解读高考任务型阅读.doc

解读高考任务型阅读题型的主要特点一、试题结构特点：试题由短文和表格两部分组成，要求考生在阅读短文之后，就短文的内容填空。所填之词可能是一个单词、词组，或许是一个句子。短文长度为300字左右，以说明文、议论文为主。表格是文章内容条理化、形象化的具体体现，是短文结构、作者思路的具体反映。有三种形式的表格：1 组织结构式：这类表格主要是显示信息，表现方式为“标题总述分述”。2 网格式：表现方式为“标题主题/内容分析、列举、论证等结果/建议”。3 射线式：这类表格主要是显示和新元素的关系，表现方式为“概念各个方面”。二、题型特点：1该题型属于主观试题。这充分体现了英语新课程标准对高中毕业生的目标要求：考生必须具备对所获信息进行加工、处理的能力。2不是简单的阅读理解，而是考查学生对信息的捕捉和处理，即语言的运用。3考查对文章中心的把握和结构的理解。4不仅考查直接信息的理解与获得，更考查间接信息的获得。5有三种题型：捕捉信息题、组织信息题和表述信息题。三、设题特点：1捕捉信息题：学生通过阅读，基本上能从短文中直接找到相关的信息，在无需加工的条件下直接填空。这类题属基础题。 2组织信息题：学生在捕捉到相关信息之后，按题目要求，将捕捉到的信息进行再加工、浓缩。这类题属活用题。3表述信息题：可能是短文的标题，也可能是短文的主题或行（栏）标题，学生要对该行（栏）所有信息进行综合概括，还要有较强的语言表达能力。下面以高考英语科考试说明上的短文为例，分别就三种不同的表格形式与特点，分析其特征、做题方法和技巧。题型的解题指导示例1请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在短文后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。Traveling on the information superhighwayIn the early 1990s, few people outside of governments and universities had ever heard the term Internet. The World Wide Web was in its infancy（初期）. Back then if you said to someone, “Send me an e-mail with directions to your house,” all you would have received is a puzzled look. Technology has come a long way since those days. Today, the Internet connects millions of computers around the globe, making a worldwide exchange of information possible. The Internet is often called the “information superhighway.” Thats because vast amounts of information travel over it. If you searched the word grasshopper, for instance, you would have thousands of sites to look at. Some sites would give information on these insects. Other sites would be companies with “grasshopper” in their insects. Still other sites might want to sell you books about grasshoppers. In addition to information, the Internet also offers one of the greatest inventions in communications: electronic mail, or e-mail for short. E-mail is the brainchild of a shrewd（精明的）man named Ray Tomlinson. He developed the program and sent himself the first e-mail in 1971. He isnt sure, but he thinks his first message was QWERTYUIOP (the top row of letters on a keyboard). As a result of Tomlinsons invention of e-mail, the way in which the world communicates has changed. Thanks to e-mail, you can communicate with a student in London and find out how his weather experiment is going. E-mail has also changed the speed with which we exchanged information. In minutes, you can contact another person who shares your love of kites or stamps. Your aunt and uncle can send you pictures of their new puppy without ever leaving their home. If you are sick and cant attend school, your teacher can e-mail you the assignments you have missed. You can even send e-mail to a grasshopper expert and ask questions for a research paper. However, there is one big disadvantage when you use e-mail. Unlike a letter you send through the mail, e-mail is NOT private. It can be reviewed by anyone with access to your receivers computer. Your receiver could also forward it to other people so be careful. Do not say anything in an e-mail that you wouldnt say in front of a crowd!The InternetType 1The Internet enables us to (1) _ in a new way.The Internet offers information to usThe Internet is often called the “information superhighway”, because vast amounts of information travel over it.We can (2) _ information throughout the world, because the Internet can connect millions of computers. Thanks to (3) _, we can keep in touch with others wherever we are.(8) _ the advantages, we should be (9) _ when using it, because it may not be (10) _ if someone has access to our receivers computer.It has changed the (4) _ of talking. Through it, we can talk with our students in London about the weather experiment. It has also enabled us to exchange information at (5) _ speed than traditional communicative methods. Within a short time, it lets us (6) _ another person who has interest in (7). Besides, it helps us to send information without leaving home.Type 2The InternetThe Internet offers information to us.The Internet enables us to (1) _ in a new way.We can (2) _ information throughout the world, because the Internet can connect millions of computers.The Internet is often called the “information superhighway”, because vast amounts of information travel over it.Thanks to (3) _, we can keep in touch with others wherever we are.It has changed the (4) _ of talking. Through it, we can talk with our students in London about the weather experiment.It has also enabled us to exchange information at (5) _ speed than traditional communicative methods. Within a short time, it lets us (6) _ another person who has interest in (7)._ Besides, it helps us to send information without leaving home.(8) _ the advantages, we should be (9) _ when using it, because it may not be (10) _ if someone has access to our receivers computer.参考答案：1. communicate 2. exchange 3. e-mail 4. way 5. higher 6. contact 7. common 8. Despite 9. careful 10. private一、短文分析：本文是一篇议论文，介绍了Internet的两个方面：提供信息和带来全新的交流方式。第一部分讲两个内容：交换信息和信息高速公路名称的由来；第二部分讲的是e-mail对我们交流方面带来的好处及存在的问题。词数388个。二、 表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于组织结构式，其显示的层次关系为“标题总述分述”，见下表：主题(The Internet)主要方面(全新的交流方式)主要方面(提供信息)总述（对我们交流方面带来的好处及存在的问题）论述（信息高速公路名称的由来）论述（交换信息） 分述（谨慎使用）分述（改变谈话方式）分述（快速交换信息）三、 设题特点：（3）、（6）、（9）、（10）为捕捉信息题，学生从文中可以直接找到相关信息，无需加工；（1）、（2）、（4）、（5）、（7）、（8）为组织信息题，学生需要对捕捉到的信息进行加工、处理，从而得出答案。四、 做题方法和技巧：1抓住中心：抓住中心是正确理解短文的关键。要综合分析文章的首尾句，这样可以快速归纳出短文的中心。本文的中心是Internet给我们带来的好处，学生根据每段的第一句进行归纳总结，结合全文内容可得出。2理清短文的结构：一般说来，短文按照“总分总”的原则来写作。本文中作者提出一个观点，然后从不同方面对其进行论证。3弄清问题的要求：学生可利用表格所给的信息来推断所填写内容的要求，是捕捉信息题、组织信息题，还是表述信息题。通过对表格中上下左右信息与短文相关信息的比较、推断，然后确定问题的正确答案。4抓住细节：对直接信息，只要细心，很容易找出来；对于间接信息则需要经过加工处理。如本篇第5小题，由第4段In minutes, you can contact.可知速度快，应用high；又由后面的than可知用比较级形式，即higher；第8小题，根据最后1段中However, there is one big disadvantage when you use e-mail.可以总结出：尽管e-mail有那么多好处，我们在使用时仍需小心。根据每空一词的要求，用despite。学生只要沉着冷静，从容面对，是可以做出的。5注意表达的正确性：在找出相关信息后，必须仔细研究，要注意时态语态、人称、单复数、词性、句式等，以免出错。如第1、2小题，根据结构，要用动词原形。示例2 请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空格1个单词，不得用文章中的单词。About six years ago I was eating lunch in a restaurant in New York City when a woman and a young boy sat down at the next table, I couldnt help overhearing parts of their conversation. At one point the woman asked, “So, how have you been?” And the boy who could not have been more than seven or eight years old replied. “Frankly, Ive been feeling a little depressed lately.” This incident stuck in my mind because it confirmed my growing belief that children are changing. As far as I can remember, my friends and I didnt find out we were “depressed” until we were in high school. The evidence of a change in children has increased steadily in recent years. Children dont seem childlike anymore. Children speak more like adults, dress more like adults and behave more like adults than they used to. Whether this is good or bad is difficult to say, but it certainly is different. Childhood as it once was no longer exists. Why? Human development is based not only on natural biological states, but also on patterns of access to social knowledge. Movement from one social role to another usually involves learning the secrets of the new situation. Children have always been taught adult secrets, but slowly and in stages: traditionally, we tell sixth graders things we keep hidden from fifth graders. In the last 30 years, however, a secret-revelation（揭示）machine has been installed in 98 percent of American homes. It is called television. Television passes information, and indiscriminately（不加区分地）, to all viewers alike, whether they are children or adults. Unable to resist the temptation, many children turn their attention from printed texts to the less challenging, more vivid moving pictures. Communication through print, as a matter of fact, allows for a great deal of control over the social information to which children have access. Reading and writing involve a complex code of symbols that must be memorized and practiced. Children must read simple books before they can read complex materials.Type 3Title: Change in todays childrenMain comparisonsContextsDifferent (1) _Children in the past just did what they were (2) _ to.Children today (3) _ as if they were adults.Different (4) _Children in the past never experienced (5) _.Sometimes sadness (6) _ to children nowadays.Different (7) _ to get knowledgeChildren in the past: in a (8) _ and guided processChildren nowadays: by (9) _ TV without controlA phenomenon worth notingThe authors (10) _ to childrens changeHe prefers communication through print for children, which can control what children are to learn.参考答案：1. behaviors 2. expected / supposed 3. act 4. feelings / emotions 5. depression 6. happens 7. ways / methods 8. gradual 9. watching 10. attitude一、短文分析：本篇是议论文，通过事例阐述了现在的孩子与过去的孩子不同之处，并指出这是一个值得注意的现象。词数348个。二、 表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于网格式，由“主题/内容分析、列举建议”几部分组成。见下表：标题：现在孩子的变化主要对照不同背景的表现各个不同的方面（行为表现、情感、获取知识的方式）现在与过去的差异值得关注的现象作者的态度建议的内容三、 设题特点：（2）、（3）、（5）、（6）、（8）、（9）的空格由文章内容进行加工处理可以得知，属组织信息题；（1）、（4）、（7）、（10）需要对表格右栏信息进行综合概括才能得出答案，属表述信息题。相对来讲，本篇设题较难。四、 做题方法和技巧：1通读全文，了解短文大意、写作思路和线索结构，以加深对篇章内容的理解，因为表格项目基本上是根据篇章结构而设计的。2通过阅读标题和表格内容，了解表格结构和设计原理，确定所填信息的方向和类型。3对于不能直接获得信息的题，一要对相关的信息进行加工处理，二要透过现象看本质，即它与前后信息的联系，归纳或概括得出答案。如本篇第3小题，从文中不能找到信息，但第三段中speak, dress, behave暗示了现在的孩子们表现得好像是成年人，应填act。4表格的左栏若考查对短文主题、目的、论点方式的内容，可通过表格的右栏所给的信息进行反推。以本篇中的第10小题为例，由右栏中的He prefers communication through print for children, 可以反推出应填作者的态度。这类题有一定的难度，需要学生在平时注意对文章进行分析和总结。示例3请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入最恰当的单词。注意：每空不超过6个单词。The history of numbersPeople have not always used numbers. It took thousands of years before people started to use number systems, or sets of ideas that explained numbers. In the earliest civilizations, people used tallies to keep track of how many items there were of a kind. Tallies are groups of lines or marks that people draw somewhere to count something. Some people marked tallies on sticks or bones. Others counted piles of beads or shells. These simple methods for counting worked fine, because people long ago hardly ever had to count large numbers of items. Scholars who study the history of numbers believe that some people who lived long ago counted by pointing to parts of their bodies. Different parts, such as fingers and elbows, stood for different numbers. Today, people such as the Paiela people of Papua New Guinea still count this way. The largest number used by the Paiela is 28. They use this counting system when they farm or when they purchase goods, such as food and other supplies. When the first towns and villages began to appear, people needed better ways to count. The farmers who lived in villages in one ancients, or very old civilization in the Middle East used different sets of clay tokens to count different kinds of things. They used small, flat circles called disks to count sheep, but they used egg-shaped tokens to count jars of oil. About 5,000 years ago, a new kind of number system appeared. The Sumerians, who lived in what is now the country of Iraq, developed this system soon after they had developed one of the first systems of writing. In the Sumerian number system, the same set of written lines or shapes, called marks, was used to count every kind of thing. The ancient Egyptians, the people of Egypt, used a set of pictures in their system. The Mayan people of Mexico and Central America used a series of written circles and short lines, called dots and dashes. Number systems helped people do many new things and enjoy an easier life. The Egyptians used numbers to help them measure and build the pyramids. Numbers made it easy for them to buy and sell thins, to manage their farms, and to tell time. Numbers helped the Mayan make one of the first accurate calendars. The system of numbers that we use today in most parts of the world began in India about the year 500. This system uses ten numerals, or symbols that stand for a certain number, from 0 to 9. Their value, or meaning, depends on where they appear in a number. Place value lets people quickly solve any math problems that involve addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with large numbers. New and exciting ideas and inventions have caused us to think of very large ad very small numbers. In the last century, the name googol was created for a number made up of the number 1 followed by one hundred 0s.Type 4Ways that people have counted throughout history(1) _(4) _(6) _(8) _(2) _(3) _(4) _(7) _(10) _(9) _参考答案：1. Tallies 2. Piles of beads or shells 3. Flat circles called disks 4. Egg-shaped tokens 5. Pointing to parts of the body 6. Indian system of numerals 7. Sumerian system of marks 8. Egyptian system of pictures 9. Mayan system of dots and dashes 10. System of numbers used today 一、短文分析：本篇是说明文，说明历史上数字作为工具的使用情况，内容较为简单。词数496个。二、 表格结构从形式上看，该表格属于射线式（又名主体分裂式），中间显示核心内容，四周发散的是核心内容的各个方面。见下表：(1) _(4) _(6) _(8) _(2) _(7) _(10) _(3) _历史上人们数数的方式(4) _(9) _三、 设题特点：（1）至（5）题的空格为捕捉信息题，学生通过阅读短文可以直接找到相关信息，无需加工；（6）至（10）题为组织信息题，学生需要对捕捉到的信息进行加工、处理、浓缩，从而得出答案。该类试题相对简单，多出现在说明文（从不同角度对说明的对象介绍、解释或说明）、议论文（对某个观点从不同方面进行论证）和记叙文（记述事件发生的过程）中。四、做题方法和技巧：1先阅读表格，弄清表格要求的核心内容是整篇文章的内容，还是其中的一个对象、观点或事件。本文没有从整体设题，而是以历史上人们数数的方法这一方面进行设题。2有些是很容易捕捉到的直接信息，有些虽然通读全文可以找到相关信息，但由于所给的信息过长，需要进行加工、处理。如本篇第7小题，文中相关信息为第四段第三句In the Sumerian number system, the same set of written lines or shapes, called marks, 可加工处理为Sumerian system of marks。有些过长的信息还需浓缩，使词数符合要求。学生可以通过用名词所有格代替介词of、词性转换和句子结构转换的方式来实现。如第10小题，文中信息为the system of numbers that we use today，超出词数要求，可用非谓语动词的形式代替定语从句，即the system of numbers used today。3注意表达的对称性。射线式表格要求所填内容的对称性。学生要挖掘出表达形式的共性，如名词短语、介词短语、动词时态语态、句式等，都应保持一致。另附：任务型阅读高频词1. 标题title 2. 主题topic 3. 原因cause/reason 4. 结果result 5. 措施/步骤measure/step6. 方法solution/way/manner/approach/method7. 态度attitude 8. 趋势tendency 9. 结论conclusion 10. 建议suggestion/tip/proposal/advice 11. 要求requirement/demand 12. 问题problem 13. 观点opinion/view/idea 14. 意义significance 15. 目的/目标 purpose/aim/goal16. 影响effect/impact/influence 17. 定义definition 18. 来源source 19. 数量quantity20. 质量quality 21. 优劣advantage/disadvantage 22. 特色.特征feature 23. 人物/角色character24. 类型type/kind/sort 25. 情节plot 26. 内容content 27. 行为behavior 28. 重要性importance29. 必要性necessity/must 30. 情感feeling/emotion 31. 异同difference/similarity32. 外表appearance 33. 信息information 34. 人口population 35. 贡献contribution36. 想象力imagination 37. 创造力creativity 38. 概括、总结summary 39. 要点、提纲outline 40. 其它time/place/situation/condition 任务型阅读10篇请认真阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。请将答案写在相应题号的横线上。（一）Have you ever asked your customers and potential customers how theyd like to hear from you? Some of them might check e-mail messages regularly throughout the day; some of them might check their messages only once or twice a day; and some of them might not use e-mail at all.If youve been automatically using e-mail to avoid lengthy phone conversations, first check to see if thats also your customers preferred method of communication. Then consider the benefits of picking up the phone.I know, e-mail is convenient. It gives you a record of what was said, and it lets you communicate without wasting any time on chit-chat. But it also removes that little human bond of friendliness. It prevents you from finding a common ground-such as a shared interest in a hobby. The phone allows that.Using the telephone also aids in communication. A misunderstood question in an e-mail can take several messages back and forth to clarify. On the phone you can say” No, I meant” and then you can re-state your question in a different way. Instead of being a time-waster, the phone can sometimes be a time-waster.Be sure to ask your customers if theyd prefer documents sent to them e-mail or fax- because some people really do prefer the fax. Remember that theyre busy too. They might not want to sit at their computer opening files and printing pages of documents. For some, its much more convenient to walk over to the fax machine and pick up the pre-printed documents.Theres an old saying: People dont care how much you know until they know how much you care. Let your customers know that you care about communicating with them in their way. Asking is merely adding another level of customer service.Knowing how your people like to communicate can be even more important with prospective customers.Say youre sending a proposal for a project and competing with another vendor. If you assume that your prospective client reads his or her e-mail regularly you might transmit your proposal as an attachment.If your assumption is wrong, and if your competitor has taken the time to learn that your prospective customer really wants to receive documents via fax, your prospective client might not even see your proposal until after the job is awarded.It only takes a minute to ask the question, and it might make a big difference in your income. Ways of _71_with your customersAdvantagesDisadvantages_ 72_waysUsing e-mail_73_ long phone conversationsThere is a _74_of friendliness.Using the telephoneHelp you find what others have in _75_with yourself.Help you to _76_time in communication.Maybe the conversation _77_long.Using the faxBusy