名词性从句用作主语.doc

名词性从句用作主语、宾语和表语 名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组）。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。 引导名词性从句的连接词可以分为三类：连接词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)； 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which (在从句中担任主语，宾语或定语)； 连接副词：when, where, how, why (在从句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因)。 . 名词性从句的分类：1. 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中担任主语的句子；通常位于句末，句首则采用it 作形式主语。注意，what 引导的主语从句一般不用it 作形式主语。1） 常以it 作形式主语的句型有： It is + 形容词+ that It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is + 名词词组 （no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.） + that It is a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 It is + 过去分词（ said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+ that It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted. 有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。 It is appears/seems thatIt happens thatIt occurred to me thatIt turned out thatIt turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。 It doesnt matter that It makes no difference thatIt doesnt matter whether she will come or not.她是否来这无关紧要。2） 当that 引导的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？3） 当主语 从句出现在感叹句中时， 要以it 作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。 How strange it is that the children are so quiet!2. 宾语从句 主从复合句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。学习宾语从句应该注意以下几点。1） 引导宾语从句的连词that 一般可以省略，但是在及物动词之后跟有两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，只有第一个that 可以省略。 Glancing at her scornfully, he told her (that) the dress was sold.他轻蔑地看了她一眼，告诉她说那件衣服卖了。 The teacher said (that ) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart.老师说课文非常重要，我们应该背下来。2） 表示“心理活动”的形容词 afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, annoyed, certain, confident, content, convinced, determined, disappointed, glad, happy, proud, pleased, sure, surprised, satisfied, thankful, worried等可以后接宾语从句。 He was afraid that he would lose. 他担心会输。 I am sure that I put the money in the box.我肯定把钱放进盒子里了。3） 若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式，这种现象称为“否定转移”现象（此时主语往往为第一人称，偶尔为第三人称；否定词never, seldom, hardly, little 无此用法）。 I dont think his decision is wise in reality.实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。 I dont believe that he is a dishonest man.我认为他是个诚实的人。4） 在 think, believe, imagine, suppose, guess, hope 等动词以及 I am afraid 之后，可以采用so 代替一个肯定的宾语从句，也可以采用not 代替否定的宾语从句。例如： Do you believe the news stories? I believe so. “你相信这个新闻故事吗？” “我相信。” Has Anne got into university? I am afraid not. “安妮上大学了吗？” “恐怕是没有。”3表语从句 在从句中作表语的从句称为表语从句；学习表语从句应该注意以下几点。1） 通常只用that 引导表语从句的情况。 句子的主语为 the reason 时，表语从句采用that引导，表示原因，此时不用 because. The reason why she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。 句子的主语为the result时，表语从句采用that 引导。The result is that many of them become fat. 结果是他们中许多人发胖了。 由why引导的从句作主语时。 Why we decided to put off the match is that the weather was too terrible. 我们决定推迟比赛的原因是天气太糟糕了。2） as if /as though 引导的表语从句通常置于系动词look, seem, sound, be 等后面；表语从句既可以采用虚拟语气，也可以采用陈述语气。 It sounded as if somebody was knocking at/ on the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。 She treats him as if he were a stranger. 她待他如陌生人。. 名词性从句考点归纳：1. 名词性从句必须采用陈述语序。 I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。2. it 担任形式主语或宾语在名词性从句中，为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it 来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that 引导的主语从句常用于此句式中。 It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 I find it strange that she doesnt want to travel.她竟不想旅游，我觉得很奇怪。3. 在名词性从句中that 与 what 的差异：What 在从句中要充当某个成分( 主语、宾语或表语)， 在任何情况下都不能省略，表示“ （ = the thing or things that; whatever）的事物；无论什么； 凡是的事物” 。 That 本身没有词汇意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语和非正式文件中，宾语从句中的that 常常省略。 What you have done might do harm to others. 你所做的事或许对别人有害处。 I spent what little time I had with my family.我仅有的一点儿时间都和家人在一起度过了。 No none knows what will happen next. 谁也不知道下一步有什么事。 I think (that ) you will like the stamps.我认为你会喜欢这些邮票的。4. whether 和if 的差异1) 引导主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句，只能用whether.Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。2） 介词宾语只用whether 引导He was worrying about whether he had hurt her feeling.他焦虑地想知道是否伤害了她的感情。3） 当whether 引导的宾语从句位于句首表示强调时，不能被if 替换。Whether he will come or not, I am not sure. 我无法确认他是否会来。4） whether与 or not 直接连用，构成whether or not. I dont know whether or not hell come.我不知道他是否会来。5）后接动词不定式时只能用whether.Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？5） 动词discuss 后面只能接whether 引导的宾语从句。 We will discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨论我们是否关闭这家商店。5. 宾语从句和主句的时态呼应：1） 当主句谓语动词为现在时态或将来时态时，宾语从句可以选择适当的时态。 Will you tell me how I can keep fit ? 能告诉我如何保持健康吗？2） 当主句谓语动词为过去时态时，为保持时态一致，宾语从句应采用相应地过去时态。 Jack told me that he had been there twice.杰克告诉我他去过那儿两次了。3） 当主句谓语为过去时态时，宾语从句表示客观真理、客观存在的事物、格言时，仍然采用一般现在时。 Long ago, people knew that there are four seasons in a year. 很久以前，人们就知道一年有四个季节。6. 连接代词whoever, whatever, whichever 引导名词性从句的含义：1） whoever的用法：（= the people or person who）的那个人 Whoever said that? 到底谁讲的这话？ (= any person who)的任何一个人 Tell whoever you like; It makes no difference to me. 你愿意告诉谁就告诉谁 对我来说都无所谓。2） whatever 的用法： （= any or every ）任何；每一 Take whatever action is needed. 采取任何必要的措施。 （= anything or everything ）任何事物；一切事物 You must do whatever is best for you.什么对你最有利你就得做什么。 （表示做什么或发生什么都没关系，因为结果都一样）无论什么，不管什么You have our support, whatever you decide. 不管你做何决定，都会得到我们的支持。3） whichever 的用法： （表示什么特征或品质在作决定时重要） 的那个；的那些Take whichever that suits you best.挑个最合适你戴的帽子。 无论哪个；无论哪些 Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. 你们当中不论哪个进来将会得到奖励。7. 虚拟语气结构在名词性从句中的应用：1） 主语从句 It is necessary that he (should) come to see us .他有必要来看望我们。2） 宾语从句 The teacher suggested that we (should) have a rest. 老师建议我们休息一会儿。3） 表语从句My suggestion is that we (should) read English newspapers to improve our English. 我的建议是我们应该阅读英文呢报纸来提高我们的应用水平。8. It 作形式主语和it 引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it 引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都用连词that 被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom. It is pity that he missed the opportunity to travel abroad. 他错过了去国外旅游的机会，真是可惜。 Who was it that won the World Cup in 2006? 谁赢得了2006年的世界杯？同位语一个名词或代词后面有时可以跟一个名词（或起类似作用的其他形式），对前者进一步说明它指的事谁，是什么等，那么这一部分就叫做同位语。同位语与被它补充说明的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。它可以是单词、短语或从句。I. 同位语的表现形式1 通常用逗号将同位语与其所修饰的先行词隔开，表示一种普通的同位关系。a. This is Mr. Black, director of our hospital. 这是布莱克先生，我们医院的院长。b. She is a good teacher, the friend of yours. 她是一位好老师，也是你们的朋友。2 有时也可用破折号或冒号引导同位语。用破折号，停顿较长，对同位语起强调作用；用冒号，停顿最长，强调的作用更大。a. The orphans daily necessities-clothes, food, etc.-are supplied by a kind-hearted teacher.这名孤儿的日常用品-衣服、食物等等-由一位好心肠的老师提供。b. In a sense, nouns can be divided into two kinds: the countable noun and the uncountable noun.在某种意义上，名词可分为两类：可数名词和不可数名词。3 之前带有引导词，表示同为成分之间的特殊意义。 常见的同位语引导词有：as, or, chiefly, especially, for example, for instance, in short, mainly, mostly, namely, that is, in particular, in other words, including, that is to say, such as, say, particularly, what, which, who, when, where, why, how, that, whether等。a. Only one person can do the job, namely you. 只有一个人能做这项工作，那就是你。b. You can buy fruit here, for example, oranges and bananas.你可以在这里买水果，例如柑橘和香蕉。4词或标点符号，而将同位语直接置于先行词之后。a. I have the honor to introduce Johns sister Jane to you. 我荣幸地向你介绍简，约翰的妹妹。b. Tom gave his friend John a book. 汤姆给了朋友约翰一本书。II. 同位语的构成1. 名词（短语）George Bush, the present American president, was the governeor of the state of Texas.乔治布什，美国的仙人总统，曾是德克萨斯州的州长。2. 代词I sympathize with you; I myself have had a similar unhappy experience.我很同情你，我自己也有过类似的不幸遭遇。3. 数词She is the oldest among the six. 她是她们六人中年龄最大的。4. 动名词短语He enjoys the exercise, swimming in winter. 他喜爱冬泳这项运动。5. 不定式短语There is one thing hell never do-tell lies. 有一件事情他从来不做-撒谎。6. 形容词及其短语All the countries, big or small, are equal. 国家，无论大小，一律平等。7. 介词短语As the head of the company, he had to explain what had happened. 作为公司的领导，他必须解释清楚发生了什么事情。8. 从句The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。III. 同位语从句1. 同位语从句跟在一个名词后，对其作进一步解释；能跟同位语从句的名词常见的有：annonunment, belief, discovery, doubt, excuse, fact, fear, hope, idea, knowledge, news, order, promise, problem, proof, proposal, possibility, question, reply, remark, reason, report, rumour, story, suggestion, thought, truth等。引导同位语从句的连词最常用的是that, 除此之外还有how, when, where, why, whether等。a. The announcement that a new airport was to be built nearby aroused immediate opposition. 说要在附近建造新机场的通告马上引起了反对。b. The suggestion that shops should open on Sundays led to a heated discussion. 关于商店星期日也应该营业的提议，引起了激烈的争论。2. 为了保持句子平衡，同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面。a. The story goes that William Tell killed the tyrant with an arrow. 传说威廉泰尔用箭射死了暴君。b. Suddenly the thought came to me that he could to blind. 突然我有一种顾虑：他可能会瞎。3. 在表示建议、命令、请求、主张、目的、愿望等名词后面的同位语从句中，谓语动词必须采用虚拟语气结构，即：（should）+ Va. He gave orders that the work (should) be started immediately. 他发出指示要立即开始工作。b. Her suggestion is that we (should) give up the plan. 她建议我们应该放弃这个计划。4. 同位语从句和定语从句的差异：1） 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时在从句中担任某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句和从句的作用，补充当句中任何成分。a. Have you forgotten about that money (that) I lent you last week?你忘了上星期我借给你的钱了吧？（定语从句）b. The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能是玛丽生病了。（同位语从句）2） 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。a. The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 （定语从句）b. The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him. 汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。（同位语从句） Grammar the noun clause一、 名词性从句的定义二、 引导名词性从句的连接词三、 名词性从句的分类一、 名词性从句的定义： 名词性从句的功能相当于名词（词组）。它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语以及同位语。因此，根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。二、 名词性从句的的连接词： 连接词： that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分) 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(在从句中担任主语、宾语或定语)； 连接词副词：when, where, how, why（在从句中担任状语，表示时间、地点、方式或原因）三、 名词性从句的分类： 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句1. 主语从句一般情况 That Liu Dehua is a famous singer is known to us all. 总所周知，刘德华是一位著名的歌手。How he became rich overnight is still a puzzle. 他是如何一夜变富的仍然是个谜。 主语从句可以直接放在句首，也可以用形式主语it 代替，而将主语从句放在句末。一般that引导的主语从句多用it 作形式主语；常以it 作形式主语的句型有：4） 常以it 作形式主语的句型有： It is + 形容词+ that It is + 名词词组 （no wonder, an honor, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, common knowledge, a surprise, a fact, etc.） + that It is + 过去分词（ said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.）+ that It is appears/seems thatIt happens thatIt occurred to me thatIt turned out that It doesnt matter that It makes no difference thatIt is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。It has been suggested that much should be done to prevent the river from being polluted.有人建议应做更多的工作阻止河流遭受污染。It turned out that nobody remembered the address. 结果发现没人记得这地址。It doesnt matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。3 宾语从句： 用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。引导宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词大致一样。宾语从句在句中可以作谓语动词、介词、某些形容词及非谓语动词的宾语。（某些形容词-心理活动的形容词： afraid, anxious, aware, ashamed, glad, happy等）Pay attention to what the teacher said.注意老师讲的话。Your success depends on how hard you work. 你的成功取决于你的努力态度。He didnt tell me when he would come back.他没有告