中国酒文化 Chinese Wine Culture.doc

1、 中国酒文化 Chinese Wine Culture中国人在7000年以前就开始用谷物酿酒。总的来说，不管是古代还是现代，酒都和中国文化息息相关。长久以来，中国的酒文化在人们生活中一直扮演着重要的角色。我们的祖先在写诗时以酒助兴，在宴会中和亲朋好友敬酒。作为一种文化形式，酒文化也是普通百姓生活中不可分割的部分，比如生日宴会、送别晚宴、婚礼庆典等。 Chinese people began to make spirits with grains seven thousand years ago. Generally speaking，wine has a close connection with culture in China in both ancient and modern times. Chinese wine culture has been playing a quite important role in Chinese peoples life for a long time. Our Chinese ancestors used wine to enjoy themselves while writing poetry, or to make a toast to their relatives and friends during a feast. Wine culture, as a kind of culture form, is also an inseparable part in the life of ordinary Chinese people such as birthday party, farewell dinner, wedding, etc.2、中国书法Chinese Calligraphy中国书法历史悠久，它不仅是汉字的传统书写形式，也是体现自我修养和自我表达的艺术。作者的内心世界通过美妙的字体得以体现。书法在中国艺术中拥有举足轻重的地位，因为它影响到了其它的中国艺术形式，比如古典诗歌、雕塑、传统音乐及舞蹈、建筑及手工艺品。作为传统的艺术瑰宝，中国书法被全世界人民所喜爱，且越来越受到欢迎。Chinese calligraphy is not only a traditional Chinese characters writing with a long history, but also an art of self-cultivation and self-expression. Inner world of the writer could be reflected with the help of beautiful Chinese script. Chinese calligraphy plays an important role in Chinese art, for it has influenced other Chinese artistic forms like classical poetry, sculpture, traditional music and dance, architecture and handicrafts. As a treasured artistic form of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy is enjoyed by people throughout the world and is becoming more and more popular.3、中国山水画Landscape Painting山水画一直以来都被誉为中国绘画的最高境界。它品味高端，很受欢迎。一般意义上，中国山水画被认为是书法、绘画及诗歌的结合或延伸。汉语“山水”这个词由“山”和“水”两个汉字组成，且与道教的哲学思想相联系，它强调的是人与自然的和谐。中国画家描绘的并不总是真实的世界，他们呈现的是自己想象出来的风景，这些风景不再只是对眼前世界的描绘，而是画家内在思想的写照。因此，人们认为欣赏山水画除了可以很好地了解画家的内心世界之外，还可以净化自己的灵魂。Landscape painting is traditionally considered as the highest form of Chinese painting styles. It is very popular and is associated with refined scholarly taste. Chinese Landscape painting in general is seen as a combination or extension of calligraphy, painting, and poetry. The Chinese term for “landscape” is made up of two characters meaning “mountains and water”. It is linked with the philosophy of Daoism, which emphasizes harmony with the natural world. Chinese artists do not usually paint real place but imaginary landscape which is no longer about the description of the visible world, but a means of conveying the inner mind. People therefore believe that looking at landscape painting is a good way to realize the artists inner heart as well as a way to purify their souls.4、中国戏曲 Chinese Opera在中国，戏曲是一种很流行的戏剧形式，一般来说，可以追溯到唐朝时期，当时的皇帝唐玄宗创立了“梨园”。如今，许多外国人也很喜欢中国的戏曲。最吸引他们的则是戏曲的独有风格画脸谱，它不仅是戏曲中的一大亮点，同时还要求独特的绘画技艺。每个演员脸上夸张的扮相代表其扮演角色的性格和命运。熟知戏曲的观众通过观察演员的脸谱和服装就可以知道角色背后的故事。通常，红色脸谱代表忠诚与勇敢；黑色代表凶猛；黄色和白色代表口是心非；金色和银色代表神秘。7对于中国人，特别是老年人，欣赏戏曲是他们的一大乐趣。Chinese opera is a popular form of drama in China. In general, it dates back to the Tang Dynasty with Emperor Xuanzong, who founded the “Pear Garden”. Now Chinese opera is warmly welcomed by many foreign people. What appeals foreigners most might be the distinctive style of facial make-up, which is one of the highlights and requires distinctive techniques of painting. Exaggerated designs are painted on each performers face to symbolize a characters personality, and fate. Audiences who are familiar with opera can know the story by observing the facial painting as well as the costumes. Generally, a red face represents loyalty and bravery; a black face, rough ; yellow and white faces, duplicity; and golden and silver faces, mystery. For Chinese, especially older folks, to listen to opera is a real pleasure. 5、京剧 Peking Opera京剧是中国的一种传统艺术。它是中国戏曲的一种，诞生于于1790年四大徽班（Four Great Anhui Troupes）入京表演的时候。19世纪中期得到快速发展，到清朝达到全盛阶段。京剧被看成是中国的文化瑰宝之一。虽然它被称为京剧，但是它的起源地却是中国的安徽省和湖北省。京剧起初是一种宫廷表演艺术，而后才慢慢普及到民间。在数百年前，京剧作为一种新的戏曲形式，无论在哪里进行表演，都饱受欢迎。而在现代社会中，包括京剧在内的传统戏曲却不大能被年轻人接受，面临着巨大的生存危机。Peking opera is a traditional art in China. It is a kind of Chinese opera which was born when the Four Great Anhui Troupes came to Beijing in 1790, arose in the mid-19th century and was extremely popular in the Qing Dynasty. Peking opera is widely regarded as one of the cultural treasures of China. Although it is called Beijing opera, its origins are in the Chinese provinces of Anhui and Hubei. Peking opera was originally staged for the court and came into the public later. Hundreds of years ago, as a new drama form, wherever it was performed, it would be warmly welcomed. Unfortunately, in the modern world, traditional operas including Peking Opera have to face the existential crisis, because they are not easily accepted by younger generations.6、昆曲Kunqu Opera昆曲是中国古老戏曲中的一种，起源于江苏昆山，拥有600多年的历史。它是连接过去与现在，中国与世界的纽带，对现今中国的戏曲形式，包括川剧与京剧在内，都产生了重要的影响。 昆曲蕴含了各种意象美，从音乐、舞蹈到诗歌，人们的精神世界甚至中国人的灵魂，都有所体现。正因为如此，昆曲在过去广受欢迎，也成了中国文化遗产中最珍贵的部分。但是现在，昆曲不仅面临着来自大众流行文化的挑战，而且年轻人也对其缺乏兴趣。只有进行适当的保护，昆曲才能拥有美好的未来。 Kunqu Opera, which originated in the Kunshan region of Jiangsu province, is one of Chinas classical operas with a history of more than 600 years. Kunqu Opera serves as a link between past and present, China and the world. It has exerted a dominant influence on recent forms of opera in China, including the Sichuan and Beijing operas. Kunqu Opera embraced every imaginable beauty, from music and dance, to poetry and peoples spirit world and even very soul of the Chinese nation, so that Kunqu Opera was so popular in the past and became the most valuable parts of Chinas cultural heritage. But now, Kunqu Opera is facing competition from mass culture and a lack of interest amongst the young. It can only have a bright future when it is protected in a proper way. 7、唐诗Poems of the Tang Dynasty唐代，是中国古典诗歌的鼎盛时期，在不到300年的时间里，涌现出了许多著名的诗人和诗作。清朝时编辑的全唐诗(Poems of the Tang Dynasty)已收录2200多位诗人创作的48900多首诗歌。这些诗歌让人们深入了解到当时社会生活的各个方面。中国人很喜欢唐诗，就连小孩子也能背出几首，如李白的静夜思(Thoughts in the Silent Night)，杜甫的春夜喜雨(Good Rain on a Spring Night)等等。唐诗不仅是中国古代文学史上最光辉的一页，而且也是人类文化史中的一个奇迹。The Tang Dynasty witnessed the peak of Chinese ancient poetry, with many renowned poets and famous works appearing over a period of less than 300 years. Poems of the Tang Dynasty edited during the Qing Dynasty has collected more than 48,900 poems written by over 2,200 poets. These poems provide an insight into all aspects of the social life of the period. Chinese people are very fond of Tang poetry, and even children can recite some from memory, such as Thoughts in the Silent Night by Li Bai, Good Rain on a Spring Night by Du Fu, etc. Tang poetry not only serves as a most brilliant page in the history of ancient Chinese literature, but is also a miracle in the history of human culture. 8、中国武术 Chinese Martial Arts/ Kungfu中国武术拥有悠久的历史，在中国广为流行。受中国古典美学所提倡的刚柔并济的影响，中国武术形成了自己的审美标准。3现在很多人习武是为了健康、娱乐和竞技。为了更好地传承这一古老的技艺，全国各地开设有很多的武术俱乐部和协会。自1980年起，一大批武术专业的毕业生被分配到学校里教授武术。现在很多专家通过将搏斗技巧和健康结合到一起，试着将武术变为一项科学的运动。他们希望有一天，武术可以作为一项赛事纳入奥运会中。Chinese martial arts enjoy a long history and great popularity in China. Influenced by ancient Chinese aesthetics which advocated a balance between hardness and softness, Chinese martial arts have formed their own aesthetic standards. Today, many people practice it to pursue health, entertainment and competition. In order to inherit the ancient art, many martial arts clubs and associations have been established across China. Since 1980, a large number of graduates majoring in martial arts have been assigned to teach martial arts in schools. Many specialists today are tying to turn martial arts into a scientific sport by combining fighting skills with health. They hope that one day martial arts will become a sport event at the Olympic Games. 9、长城The Great Wall长城，作为中国的象征之一，不仅是中国的奇迹，也是整个世界的奇迹。它始建于春秋战国时期，秦始皇统一中国后，连结了各段长城以抵御外敌入侵。现存的长城遗迹主要为建于14世纪的明长城。长城有着两千多年的历史，于1987年被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。现如今，长城仍是世界上最受欢迎的景点之一。As one of the symbols of China, the Great Wall is a wonder not only to China but also to the whole world. The Great Wall was first built in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. After the unification of China, the first Emperor of Qin linked up different sections of the walls to prevent the invasion of the enemies. The present preserved Great Wall of China is the major parts built in the 14th century, called Ming Great Wall. With a long history of more than 2,000 years, the Great Wall of China was listed as World Heritage by UNESCO in 1987. Until now, the Great Wall is still one of the most popular attractions in the world.10、故宫The Imperial Palace故宫又名紫禁城，位于北京市中心，占地面积72万平方米。它拥有众多的庭院，四面有高墙和护城河保护。明清两代的皇帝和他们的家眷以及数百名宫女、太监曾在这里居住。紫禁城于明朝1420年建成，普通百姓不能进入。在1924年清朝末代皇帝被逐出故宫后，故宫于1925年变成了故宫博物院并对外开放。Standing/Lying in the center of Beijing, the Imperial Palace, also known as the Forbidden City, covers an area of 720,000 square meters. It consists of dozens of courtyards and is protected by high walls and a moat on all four sides. The emperors of two dynasties, the Ming and the Qing, lived here with their families and hundreds of court ladies and palace eunuchs. The Forbidden City was completed in 1420 during the Ming Dynasty, which was not accessible to the common people. The Palace was converted into a museum in 1925 and has been open to the public after the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty was driven out of the Palace in 1924.一、 历史文化 四大文明古国：中国位于亚洲东部，是世界上人口最多的国家。中国是世界四大文明古国之一，拥有大量的中华文化光辉的古迹，此外，中国地大物博，拥有茂密的森林、雄伟壮丽的瀑布、秀丽的湖泊以及如利剑直插云霄的山峰，所有这些都令世界各国人民神往。但是，更重要的是，中国以拥有五千多年的历史而自豪，遗留下无数的历史文物，其中包括珍贵珠宝、古迹名胜、宫殿及数不尽的雄伟建筑，令人惊叹不已。这种种原因都促使中国成为许多人梦寐以求的旅游胜地。China lies in the east of Asia and it has the largest population in the world. China is also one of the four countries in the world that have an ancient civilization, Besides, it has a vast territory with such abundant natural resources as dense forests, magnificent waterfalls, majestic and beautiful rivers and lakes, and mountains whose peaks reach high into the sky like swords. All these make China a singularly attractive place to tourists around the world. But, most importantly, China boasts a history of over five thousand years with innumerable historical relics left over from the long past, such as priceless pearls and jewels, historic sites and scenic spots, palaces and edifices of architectural richness, all of which have won peoples admiration. You are sure to find great enjoyment from all these attractions in China, a much-admired dream land. 中华传统文化：中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说流派，这就是有名的“诸子百家”。从孔夫子到孙中山，中华民族传统文化有它的许多珍贵品质，许多人民性和民主性的好东西。比如，强调仁爱，强调群体，强调和而不同，强调天下为公。特别是“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的爱国情找，“民为邦本”，“民贵君轻”的民本思想，“己所不欲勿施于人”的待人之道，吃苦耐劳，勤俭持家，尊师重教的传统美德，世代相传。所有这些，对家庭，国家和社会起到了巨大的维系与调节作用。The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago, there emerged in China Confucianism represented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theories and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the famous term” the masters hundred schools.” The traditional Chinese culture presents many precious ideas and qualities, which are essentially populist and democratic. For example, they lay stress on the importance of kindness and love in human relations, on the interest of the community, on seeking harmony without uniformity and on the idea that the world is for all. Especially, patriotism as embodied in the saying ”Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country”; the populist ideas that “people are the foundation of the country” and that “people are the more important than the monarch”; the code of conduct of “Treat others as you want to be treated”.And the traditional virtues taught from generation to generation:endurance and hard working diligence and frugality in household management,and respecting teachers and valuing education.All of which have played a great role in binding and regulating the family,the country and the society. 汉语：从某种意义上说，汉语是一种很古老的语言，其最早的汉字已有近四千年的历史了。汉字在其漫长的发展史中演化成许多不同的书写形式，例如篆书、隶书、楷书和行书。中国书法家往往使汉字的字形夸张以取得艺术效果，例如旅游胜地的一些石刻碑文。中国书法是一门研究艺术，随着各位学习兴趣的提高，我们将适时介绍中国书法的流派，以及如何欣赏中国书法的艺术性。In a sense, Chinese is a very old language, and its earliest characters date back nearly four thousand years ago. During their long history of development, Chinese characters have evolved into many different script forms, such as the Seal script, Clerical script, Regular script and Running script. Chinese calligraphers usually render their Chinese characters in ways that exaggerate the form to yield artistic beauty, such as those in stone inscriptions seen in tourist resorts. Chinese calligraphy is a subject of artistic study. As your interest in Chinese character system increases in the days to come, we will introduce in due time the different schools of Chinese calligraphy, and how to appreciate the artistic beauty of Chinese calligraphy. 孔子：孔子(ConfUcius)是一位思想家、政治家，教育家，也是中国儒 学(the Ru School)思想的创始人。儒学(Confucianism)，这个道德和 宗教哲学的大系统建立在孔圣人(Master Kung)的教学上。冯友兰， 中国思想史上20世纪伟大的的权威之一，把孔子在中国历史上的影 响比作西方的苏格拉底。Confucius was a thinker, political figure, educator, and founder of the Ru School of Chinese thought. Confucianism, the great system of moral and religious philosophy built upon the teachings of Master Kung. Fung You-lan, one of the great 20th century authorities on the history ofChinese thought, compares Confucius9 influence in Chinese history with that of Socrates in the West. 红楼梦：红楼梦问世二百年以来,通过汉文原文和各种译文读过此书的人,不知有多少亿!这么多的读者哪一个是先看批评家的文章,然而再让批评家牵着鼻子走,按图索骥地去读原作呢?我看是绝无仅有的。一切文学作品,特别是象红楼梦这样伟大的作品,内容异常地丰富,涉及到的社会层面异常地多,简直象是一个宝山，一座迷宫。而读者群就更加复杂，他们来读红楼梦，会各就自己的特点，欣赏该书中的某一个方面，受到鼓舞，受到启发，引起了喜爱;也可能受到打击，引起了憎恶。总之是千差万别。Ever since the publication of A Dream of Red Mansions some 200 years ago, hundreds of millions of people have read its Chinese original or its translations in various languages. Of these innumerable people, how many have read the novel by starting with a perusal of the critics articles and allowing themselves to be led by the nose by the critics as to how to read the novel? Next to none. All literary works, especially a monumental one like A Dream of Red Mansions, are extremely rich in content and involve diverse social strata-to such an extent that they virtually resemble a mountain of treasure or a labyrinth. And the readers are even more complicated, differing from each other in family background. They will each appreciate a certain aspect of the novel according to their own individuality. They may feel inspired and enlightened, and hence love it, or they may feel hurt, and hence loathe it. In short, the reactions vary. 二、 传统节日春节：春节庆祝活动是一年中最重要的庆祝活动。中国人庆祝春节的方式可能略微不同，但其愿望几乎是相同的，他们希望其家人和朋友来年健康和幸运。春节庆祝活动通常持续15天。庆祝活动包括春节的年夜饭，放鞭炮，给儿童压岁钱，春节钟声和春节问候。大多数中国人将在春节的第7天停止庆祝活动，因为全国性节假通常在这一天结束，但在公共场所的庆祝活动可能最终持续到正月十五。Chinese New Year Celebration is the most important celebration of the year. Chinese people may celebrate the Chinese New Year in slightly different ways but their wishes are almost the same; they want their family members and friends to be healthy and lucky during next year.Chinese New Year Celebration usually lasts for 15 days. Celebratory activities include Chinese New Feast, firecrackers, giving lucky money to children, the New Year bell ringing and Chinese New Year Greetings. Most of Chinese people will stop the celebrating in their home on the 7th day of New Year because the national holiday usually ends around that day, however celebrations in public areas can last until the 15th day of New Year. 清明节：清明节的习俗是丰富有趣的，除了讲究禁火、扫墓，还有踏青、荡秋千、蹴鞠、打马球、插柳等一系列风俗体育活动。相传这是因为清明节要寒食禁火，为了防止寒食冷藏伤身，所以大家来参加一些体育活动，以锻炼身体。因此，这个节日既有祭扫新坟生别死离得悲酸泪，又有踏青游玩的欢笑声，是一个富有特色的节日。Ching Ming Festival (the Tomb-sweeping Festival), the custom is full of interesting. In addition to pay attention to ban fire, tomb-sweeping, as well as spring outing, swinging, Cuju, playing polo, Liu inserted a series of custom sports. According to legend, this is because the Ching Ming Festival to Cold Food Observance ban fire, in order to prevent the Cold Food Observance buffet beverages, so we come to participate in some sports, in order to exercise. Therefore, this festival which has both the acid tears of sorrow for the died and the laughter from the players, is a distinctive holiday. 元宵节：与大多数中国节日一样，元宵节同样有自己的特色小吃，成为“汤圆”(也叫“元宵”)。汤圆外形圆圆的，外皮由糯米制成，内陷或甜或辣。人们都说汤圆有两个象征之意，一为农历的第一个月圆，二为家庭团聚圆满。元宵节传统习俗中还有一部分是关于猜灯谜的游戏。在过去，这些谜语大多出自于模糊的文学典故和中国古典文学之中，所以猜灯谜以前多为知识份子的“领地”。踩高跷，敲大鼓和舞龙狮也是元宵节主要的娱乐活动。Like most Chinese festivals, the Lantern Festival has its own special food, called “tang yuan”. These are round, glutinous rice dumplings with sweet or spicy fillings. The dumplings are said to symbolize both the first full moon and family utility and completeness. Part of the lantern festival tradition involves a game to guess riddles attached to the lanterns. In the old days the riddles were obscure literary allusions to the Chinese classics and so were mainly the preserve of the educated classes. Stilt-walking, drumming and dragon and lion dancing are the main entertainment forms of the Lantern Festival. 端午节：端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。The Duan Wu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes. 中秋节：农历八月十五日是中国的传统节日中秋节。在这天，每