毕业论文-AStudy on Word-ation Of English Fashion Words.doc

2011040011169A Study on Word-Formation Of English Fashion WordsA Paper Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirementsfor the Degree of B. A. Supervised by Shi Yu College of Foreign Languages and LiteratureWuhan Donghu UniversityMay, 2015 摘 要语言随着社会的变化而变化，也随着社会的进步而进步。所有的语言都是由最早期的词根和框架逐渐完善的。随着文化的不断发展，作为最受欢迎和传播最广泛的英语，也在不断地完善和进步。英语是人类传播感情的中介，是交流信息的工具。而作为语言中核心的组成部分，词汇是言语变化最突出的表现。所以想要了解一种语言的进步，首先就要了解其词汇的发展，即了解其新兴的词汇。英语是一种流行广泛的国际语言，是使用国家最多的语言，也是随着文化的进步发展最快的语言之一。和其他语言一样，如果我们想要了解英语发展历史和趋势，也需要从词汇入手，以词汇为研究内容的核心。由此看来，英语网络新词对研究英语发展历程的研究具有重要意义。这篇论文首先概述了英语流行词汇的发展并给出其定义，然后探索了英语流行词汇出现的背景及原因。接着文章又从构词这方面对网络上出现的英语新词的特点进行了总结和论述。本文还结合实例对七种英语流行词汇的构词方法进行了详细的介绍和分析。每个方法就会列举出其对应的新词，然后去分析这些新词，找到其构词的方法。英语发展的步伐很快，新词的增长速度也让人惊叹，可是无论什么新词，都会遵循词汇学的特点和规律。而把握这些英语新词构词的特点和规律，会有助于英语学习真更好的掌握这些流行词汇，也让英语学习者更多的了解到新词的魅力和趣味。 关键词：语言；变化；英语流行词汇；发展；构词法； ABSTRACT Language advances with the elaboration of developing social life, also progresses along with societys progress. Any of the languages date from its early vocabulary and architecture. Being one of the most popular languages around the human world, English is the mediation for people to express interaction. Along with the rapid evolution of high technology and rapid transformation, English language is the cognition tool of cultural information in the constant change and progress. And it is the carrier of disseminating important information. As the core part of language, vocabulary becomes the most prominent manifestation of language change. Therefore, if we want to understand the progress of language, we need to understand the development of its vocabulary at first, namely, understand its emerging vocabulary. English as an international language is the most widely accepted language. It is also one of the most rapidly developing languages which progress with the advanced civilization. Rolls separated from their cases. If you want to know the progress and development of English, The priority you should prepare is to gain knowledge of vocabulary. Therefore, it is great significant to study the internet English new words. This paper begins with a summary of the development of popular English vocabulary and also provides the definition of it. And then it explores the background and reasons of popular English words. Then the paper summarizes the characteristics of internet words from the aspect of word formation. This paper combined with those examples listed seven kinds of common word formations of English popular vocabulary such as synthesis, derivative, truncated formation, acronym, blending, neology tracking and innovation. Each formation will be enumerated by the corresponding new word, and then be analyzed by these new words in order to find the word-building methods. English is constantly improving and developing. The growth of new words is amazing as well. However, each new word will follow the lexical characteristics and rules. To take advantage of those lexical characteristics and rules will help the learners to grasp these popular vocabularies, and also help English learners to learn more about the charm and fun.Key words: Language; Changes; English fashion Words; Development; Word Formation. Contents1. Introduction12. The Sources of English Fashion Words22.1 Political Aspect32.2 Economic Aspect32.3 Science and Technology Aspect42.4 Culture43. The characteristics of English fashion words53.1 Semantic features53.2 Formation features63.3 phonetic features64Ways of the formation of English fashion words64.1 Compounding74.2 Derivation74.3 Conversion84.4 Acronym94.5 Clipping94.6 Blending104.7 Back-formation11Conclusion11References12 1. IntroductionWith the improvement of social life, there comes out a vast of new English words. They are called “fashion words”, also “the latest words”. Eugene A. Nada, a magnificent American translator, said, “A character, although it once had been the most significant content, could be transformed with ease.” Exactly, along with the improvement of society and the advancement of technology, English fashion words are created one after another. Brian Foster once presented us a breathtaking case of how swiftly English vocabulary transmitted. In the year 1914, Monica Baldwin, who was a young fashionable girl occupied in a Monastery, remaining there as a hermit until 19411-2. As returning to the real society, she was aware of that the outer world had become different to such a large extent. She said, “It is unbelievable that the conditions of everyday lifecould be affected by social developmentandscientificadvancement so much .It also proves that vocabulary is the biggest problem for student to learn English. When so many new English words appeared, the priority is to grasp the lexical structure. If you desire learn a word by heart, you should grasp how it is constructed and whether or not it can be broken down into two or more constituents. This paper mainly involved with the lexical structure processes where fashionable words are coined. The main content is to swot primary structure of new cyber word and to come up with regular patterns managing their form.With the words endlessly generating and improving, language becomes alive. Never before in history has the language been such an unparalleled impact of new fashion words to acknowledge. In fact, since 1990s, it had been already come around the USA, neologism booming has created a strong movement in the glossology field. The event is named as “THE NEW WORD REVOLUTION”. The New Word Revolution is the radical explosion of new words and terminology created by the Digital Revolution which includes: “new technology, network, popular entertainment, slang of the young and new terms from hundreds of other field. Although native speakers has been speaking English for years as very familiar with the language, since “THE NEW WORD REVOLUTION” comes into being, they still cannot help themselves to make their vocabulary fashionable all time. So it proves how important it is for people to study coined words. When we reading the up-to-date English news sheet and periodicals or listen to English radio programs, we meet many fashion words frequently, it causes that we are incapable of figuring out meanings of them. It means we have to acknowledge the fact that we cannot always depend on dictionaries. In this case, a integrated investigations about the word language form of English fashionable words would become very instrumental to English learners who are desire for a better comprehension of English fashionable vocabulary. Even if numerous English specialists have made a great deal of surveys on English neologism, and also have many achievements3. However, with the rapid evolution of the social life, English neologism changes constantly. It is especially tough to keep pace with the English neologism. It is hoped that there is a way which could help English learners to catch up with current changes of English words. The papers viewpoints may not be very comprehensive, in that English new words are only a little part of the vast number of new words. All the same, I still have a try to interpret the truth, though in not very systematic way, How to recognize a variety of traditional patterns of word formation are interrelated, how to use the new-word are constituted.2. The Sources of English Fashion WordsCycle vocabulary and language system has a close relationship. They can reflect peoples history and a variety of social change is very good4. At the same time, it can mirror the emergence of new words and inevitably social status, customs, values, ways of thinking, and many other social factors. There is reason to have a good understanding of semantics,it is vital for us to explore the social backgrounds which influence how English fashion words were created. 2.1 Political Aspect Since World War II, the worlds rapidly evolving situation, which is the development of English words fashion have had a profound impact. Knossos from the Korean War to the war; frequent foreign affairs of each country report processing; it is shuttle diplomacy (shuttle diplomacy); the leaders of seven Western countries attended the meeting was called G-7 Summit (G-7峰会)5 ; Japan, America, and European countries have been in recent trade disputes yearsthe so-called Trade War(贸易战)Some new words reflect the change of world situation at the right time and record the social changes correctly. Politics impact on the language and its vocabulary, and in the same way, the neologism reflects political changes.2.2 Economic AspectKeep abreast of the situation there are created so many new words. We can see some economic organizations and treaties. For example, the famous WTO (World Trade Organization); the NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). To strengthen the economic union to a unified European market, the European Union decided to carry out currency, the euro unravel, and the network economy (网络经济) the emergence of some new English words are coined, such as E-commerce (电子商务), E - tail (电子零售), cyber star (网络明星), cyber pet (电子宠物), etc. Today, people can use the plastic (信用卡) to withdraw money on the hole-in-Wall (ATM) (自动取款机); in the supermarket customers can consume goods loyalty card (贵宾卡) and membership card (会员卡); providing consumers with a good shopping environment, pedestrian shopping street only structure frequently around the world, so the new term Walking Street (步行街) was created6. 2.3 Science and Technology AspectThe improvement of science and technology is the most significant part of the emergence of new English words.For instance, the launch spacecraft is a symbol, which marks the progress of science and technology, so many new words connected with the spacecraft are widely used, such as space sickness (宇航病), deep space (深空间). By the end of 2002, China launched the Shenzhou IV spacecraft success; foreign media for the first time used the word astronaut. The Shenzhou V after the launch, the new word in the media frequently appeared in Western countriesAt the same time, advanced medical science has brought many new English words. They include medical terminology, the name of the newly developed drugs, and some new bacteria or viruses. For example: in vitro fertilization (试管婴儿), anthrax (炭疽), bovine spongiform encephalopathy (疯牛病), foot and mouth (口蹄疫), sex reassignment surgery (变性手术), cloning (克隆), SARS (非典型性肺炎), laparoscopic surgery腹腔镜手术), botulinum toxin (肉毒杆菌) and the like.Advancement of computer technology, created a lot of fashion words. In cyberspace (网络世界), you can see a lot of pop-up ads (网上出现的弹式广告); you can go to any Web site surfing (网上冲浪) or browsing (网上漫游); maybe you can register as netizen (网民); if you tried, you can stay in cyberia (电脑咖啡屋) have a rest; or you can go E- cinema (电子影院) Sign drive in movies (watching movies); you can have a normal online romance (上网看电影) and love affair(网恋) with your net friend(网友), but do not touch hacker (黑客) and viruses (viruses)2.4 CultureCulture also plays a term production plays an important role. It is widely recognized that language is culture bearers. Therefore, a more colorful cultural life richer and language will. Thus, with the rapid development of social life content, a large number of new words find their place. Hippies, also called flower child or person, appeared in the 1960s, it is that these people who advocate love and peace, the struggle against the Vietnam War, but they were negative pacifist. They are also taking drugs, wearing strange clothes, like gregarious. Similarly, the New Yippies - urban young citizens who have the expertise, with good income and Yeepies - youthful vigor of a man in the next few years. 3. The characteristics of English fashion words3.1 Semantic featuresMany English fashion words are often formed by deriving from some frequently used words, put familiar words together, or add a new meaning to existing words. Therefore, these English words fashion has become a vivid and appropriate characteristic concise, clear semantic meaning; it can help us to express our thoughts and ideas well. Therefore, these new terms are likely to be accepted and widely used. The formations of new English words are often derived from common everyday words. For example, the navigator is just means the boats sail on the water many years ago, but now it also used in cars and airplane. So the semantic of the words is become extensional.On the other hand,the semantic of some words is become narrowing. Such as notorious, it means something is widely known by others, but now it means that something is widely and unfavorably know by others. And there are some word changed the semantic. For example , the mischievous means disastrous, but now it meas someone plays fully annoying. According to their formation, especially from added new meanings to existing words the way to learn the language of the user can find a similar new things or concepts, and familiar with the word association. The new generation of meaningful words, vividly describes new things and new ideas.3.2 Formation featuresMost English fashion words are formed in an old way, such as compounding, affixation. There are also large numbers of neologisms created in a new way related to many fields. Many English words by way of word formation rules, such as roots and affixes transformation can guess the meaning by studying its formation. Typically, these words carry features concise, easy to understand and remember, promote the speed of understanding words effectually.3.3 phonetic features Voice device can be widely used in the production of mood English. Some unpleasant voice or text form may be omitted or hidden. Voice means mainly refers to voice omissions, and voice distortion: Voice omission is that certain parts omitted the sound, make pronunciation shorter, less unpleasant. For example, we may be omitted for the convenience of LAV, or bra bra. To avoid violating taboos Taboos speaker makes spelling and pronunciation changed somewhat. ! For example, very religious people think it is a sin in rude manner by the name of God, so God is distorted as God or God, which typically consists of three parts: an abbreviation, for example, total TB Jesus Christ is the distortion of tuberculosis can be abbreviated to JC. Overlapping, some of which species syllables or letters of the formation euphemism. For example, Sister, Sister, pee pee or in the morning, before dawn, replace pee. Distortion pronunciation, for example, we can use the bloody and fuzzy on several occasions4Ways of the formation of English fashion words4Ways of the formation of English fashion wordsAt present, there are numerous new word came, dying. Admittedly, English is the generation of new words in the language and vocabulary positive sharp increase in the number and scope. However, the new generation is not irregular words. In contrast, there are a lot of laws in the way of word formation. This article will discuss some of the words generated by the new, complex, derivation, conversion, acronyms, cutting, mixing, forming the rear end of the basic ways. 4.1 Compounding Compounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit or a compound word. Compounding has been a source of new words in English since the earliest times and is particularly common in present-day English. It is estimated today that the largest number of new words are formed by compounding. Compounds can be nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example, trendsetter is a noun, which is made up of the word “trend” and the word “setter”, meaning a person who starts a new fashion or makes it popular. And copycatting, it is a noun which consists of “copy” and “catting. ThisChinesetermliterallyreferstothemountainstrongholdsofbandits.Firstborrowedtodescriberip-offproducts,ithasevolvedtoreferalsotohomemadeproducts,suchasvideoparodiesofmovies. Knockoff is also a noun have the similar meaning with it. There are many fashion words formed by compounding, such as know-it-all(万事通），commencement(毕业典礼），fuel-efficient(节能高效的），house-husband（家庭主男），shutterbug(摄影爱好者），all-match(百搭），e-book（电子书）and moonwalk(月球漫步), clonesheep(克隆羊), 4.2 DerivationAdditional derivation or can be defined as by the addition of the word element, such as under a prefix, suffix or comb form to form a new word in the process, the process already exists for word.This allows us to expand our vocabulary new words without special memories .Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not generally alter the word-class of a word: gelivable and ungelivable is a hot word and it means someone or something is cheerful. And it also a typical example. There are some other productive prefixes including “ungelivable” prefixes: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-; prefixes of attitude: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-; prefixes of time and order: fore-, post-, ex-, re- , and so forth. On the contrary, suffixes usually change the word from one part of speech to another, not the meaning of the word. For example, when -able is added to the word “fashion”, it forms a new word fashionable, which means something is popular. And fashioner means designer. Some typical examples of suffixes are: -ist (romanticist), -ism (weightism, bushism, clintonism), -nik (computer-emik, filmnik, citinik), -ly (dillydally) and so on. A combination of form, however, is a bound morphemes, which would have been a complete word in Latin or Greek, such as son, automatic, hydro, or tele-converter, the Internet but now only occurs in derivatives. This is what they are now most