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UrineAnalysis genitourinarysystem nephron renalcorpuscle formationofurine FormationofUrine filtrationofglomerulusreabsorptionoftubulesecretionoftubule Observationsanddeterminationsinroutineurineanalysis PhysicalexaminationChemicalexaminationMicroscopicexamination color appearance volume pH gravity protein glucose ketones bilirubin urobilinogen nitrite leukocyteesterase casts epithelialcells RBCs crystals yeast bacteria Collectionofurine firstmorningspecimenrandomspecimenPostprandial3 hourvolume12 hourvolume24 hourvolumeMidstreamspecies MostconcentratedBestfor microscopicexaminationprotein nitrite Mostconvenient mostcommongoodfor chemicalscreenmicroscopicexamination CollectedafteramealGoodforglucoseandprotein necessaryfortruequantitativeresults AddisCount Bacteriaculture Preserveofurinespecimen Ifurinespecimenisdelayedformorethantwohoursafterthespecimeniscollected specialprecautionsmustbetaken It snecessarytoavoidalterationoftheurinaryconstituentscausedbythedeteriorationofchemicalandcellularelements orthemultiplicationofbacterialwhichmaybepresentintheurine Preserveofurinespecimen Refrigerationat4 Chemicalpreservatives FormaldehydeMethylbenzenethymecamphorhydrochloricacidSodiumcarbonate microscopy Protein glucose adrenalcorticalhormone Adrenalmedullaryhormone catecholamine Porphyrins urobilinogen PhysicalexaminationofunrineodorFreshlyurinehasacharacteristicodorduetothepresenceofvolatileacidsandesters Urinethathasbeenstandingforalongtimedevelopsanammoniacalodorduetothedecompositionofureabybacteria Theurineofpatientswithdiabetesmayhaveafruityodorduetothepresenceofketones Theurineofpatientswithurinarytractinfectionsmaybefoul smelling PhysicalexaminationofunrineVolumeRangefrom1000to1500mlper24hoursPolyuria 2500mlper24hours Oliguria 400mlper24hours Anuria 100mlper24hours PhysicalexaminationofunrineappearanceHematuriaHemoglobinuriaBilirubinuriaChyluriaPyuriaCrystaluria PhysicalexaminationofunrineSpecificgravitySGistheratioofthedensityofaliquidcomparedtodensityofanequalvolumeofpurewaterataspecifictemperature Method UninometerRefractiveindexDrychemistry SGmayrangefrom1 003to1 035 butusuallyremainsbetween1 015 1 025 PhysicalexaminationofunrineosmolalityOsmolalityisameasurementoftheeffectivenumberofdissolvedparticles ionsandmolecules inasolution Osmolalitydoesnotdependontheweightoftheparticlesandisamoreaccuratephysiologyindicatoroftherenalconcentratingabilityofthekidneys Oneosmoleofasolutewilllowerthefreezingpointof1Kgwater1 858 Osmlalitymayrangefrom600to1000mOsm kg water pHNormalkidneysarecapableofproducingurinewaryfromapHof4 5 8

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