福师大英语专业考研写作与翻译真题2004-2011.doc

2011年Translation1. Put the following passage into Chinese (37.7 points) The investigation of competence is challenging because our knowledge of language is both complex and largely unconscious. Few people capable of understanding this sentence could give a linguistic analysis of it, so the question of how such knowledge can be studied permits of no easy answers. Fortunately, although the knowledge itself is tacit, the fruits of that knowledge are available to both public inspection and private introspection: we can observe the performance of others or offer our own intuitions. The example of a stroke victim makes us aware of the complexity and subtlety of our language faculty, but not all mismatchied between our knowledge and exercising of it are so drastic, and even elementary oberservation can give us insight into what exactly it is we know when we know a language. It is worth emphasizing that reliance on intuitions is not a retreat from the usual canons of scientific rigor:”intuitions” is simply another word for “judgments,” with no mystical or unscientific overtones. There is in fact no difference between our linguistic judgments about sentences of our native language and our visual judgments about illusions, which psychologists try to devise theories of perceptions to account for. Like wise, it is simply a fact that we judge the sentence “they are flying planes” as ambiguous and linguists try to devise theories of language to explain why.2. Put the following passage into English (37.5 points) 你听不到任何谈及信仰的话，谁会有那种激情呢？神学痛苦地坐在哲学的窗边，巴望着哲学的眷顾，向哲学大献殷勤。据说，理解黑格尔很困难，但理解亚伯拉罕却轻而易举；超越黑格尔是奇迹，但超越亚伯拉罕却是再简单不过的事。不过我绝对不相信信仰会变成如此下等的东西；恰恰相反，信仰是最高级的东西。我同时相信，哲学走得太远了。哲学是不诚实的，它不应该用自己的东西来代替信仰，并且蔑视信仰。哲学不能，也不应该为人们的信仰提供依据；它应该好好理解自己，明白自己能干些什么，而不是随随便便地把信仰说成虚构的东西，诱导人们把它放弃。哲学既不是忠实的妻子，又不是勤勉的姑娘，倒像是一个恶妇，遇见她时，我唯恐避之不及。信仰是这么美丽，这么令人向往，我满怀激情去追寻它，它却越飘越远，这又使我更加满怀剧情地去追寻它。Writing:1. Write an essay of about 300 words on the present housing problem in China (37.5 points)2. Is language social or biological? Give an answer of about 300 words to the question. (37.5 points)2010年1. 英译汉 （37.5分） But, as soon as, with an increased ppopulation, it became possible for men to choose wives who were not their sisters, they were bound by the law of love to do so. Thus, once there was no necessity for the old arrangement, it ceased to have any moral validity. The reason is that the grandchildren of the first pair could now choose cousins for their wives, and , if they continued to marry sisters, then not merely tow but three relationships of love which outht to be distributed would have been concentrated in a single person, in disregard for the duty of each to respect the right of love to have itself diffused , so that one love may hod togetheras many persons as possible. For, in this case, one person would be in relation to his own children to a brother and sister become man and wife-not only as father and father-in-law; and the children of a brother and sister would be in relation to one another not only as brothers and sisters, and husbands and wives, but also as cousins. Now, instead of conventrating three relationships in a single person, there could have been nine relationships of love diffused over nine persons, so that a man could have been linked in love to one person as his sister, to another as his wife,to a third as his cousin, to a fourth as his father, to a fifth a s his uncle, to a sixth as his father-in-law, to a seventh as his mother, to an eighth as his aunt, and to a ninth as his mother-in-law. Thus, the love shich holds kindred together, instead of being narrowed to a few, could have opened its arms to embrace a greater number of people spread over a far wider area.2. 汉译英 （ 37.5分） 一旦我们开始认真地把经济现象当做一个整体来考虑，并寻求整个社会的福利，我们就不得不考虑到无产阶级的利益。从这里出发，我们离宣称“人人平等”就只有一步之遥了。 政治经济学这一概念，或以这个名字命名的科学的存在，严格地说，是一个彻底的革命纲领。一点也不奇怪，这一概念很模糊，因为革命纲领通常都是模糊的。的确，在彻底理解经济和社会发展前，有很多实践和理论问题需要解决。例如，如果我们把工人阶级看成低人一等的，或者如果我们不走那么远，把工人阶级看成一个尚未准备好享受社会生产成果的阶级，那么美我们就必须清楚地说明这一点，并从这一点出发做进一步的推理。科学最不应该做的就是掩盖真相。就是说，在我们目前所讨论的问题，我们不应该说，工人阶级已经享受到了他们合理追求或期待的那一部分东西。我们也不应该毫无根据地乐观地相信，工人阶级的经济发展状况已经照顾到所有人的利益了。Writing1. Write an essay of around 300 word on the question of “what is basic to marrige, love or money?” (37.5 points)2. What measures have been taken by the Chinese government to create job opportunities in the present economic crisis? And make comments on one or two of the measures. (37.5 points)2009年1. 英译汉 （35分） There is a capitalist principle which nobody wants to pay attention to which says that if I borrow money from you, it is my responsibility to pay it back and it is your risk if I dont pay it back. That is the capitalist principle . But nobody even conceives of that posssibility. Suppose we were to follow that. Take Indonesia, for example. Right now its economy is crushed by the fact that its debt is something like 140 percent of its GDP. Trace that debt back. It turns out that the borrowers were something like a hundred or two hundred people around the military dictatior ship that we supported. The lenders were international banks. A lot of that debt has been by now socialized through the IMF, which means taxpayers in the North who fund the IMF are responsible. What happened to the money? They enriched themselves. There is osme capital export and some development. But the people who borrowed the money are not held responsible for it. It is the people of Indonesia who have to pay it off. And that means living under crushing austerity programs, severe poverty and suffering. In fact it is a hopeless task to pay off the debt that they did not borrow. What about the lenders? The lenders are protected from the risk. That is one of the main functions of the IMF, to provide free risk insurance to people who lend and invest in risk loans. They earn high yields because there is a lot of risk, but they dont have to take the risk, because it is socialize. It is transferred in various ways to Northern taxpayers through the IMF and other devices, like Brady Bonds. The whole system is one in which the borrowers are release from the responsibility. That is transferrred to the impoverished mass of the population in their own countries. And the lenders are protected from risk. These are ideological choices, not economic ones.2. 汉译英（40分） 最沉重的负荷假如有个恶魔在某一天或某个夜晚闯进你最难耐的孤寂中，并对你说：“你现在和过去的生活，就是你今后的生活。它将周而复始，不断重复，绝无新意。你生活中的每一种快乐、痛苦、思想、叹息，以及一切大大小小，无法言说的事情都会在你身上重复，而且均以同样的顺序降临” 你听了这话是否会瘫倒在地呢？你是否会咬牙切齿，咀咒这个口出狂言的恶魔呢？你在以前或许经过这样的时刻，那时你的回答是：“你真是神明，我从未听到过比这更神圣的话呢！”倘若这种想法压倒了你，恶魔就会改变你，说不定会把你碾得粉碎。“你是否还要这样回答，并且一直这样回答呢？”这是人人都必须回答的问题，也是你最沉重的负荷！或者，你无论对自己还是对人生，均安于现状，放弃去追求比这最终的永恒更为热烈的东西呢？Writing1. Write an essay of about 300 words on How and why you value your life. (35 points)2. Write an essay of about 350 words on International Financial Crisis a nd Chinas Economy. (40 points)2008年1. 英译汉 （37.5分） Language has a magical property: when we speak or write we craft what we have to say to fit the situation ro context in shich we are communicating. But at the same time, how we speak or write creates that very situation or context. It seems, then, that we fit our language to a situation or context that our language, in turn, helped to create in the first place. This is rather like the “ chicken and egg question”: Which comes first? The situation we are in? Or the language we use? Is this “ a committee meeting” because we are speaking or acting this way or are we speaking and acting this way because this is a committee meeting? After all, if we did not speak and act in certain ways committee meeting could not exist; but then, if institutions, committees and committee meeting did not already exist, speaking and acting this way would be nonsense. The answer here is that this magical propety is real and language and institutions”boot strap” each other into existence in a reciprocal process through time. Another way to look at the matter is this: we always actively use spoken and written language to ceate or build the world of activities and institutions around us. However, thanks to the working of history and culture, we often do this in more or less routine ways.2. 汉译英 （37.5分） 习惯是人生的最好的指导。只有这条原则可以使我们的经验有益于我们，并且使我们期待将来有类似过去的一串事情发生。如果没有经验的影响，那我们除了当下呈现于记忆和感官的事情以外，完全不知道别的事情。我们将永远不会知道如何用自己的手段来达到我们的目的，我们将永远不会运用我们的自然能力来产生任何结果。如果这样，一切行动都会停止，大部分的思维也会停止。Writing：1. “Belief is knowledge” Make a comment of about 250 words on this statement. (35 points)2. Argue, in about 300 words, For or Against the statement “ language is a social phenomenon” (40 points)2007年1. 英译汉 （35分） One reason for the persistence of the discussion between quantitative and qualitative research is that the two approaches represent different ways of thinking about and understanding the world around us. Underlying the developmen ofo different research traditions and methods is a debate on the nature of knowledge and status of assertions about the world, and the debate itself is ultimately a philosophical one. It is commonly assumed that the function of research is to add to our knowledge of the world and to demonstrate the “truth” of the commonsense notions we have about the world. (You might recall the statements made by students of research methods. Some of which are reproduced at the beginning of this chapter.) In developing ones own philosophy on research, it is important to determine how the notion of “truth” relates to research What is truth? “Even more basically, do we accept that there is such a thing as “truth”?) What is evidence? Can we ever “prove” anything? What evidence should compel us to accept the truth of an assertion or proposition? These are questions which need to be borne in mind constantly as one reads and evaluates research.2. 汉译英 （40分） 在讨论任何道德观是否最终与人类幸福有关这一问题时，我并没有假设这个问题是跟一下问题一样的，即所有的道德观都必须是功利主义的这样或那样的一种版本。如果我们从功利主义最狭隘的意义上来说，很明显，它们不是同一个问题。这种最狭隘的功利主义认为，只有一个道德原则，即寻求最多最大的幸福，这里的幸福就是快乐，没有痛苦：而这样的一种道德原则可以用在任何的个人身上。 很明显，我们可以用各种各样的方式把某种道德最终与人类幸福联系起来，但不用将这两者等同起来。但同时我也认为，我们可以有一些方法把道德与人类幸福联系在一起，而不是把道德同广义的功利主义联系起来。Writing:1. Make comments of about 250 words on the assertion that there are superior as well as inferior cultures. (35 points)2. In what way is the 3 years postgraduate life worthwhile? Write and essay of about 300 words on this topic. (40 points)2006年1. 英译汉 30分 It is a curiosity of our intellectual history that cognitive structures developed by the mind are generally regarded and studied very differently from physical structures developed by the body. There is no reason why a neutral scientist, unencumbered by traditional doctrine, should adopt this view. Rather, he would ,or should ,approach cognitive structures such as human language more or less as he would investigate an organ such as the eye or heart, seeking to determine: (1) its character in a particular individual; (2) its general properties, invariant. Across the species apart from gross defect; (3) its place in a system of such structures;(4) the couse of its development in the individual: (5) the genetically determined basisi for this development; (6) the factors that gave rise to this mental organ in the course of evolution. The expectation that constructions of sensorimotor intelligence determine the character of a mental organ such as language seems to me hardly more plausible than a proposal that the fundamental properties of the eye or the heart develop on this basis. Furthermore, when we turn to specific properties of t his mental organ, we find little justification for any such belief, so far as I can see. I will not attempt a detailed argumen here, but will merely sketch the kind of reasoning that leads me to the conclusions just expressed.2. 汉译英（45分） 在十九世纪，由于欧洲在技术方面有了进一步的发展，这些文明地区相继沦为欧洲的殖民地，或至少是半殖民地。东方研究原本发端于教会，现在它成了一种更具世俗色彩的活动，并最终进入大学，在不断演进的学科结构中赢得了一席之地。事实上，在东方研究被制度化以前，对古代的地中海世界的研究也已经被制度化了，出现了一门在英语中称为classics（古典学）的学科，专门研究欧洲自身的古代。古典学也是要研究一种不同于现代欧洲的文明形式，不过人们并不把它与东方研究同等看待。相反，按照当时人们的看法，古典学展示了那些被确定为现代欧洲人祖先的民族的历史，完全不同于譬如说对古代埃及的研究。古代文明被解释为一个单一、连续的发展过程的早期阶段，它发展到顶点，便产生出了现代“西方“文明。它被看成是一部单篇英雄故事的一章；先是古代；随后是野蛮人的征服，通过教会确保了连续性；然后是文艺复兴，希腊罗马的遗产被重新吸收进来；最后是现代世界的建立。在这个意义上，古代没有自身的历史，它不过是现代社会的前奏而已。与此形成对比但却遵循相同的逻辑，其他的文明也没有自身的历史，而是由众多的史实所构成的故事，僵化，没有进步，最终未能步入现代社会。Writing1. Write an essay of about 200 words, making comments on the statement” Television is doing irreparable harm.” (25 points)2. Write an essay of about 200 words, making comments on the statement “Examination should be banned as it exerts a pernicious influence on education. “(25 points)3. Write an essay of about 200 words, mamking comments on the statement “People should be rewarded according to ability, not to age and experience.” (25 points)2005年Translation:1. 汉译英 40分 要求你回答有关某一个人性格的问题，总的来说，要比要求你重述一个场面的问题难得多。其理由是，要想回答性格问题，你必须从书中的所有部分选取合适的事实。 故事中的人物可以分成两类：一类是主要人物；另一类是次要人物，例如在Jane Eyre中， Jane和Mr. Rochester是最主要人物而Mrs. Reed 与Grace Pode则是次要人物。 说明一个人性格的最主要方法是记下他的抽象特征，然后以书中的事件来加以证明，你应该注重的性格特征是：勇气、胆小、大方、吝啬、善良、残暴、善解人意、愚蠢、狡猾等等。 千万注意，在回答问题之前一定要写一个计划。只有这样，你才能确保准确地回答问题。一旦你写下了计划，它就会给你极大的帮助，你不仅知道你该写几个段落，而且还会知道在每一段里该写哪些内容。2. 英译汉 （35分） The argument of those who object to the notion of a private”pain” is this. Private or not, a “pain” is supposed to be one definite sort of thing, and a sort of thing which a man who has one can himself identity. For if he did not know what a pain was he would not know when to say he had a pain, he would not know how to use the word “pain” in this sense, i.e., as the name of a private sensation. But how, if pains are private, could he know what a pain is; how could he have learned this? He could not have been taught by someone else to identify pains, to say(correctly) “Now I have a pain.” for no one else could know when indeed he had a pain and hence tell him when it was correct to say he had one. Suppose he just happened to say” I have a pain” when in fact he had one. But this would not help. For since he would not know that what he had was a pain (and no one else could tell him that it was) he would have no reason to connect these words with his pain: he would have no way of knowing that”pain” was the word for what he was now having. Perhaps then he could decide to use the word”pain” for a certain sort of sensationthat he noticed in himself and just happent to get it right.i.e,. to use the word for the right sensation. But no, for he could not know that he was using the word consistently, that he was using the same word for the same sensation each time it occurred.Writing (75points)1. Write a passage of about 209 words to argue for OR against the statement “Advertising is onen of the most unpleasant features of Modern life.” (25 points)2. Write a story of about 200 words about a person, who ,when young, was regarded a man of promise, but is now a miserable failure. (25 points)3. “ You cannt bully nature”. Discuss the statement in about 200 words. (25 points)2004年Translation(75 Points)1. Put the following passage into Chinese. (35points) Some people say that money is what makes everything possible. I share a different opinion. I believe that money can be really horrible. Sure, with m oney one could afford to live ultimate desires, but whats really hidden from view is the kiind of thing that too much money could do to people. Money and wealth disguise all the humanity of life. So many people wonder about every day of their lives wishing to live a rich animation. Yet the part they miss in that “wonderful” life is the change that takes place in themselves. To gain something one must be willing to exchange something and for something as massive as money, the price is breathtaking. Nevertheless, some see it as reasonable amount and even more agree to the trade; even if the price is the one most importan