国际贸易.doc

流动性过剩自给自足经济资源直接投资国际收支易货交易出口退税倾销出口型经济增长东道国贸易差额贸易顺差贸易逆差欧盟国际收支顺差国际收支逆差有形贸易无形贸易货物贸易服务贸易excess liquidityself-sufficienteconomic resourcesdirect investmentbalance of paymentsbarterexport tax rebatedumpingexport-driven economic growthhost countrybalance of tradefavorable/unfavorable balance of tradeEuropean Unionfavorable/unfavorable balance of paymentsvisible tradeinvisible tradetrade in goodstrade in servicesI. 关税壁垒 非关税壁垒 从量税 配额 保护性关税 市场失灵 幼稚产业 许可证制度 财政关税 政府采购 贸易保护主义从价税最低限价本地采购规则增加内需Domestic contentRed-tape barriersExport subsidiesBinding quotaAbsolute quotasVERTariff-rate quotasZero quotaBuy local rulestariffbarriersnon-tariffbarriersspecific dutiesquotaprotective tariffmarket failureinfant industrylicensing systemRevenue tariffgovernment procurementtrade protectionismAd Valorem Dutiesfloor pricebuy local rulesraise domestic demand 国内含量 进口环节壁垒 出补贴 绑定配额 绝对配额 自愿出口限制 关税配额 零配额 本地采购原则 FOB班轮条件 清关 FOB吊钩下交货 平舱 多式联运 船舷 内陆水运 理舱 卸货费 投保 CFR卸至岸上(含着陆费) 班轮 单据买卖 CFR舱底交货 CFR班轮条件 象征性交货FOB liner termcustoms clearanceFOB Under Tackletrimmultimodal transportshipboardmarine navigation on inland waterwaystowdischarge expensecover insuranceCFR Landed liner documentary sales CFR Ex-ships Hold CFR liner terms symbolic delivery1. Sales by Sellers/Buyers Sample2. Reference/Duplicate Sample3. Quality Tolerance4. Counter Sample5. More or Less Clauses6. Neutral Packing7, Customs Formality8. Inspection Certificate of Quality9. FDA10. Marking of Goods 凭卖方样品买卖凭买方样品买卖 基准样品副样 品质公差 对等样品 溢短装条款 中性包装 报关手续 质量检验证书 食品及药物管理局 标记货物 1毛重 1理论重量 3.净重 4约定皮重 5公量 6单位重量 7含水量 8习惯皮重 9法定重量 10实际皮重 11.从价税 2平均皮重 13货样不符 14副产品 15，国家质量监督校验检疫总局gross weight theoretical weight net weight computed tare conditioned weight unit weight water capacitycustomary tarelegal weightactual taread valorem dutyaverage taregoods not equal to the sampleby-productsGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the Peoples Republic of China 油轮 定程租船 滚装船 定期租船 载驳轮 光船租船 船期表 租船合同 滞期费 班轮运价表 速遣费 选卸附加费 直航附加费转船附加费港口拥挤附加费 运输代理 包裹 拼箱货 结汇 整箱货 空运单 集装箱货运站 装运通知 处置权Partial shipment/transshipment Bill of ladingClean B/LOrder B/LCombined transport B/LBlank B/LStraight B/LThrough B/LLiner B/LAnte-dated B/LAdvanced B/LConsignment noteBlank endorsementIATACombined transport documentsFCL/LCLOil tankerVoyage CharterRo/Ro vesselTime CharterLASH ( Light Aboard Ship )Bare Boat Charter(BBC)sailing schedulecharter contractdemurrage chargeliner freight rate scheduledispatch moneyoptional additionaldirect additionaltransshipment surchargePort Congestion Surchargetransportation agentpackageLCL( Less than container load)settlementFCL( Full container load )Air waybillcontainer yardshipping noticeright of disposal 分批装船转运 提单 清洁提单 指示提单 联合运输提单 空白提单 记名提单 联运提单 班轮提单 倒签提单 预借提单 陆运或铁路运输通知 空白背书 国际航空运输协会 多式联运单据 整箱交拆箱接I 投保人 共同海损 投保金额 外来风险 保险单 推定全损 海上风险 施救费用 救助费用 意外事故 承保人 单独海损 保险费 航空运输货物战争险 陆运险 陆运一切险 估损费用航空运输一切险Ocean marine insuranceWar risksBasic risks coverageInsured amountT.P.N. DTaint of odorOverland transportation insuranceParcel post insuranceFree from particular averageAdditional risks coverageFresh water and/or rain damageWith particular averageinsuredgeneral averageinsured amountextraneous risksinsurance policyconstructive averagemarine riskssalvage chargessue and labor expensesmisfortuneinsurerparticular averageinsurance premiumair transportation war riskland transportation risksland transportation all risksrisk estimation chargesair transportation all risks charges海运保险战争险基本险种投保金额偷盗、失窃、提货不着险串味险陆上运输保险邮寄包裹保险平安险附加险别淡水雨淋险水渍险ost structure 成本构成 Cost of production 生产成本Profit margin 边际利润 Selling cost 销售成本Target costing 目标成本法 Everyday low pricing (EDLP) 每日低价Total fixed cost 总固定成本 Variable cost 变动成本Skimming price strategy 撇脂定价战略 Penetration strategy 渗透定价战略Floating exchange risk 浮动汇率风险成本导向定价法 pricing based on cost 盈亏平衡定价法 break-even pricing边际成本定价法 Marginal cost pricing 损益两平点 break-even point计价货币 money of account 支付货币 money of payment硬货币 ard currency 软货币 soft currency汇率 exchange rate 价款调整 price adjustment佣金/折扣 commission/ discount 期货/现货市场信用状况 credit standard 远期信用证 time L/C, usance L/C通知银行 advising bank 信用证有效期 the maturity of L/C交付运单 delivery of B/L 支付保障条款 confirmation of credit支付结算 payment and settlement申请人与受益人 applicant and beneficiary国际保理1. Protectionism means the deliberate use or encouragement of restrictions on imports to enable relatively inefficient domestic producers to compete successfully with foreign producers. 保护主义是指蓄意使用或鼓励进口限制，以此使本国相对效率低的产品能成功地和外国产品竞争。.2. If the Russians release their stocks of fin into the world market, the price of the metal will sink through the floor. 一旦俄罗斯人将其持有的锡矿股票投放于国际市场之中，那么该市场中金属的价格会跌破最低限价。3. Protective tariff means a duty or tax imposed on imported products for the purpose of making them more expensive in comparison to domestic producers, thereby giving the domestic products a price advantage. 保护性关税表示对进口产品征收的关税，旨在让它们相比起本国商品更贵，从向使得本国商品具有价格优势。4. Types of tariffs include ad valorem, specific, variable, or compound. In the United States, the imposition of tariffs is made on imported goods only. Tariffs raise the prices of imported goods, thus making them less competitive within the market of the importing country. After seven Rounds” of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade trade negotiations that focused heavily on tariff reductions, tariffs are less important measures of protection than they used to be. 关税的种类包括从价税，从量税，可变税与复合税。在美国，只对进口商品征税。关税抬高了进口货物的价格，从而使得它们在进口国商品市场竞争优势下降。继关税及贸易总协定七个回合主要关于降低税价的贸易协定之后，税收所起的保护作用日趋下降。1. The price quoted includes 5% commission on FOB basis. 该报价为FOB的价格并含5的佣金。2. Under CPT, CIP, carrier means any person who, in a contract of carnage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. 在CPT、CIP项下，“承运人”指在货物运输合同中承诺通过铁路、公路、航空、海运、内河水运或多式运输等方式完成货物运输的人。3. Under FCA, the chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the sellers premise, the seller is responsible for loading. If delivery occurs at any other place, the seller is not responsible for unloading. 在FCA项下，交货地的选择对货物的装船与卸载责任有影响。如果交货地基于卖方，卖方有装载责任。如果交货地在其它地方，卖方对卸载没有责任。4. Under FOB, the seller must deliver the goods on the date or within the agreed period at the named port of shipment and in the manner customary at the port on board the vessel nominated by the buyer. And the buyer must bear all risks of loss of or damage to the goods from the time they have passed the ships rail at the named port of shipment. 在FOB项下，卖方必须在约定的日期或期限内，在指定的装运港，按照该港习惯方式，将货物交至买方指定的船只上。买方必须自货物在指定的装运港越过船舷之刻起承当货物灭失或损坏的一切风险。5我们不仅要考虑商品的内在质量与外观形态，也要考虑顾客的品味要求