well off as todayD) have never attached so much importance to moral sense(A)17.The students criteria for selecting majors today have much to do with _.A) the influences of their instructorsB) the financial goals they seek in lifeC) their own interpretations of the coursesD) their understanding of the contributions of others(B)18.By saying “While its true that. be they scientific or artistic” (Lines 1-3, Para. 5), the author means that _.A) business management should be included in educational programsB) human wisdom has accumulated at an extraordinarily high speedC) human intellectual development has reached new heightsD) the importance of a broad education should not be overlooked(D)19.Studying the diverse wisdom of others can _.A) create varying artistic interestsB) help people see things in their right perspectiveC) help improve connections among peopleD) regulate the behavior of modern people(B)20.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A) Businessmen absorbed in their career are narrow-minded.B) Managers often find it hard to tell right from wrong.C) People engaged in technical jobs lead a more rewarding life.D) Career seekers should not focus on immediate interests only.(D)这篇材料的内容是关于教育变迁的。文章开头先是引用了一项调查的结果:现在的大一新生比以前更为物质主义了(freshmen are more materialistic)。这项调查成为了作者写作本篇的缘起,由这一调查结果,使作者对教育变迁萌发了诸多感慨。作者在第二节表示,这些变化在当今社会并不足为奇(Not surprising),原因就是如今的社会处在hard times,所以学生们的第一目标当然是要谋求经济富裕(financially well off),而培养有意义的人生哲学(developing a meaningful philosophy of life)只能退居二线。作者由此断定,如今最为流行的课程不是文学或历史,而是会计(most popular course is not literature or history but accounting)。It follows that 是一种习惯用法,表示“由此可以断定”。下一节继续论证人文学科的萧条和“物质”学科的繁盛。教育、社会服务以及“利他”领域的专业遭到冷落(at a low),而商业、工程、计算机等专业的入学率则在上升(enrollment in business programs, engineering and computer science is way up)。作者随后用身边的事例揭示了出现这种现象的直接原因。作者的一位销售代表朋友,仅上两年大学,在工作的第一年薪水就已经是她大学讲师的二倍。可见物质主义的吸引力。Associate degree指的是修满二年后得到的肄业证书。接下来,作者就要集中发泄自己的感慨了。作者 用一个大段(第五段)来告诉人们学习人文学科是多么的必要。首先,人类文明在各个领域都积累了丰富的知识,而我们对这些知识的理解力比以前更强了(第一个 长句)。这第一点可以说是提倡学习人文学科的基本条件,第一个条件是客观方面的(可供学习的知识多,不能只学理科,荒废了祖宗传下的人文知识),第二个是 主观方面的(我们的学习能力更强了)。其次,其他领域的知识可以帮助我们学会如何思考(in studying the diverse wisdom of others, we learn how to think)。作者没有明示应当学习的是人文学科,而只是用others代指,但可以确认作者实际所指的就是人文学科。在第一点里作者也使用了一句be they scientific or artistic(不论是自然科学还是艺术),实际强调的也是artistic。最后,也是相对更为重要的(More important),教育(实际指的是人文学科的教育)可以使我们学会如何发现事物之间的联系(see the connections between things)。在第六段,作者举出了一个现实中的反例,来证明缺少了人文教育,人们就很难发现事物之间的联系。每周都会有工会罢工要求增涨工资的消息,作者认为这会逼使雇主破产,而公司破产,雇员也就完全失业了。雇员们的行为是多么地短视(How shortsighted)!在最后两段,作者提出了重视人文教育的原因中最为重要的一点,也就是道德感学习人文知识可以帮助我们提高道德水平(in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense), 作者举了一个例子,在某部卡通片里,一群商务人士神情茫然地围坐在桌子旁,一个商务人士手拿对讲机对秘书说,能否找来一个知道什么是对与错的人来。这很可 能是一个招聘或是讨论问题的场景,那位拿对讲机的高层人士最终发现桌子旁的商务精英们虽然是商业领域的专家,但在道德问题上却不分是非对错。这个例子从反 面论证缺少人文教育所带来的道德荒废问题。16. A题目问根据作者的观察,大学学生A,从未像今天这样崇尚物质主义。B,对艺术的兴趣从未如此浓厚。C,从未像今天这样经济富裕。D,从未如此看重道德感。这四个选项应该说涉及到了全篇的内容,可以根据选项的描述与文中相应的内容进行对比,一个一个地排除。首先看A,文中相应的内容是第一段todays traditional-age college freshmen are more materialistic一句,这里有today今天,有more materialistic,说明今天的学生比以前要更为物质主义。比较的对象是at any time in the 17 years of the poll,说明是有此调查以来最为物质主义色彩最浓的时候。可见A的说法是正确的。再看B,B说的是艺术,文中直接提到艺术是在第五段:we are better for our understanding of these other contributionsbe they scientific or artistic。这里的意思是说我们对各个领域的知识的理解力更强了,不论这些知识属于科学还是艺术。可见,科学与艺术是对立存在的。根据A的解析,现在的学生更为物质主义,对科学领域的专业趋之若鹜,那么相对的,他们必然冷落了艺术。所以说B不对。再看C,文中提到经济富裕的一句是the students major objective is to be financially well off,意思是学生们的主要目标是经济富裕。既然是目标,那么他们今天肯定还没有富裕起来。C是错误的。最后看D。文章提到道德感是在倒数第二段:the most important argument for a broad education is that in studying the accumulated wisdom of the ages, we improve our moral sense。这句话的大体意思是内容广泛的教育(也就是不单要教理科,也要教文科)学习各个时代的智慧可以帮助我们增强道德感。而根据前文的叙述,现在的学生们对学习各个时代的智慧并不热衷,可见他们并不看重道德感。后文作者的举的例子也说明现在的人很多缺乏道德感。D的说法不正确。17. B题目问现在学生们选择专业的标准很大程度上与什么有关。A,他们讲师的影响。B,他们人生中所追求的经济富裕目标。C,他们自己对这些课程的理解。D,他们对其他贡献的理解。第二段开头一句话指出了学生选择专业的标准是什么:the students major objective is to be financially well off,他们的主要目标是经济上的富裕,也就是说什么专业更赚钱就会选择什么专业。符合这个意思的应该是B。至于A,文章提到讲师是在第四段,是说讲师的薪水只是某位学生的一半,这说明学生追求的是经济富裕,没有受到讲师的影响。否则其薪水应该不如讲师。C在文中都找不到相应内容,可直接排除。D所说的contributions of others是指人类知识,根据文意,学生选择专业与此应该无关。18. D题目问While its true that. be they scientific or artistic一句是指什么。A,商业管理应该被包含进教育计划中。B,人类智慧已经得到异常快速的积累。C,人类智力发展已经到达了新的高度。D,广泛教育的重要性不应当被忽略。这个句子的大体结构是while引导的从句加主句,从句与主句是转折关系。从句属于次要成分,主句的内容是作者要强调的部分。汉语意思是“不错,我们都需要一份好工作,但是也应当承认”承认的内容实际上有两个部分,分别由两个that所引导。第一个内容是说我们的文明已经积累了大量的知识,第二个内容是说我们对这些其他领域的理解力增强了,不论这些领域是科学还是艺术。从主要句子结构可以看出,作者所要表达的意思是选择经济前景好的专业固然重要(its true that we all need a career),但也不要太过偏科,应该也要学习人类历史积存下来的各科知识。符合这个意思的是D。19. B题目问广泛学习其他领域的智慧能够A,激发对各类艺术的兴趣。B,帮助人们正确地看待问题。C,帮助人们改善关系。D,规范现代人的行为。可以看到,文章讲到广泛学习的好处是在第五段后半部分(刚好是上一题所考查的内容之后的两句话)。一共两点好处,一个是学会如何思考(we learn how to think),另一个是看清事物之间的联系(see the connections between things)。在四个选项中,首先可以排除D,因为D的说法与这两点好处毫无关系。其次可以排除C,因为文中的connections指的是事物之间的联系,而不是人与人的关系。最后可以排除A,因为文中二点原因中没有提到这一点,之所以不能马上排除它,是因为文章的总体思想是提倡对人文学科(包括艺术)的学习,A说法本身与这一思想是吻合的。但在两点好处里并没有提到激发兴趣的问题,所以最后可以下定决心排除。B的说法与文中两点好处是一致的,应该选择B。20. D题目问根据这篇材料,下列哪项叙述是正确的。从四个选项来看,这道题考查的是最后两段,而不是全篇的内容。最后两段讲的是广泛学习能够提高人的道德水平,而从卡通片的例子可以看出,在招聘时,道德水平也是一个重要考虑因素,所以,要想获得理想的工作,还是应该提高道德水平,这就需要通过广泛学习来实现。A,专注于自身职业发展的商务人士是目光狭隘的。A的说法并没有指出商务人士是否经过了广泛地学习,所以妄断其为目光狭隘并不合适。只有那些没有广泛学习而只关心职业发展的人才是目光狭隘的。B,经理们常常发现判断对错是很难的。这是说经理们的自身能力有限,使其无法判断对错。从卡通片的例子可以看出,负责招聘的经理是能够判断对错的,只是求职者们没有能力判断,所以他才会叫秘书来找几个能够判断对错的人来。C,从事技术工作的人获得的回报更多。注意这里的rewarding指的是回报,而不是薪水。根据作者的观点,道德水平高的人回报才会高,而从事技术工作的人尽管薪水不错,但从长远看,回报有多大并不一定。获得的回报更多的是道德水平高的技术人员,而C没有指出这里的技术人员是否具有很高的道德水平。D,求职者不应只关心眼前利益。卡通片里的求职者不能判断对错,因此愤怒的经理肯定不会选择他们。他们落选的原因是道德水平不高,而根据文意,道德水平不高的原因是没有进行广泛的学习、尤其是人文学科的学习。从文章最后一句话可知,这是没有长远目光的表现。本题选D。Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.New technology links the world as never before. Our planet has shrunk. Its now a “global village” where countries are only seconds away by fax or phone or satellite link. And, of course, our ability to benefit from this high-tech communications equipment is greatly enhanced by foreign language skills.Deeply involved with this new technology is a breed of modern businesspeople who have a growing respect for the economic value of doing business abroad. In modern markets, success overseas often helps support domestic business efforts.Overseas assignments are becoming increasingly important to advancement within executive ranks. The executive stationed in another country no longer need fear being “out of sight and out of mind.” He or she can be sure that the overseas effort is central to the companys plan for success, and that promotions often follow or accompany an assignment abroad. If an employee can succeed in a difficult assignment overseas, superiors will have greater confidence in his or her ability to cope back in the United States where cross-cultural considerations and foreign language issues are becoming more and more prevalent (普遍的).Thanks to a variety of relatively inexpensive communications devices with business applications, even small businesses in the United States are able to get into international markets.English is still the international language of business. But there is an ever-growing need for people who can speak another language. A second language isnt generall
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