外国文学复习材料.doc

Foreign Literature Introduction I.Why should we study foreign literature？ Firstly, literature of other countries has become public fortune of mankind.Secondly, foreign literature is a window from which we can see the world.Thirdly, after learning foreign literature we will have better understanding of Chinese modern literature.Fourthly, foreign literature can affect our personality, improve our aesthetic ability.首先，其他国家的文学，已成为人类的公共财富。其次，外国文学是一个窗口，从中我们可以看到世界。第三，外国文学学习后，我们将有更好的中国现代文学的理解。第四，外国文学会影响我们的个性，提高我们的审美能力。II. How to take this course wellFirstly, pay attention to the relations between historical background and the writers writings.Secondly, pay attention to literary trends and their origins, and pay attention to the actions and reaction between the writers. Lastly, hold the viewpoint from the historical materialism and dialectic materialism. Some works were influential and revolutionary at their times, but they are not at present. And also we should associate the literary history with literary works, and try to read many foreign works as possible.首先，要注意与历史背景和作家的著作的关系。其次，注重文学思潮与它们的起源，并注意动作和反应之间的作家。最后，持有从历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的观点。有些工程在他们的影响力和时代的革命，但他们目前并没有。而且还应该联想到文学作品的文学史，并尝试尽可能多地阅读外国作品。Chapter I European Classic Literature.Introductory remarks1. Geographical situation of Greece 希腊的地理情况The central part of ancient Greece is on the Greek Peninsula beside the Aegean Sea, which is part of the Mediterranean sea. Greek civilization is much younger than the “four great civilizations”: the Nile civilization, the Babylonian, the Hindu River civilization and Yellow River civilization. When Greek civilization reached its peak, it exerted its influence upon its neighboring places, too. When discussing Greek civilization, we see an interesting phenomenon that all the ancient civilizations have connections with the water. However, “the four oldest great civilizations” all originated from the rivers, while the Greek civilization originated beside the sea, the Aegean Sea. We usually call the four civilizations as “civilizations of grand rivers”, while the Greek civilization as “civilization of the ocean” or “Blue Civilization”.古希腊的中央部分是在旁边的爱琴海希腊半岛，这是地中海的一部分。希腊文明是比“四大文明”年轻：尼罗河文明，巴比伦，印度河文明的黄河文明。当希腊的文明达到了顶峰，它的产生及其对邻近地区的影响力了。在讨论希腊文明中，我们看到一个有趣的现象，所有古老的文明都与水的连接。然而，“四个最古老的伟大文明”一切源于河流，而希腊文明傍海，爱琴海的起源。我们通常称作“宏伟的河流文明”四大文明，而作为“文明的海洋”或“蓝色文明”的希腊文明。Some key wordsGreek Peninsula希腊半岛 Aegean Sea 爱琴海The Mediterranean 地中海 The four oldest civilizations四个最古老的文明The Nile 尼罗河 Babylonian巴比伦 Hindu River 印度河 The Tigris底格里斯河 The Euphrates The Yellow River黄河2. The geographical situation of Roman EmpireThe central part of Rome is todays Italy. However, when Roman Empire was at its climax, it was such a great empire that its territory reached Northern Africa, Mesopotamia and Syria, and large part of Europe.罗马的核心部分是今天的意大利。然而，当罗马帝国在达到高潮的时候，也正是这样一个伟大的帝国，其领土达北非，美索不达米亚和叙利亚，欧洲大部分地区。3. Greek literature(1)the historical progress of Greece and literary achievement希腊文学成就和历史进步A. Clannish society (20th century BC- 12th century BC). This period is also called Mycenean period. Greek literature originally started from the Crete Island. The continental Greece initially savoured its influence, Mycenae being the first Greek city to absorb its influence. At the end of this period, the Trojan War took place. The main literary achievement is mythology.B.12 century BC8 century BC, is a transition from clannish society to slavery. This is a period in which Homer lived, so it is called “Homeric Times” or “Heroic Age”. The main literary achievement is mythology and Homeric Epics. C. 8th century BC6th century BC, the fall of clannish society and the founding of City-states of slavery. During this period, there rose many city-states, and the clans as social units are being replaced by city-states. The important literary achievement is lyrics. D. 6th century BC4th century BCIn this period slavery is at its height, historically called “classic times”. This is the best time of ancient Greece and its literature and art were very prosperous. The main literary achievements are drama and literary theory.E. since 4th century, decline of slavery. The main literary achievement is new comedy. A.宗族社会（公元前20世纪至12世纪）。这一时期也被称为Mycenean时期。希腊文学最初开始从克里特岛。希腊大陆最初品尝它的影响，成为第一个希腊迈锡尼城市吸收的影响。在这一时期结束时，特洛伊战争的发生。主要文学成就是神话。 B.12世纪至公元前8世纪至公元前，是从氏族社会向奴隶制过渡。这是一个时期，荷马生活，因此它被称为“荷马时代”或“英雄时代”。主要文学成就是神话和荷马史诗。 C.公元前8世纪，公元前6世纪，是氏族社会的崩溃和市成立的奴隶制国家。在此期间，有许多玫瑰城邦，并作为社会单位的氏族是由城邦所取代。重要的文学成就是歌词。D.公元前6世纪，公元前4世纪，在这在其顶峰时期奴隶制是，历史上称为“经典时代”。这是古希腊和最佳时间它的文学和艺术都非常繁荣。其主要成就是戏剧文学和文学理论。 E.自4世纪，奴隶制的衰落。主要文学成就是新喜剧。(2) Achievements in literatureA.Mythologies神话B.Homeric epic荷马史诗（既利用又保存了希腊神话）C.Hesiodos 赫西俄德（第一部从正面描写现实生活）工作与时日教科书 神谱神的谱系D.Lyrics 抒情诗E.Aesops fables 伊索寓言F.Drama 戏剧G.Literary theory 文学理论H.New comedy新喜剧(3) City-state and democracyWhat is “city-state”? The continental Greece consists of many mountains and hills. The Greeks seek the small plains between the hills to dwell. Initially, a group of people would form a clan or a village. By and by, this village expanded into a city. Each city was autonomic (autonomous) or self-governing. In most times, these city-states are independent, and separate. Only when there was war towards others clans or nations, did they unite together, and form an allied army. Citizens in the city are equal, and they enjoy full democracy. The traditions of Western democracy might be traced back to these city-states in ancient Greece. The English word “politics” comes from the Greek word “politics”, which means “citizen”.什么是“城市国家”？大陆希腊由许多山地和丘陵。希腊人的山丘之间寻找住的小平原。最初，有一群人将形成一个氏族或一个村庄。渐渐地，这个村扩大到一个城市。每个城市的自主（自治区）或自治。在大多数时候，这些城市国家是独立的，分开。只有对他人有氏族或国家的战争，没有他们团结在一起，形成一个同盟军。在这个城市的公民一律平等，他们享有充分的民主。西方民主的传统可能会追溯到这些城市在古希腊的国家。英语单词“政治”一词来自希腊文“政治”，意思是“公民”。4. Roman literature4-1. General The city of Rome was built in about 8th century B. C. The ancient Rome roughly experienced three historical periods: Period of Kings (753-510 B. C.), Republican Period (510-31 B. C.) and Imperial Period (31 B. C-476 A. D.). By 31 B. C. after many wars and battles, Octavius whose title was Augustus conquered the whole Italy and Rome entered the Imperial Period. For the next two hundred years the successors of Augustus, the Roman emperors, ruled the ancient world with only occasional disturbances. There were “four emperor” during 69 to 96 A. D. and then there were “five good emperor” during 97 to 180 A. D. But in the third and fourth centuries the empire was disturbed by never-ending invasions by barbarian tribes. In a word, Greece as the center of civilization was gradually replaced by Rome. After many conquests, Rome became the largest empire in the world then. 罗马城是在大约公元前8世纪修建的古罗马大致经历了三个历史时期：时期的国王（753-510年），民国时期（公元前510-31）和帝国时期（公元前31 - 公元476年） 经过多次战争和战役，其所有权屋大维奥古斯都公元前征服了整个意大利和罗马帝国时期的进入。在接下来的二百多年的继承人奥古斯都，罗马帝王，统治了，只是偶尔有干扰古代世界。有“四帝”在公元69至96，然后有“五好皇帝”在公元97年至180年，但在第三和第四世纪帝国被无休止的野蛮人部落的入侵干扰。总之，希腊是文明的中心逐渐取代了罗马。经过多年征战，罗马成为当时世界上最大的帝国。4-2. Some difference between Greece and RomeThere are some differences between the Greek and the Romans. Unlike the Greeks, Romans were above all a practical people. They might have had no aptitude for pure mathematics, but they could build an aqueduct that lasted two thousand years. Though they were not notable for political theorists, they organized a complicated yet stable federation. Though Romans were not famous for their culture, they were genuine in ruling and governing. And their highest words were manliness, industry (diligent), and discipline. Greek history begins, not with a king, a battle, or the founding of a city but with an epic. The Romans, on the other hand, had conquered half the world before they began to write. The stimulus to the creation of Latin literature was the Greek literature. Latin literature began with a translation of the Odyssey. The Latin writer (especially the poet) borrowed wholesale from the Greek original, not furtively (stealthily), but openly and proudly, as a tribute to the master.希腊和罗马人之间有一些差异。不同的是希腊人，罗马人首先是一个实际的人。他们可能没有纯数学天赋，但他们可以建立一个管道，持续了两千年。虽然他们并没有显着的政治理论家，他们组织了复杂而稳定的联盟。虽然罗马人不适合他们文化名人，他们是真正的执政水平和执政。他们的话是最高的男子气概，工业（勤奋），和纪律。希腊的历史开始，而不是国王，一场战斗，或者一个城市的成立，但具有史诗。罗马人，另一方面，已经征服了半个世界，才开始写。对文学创作的拉美刺激是希腊文学。拉丁文学一开始的奥德赛翻译。拉丁作家（尤其是诗人）从希腊借来的原始批发，而不是偷偷摸摸，但公开和自豪，作为对主人表示敬意。Republican period (240-30 B. C.)Golden Period (100 B. C.-17 A. D.)Silver Period (17 A. D.-130)4-3. Virgil(70-19 B. C.) Virgil was born in northern Italy, and very little is know about his life. His earliest works is Bucolics (in Chinese Muge), a collection of poems in the pastoral genre that have had enormous influence upon later European literature. These poems were followed by the Georgics (in Chinese Nong shi shi), a didactic poem on farming in four books, which many critics consider his finest work. The Aeneid, the Roman epic, was left unfinished.Like all the Latin poets, Virgil built on the solid foundation of his Greek predecessors. The story of Aeneas, the Trojan prince who came to Italy and whose descendents founded Rome, combines the themes of Odyssey (the wanderer in search of home) and the Iliad (the hero in battle). Virgil borrows Homeric turns of phrase, similes, sentiments, and whole incidents; his Aeneas, like Achilles, sacrifices prisoners to the shade of a friend and, like Odysseus, descends alive to the world of the dead. But unlike Achilles, Aeneas does not satisfy the great passion of his life, nor, like Odysseus, does he find a home and peace. Aeneas is a man of great self-control. Homer presents us in the Iliad with the tragic pattern of the individual will, Achilles wrath. But Aeneas is more than an individual. He is the prototype of the ideal Roman ruler; his qualities are the devotion to duty and the seriousness of purpose that were to give the Mediterranean world two centuries of ordered government. Aeneass mission begins in disorder in the burning city of Troy, but he leaves it, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand. This is quite different from Achilles, for Aeneas sets himself in the continuity of generations, while Achilles has no future. When he mentions his father and son, neither of whom he will see again, he emphasizes for the loneliness of his short career. Odysseus has a father, wife and son, and his heroic efforts are directed toward reestablishing himself in his proper context, that home in which he will be no longer a man in a world of magic and terror but a man in an organized and continuous community. In a word, he fights for himself. Aeneas, on the other hand, suffers and fights, not for himself but for the future; his own life is unhappy, his death miserable. But he can console himself with the later glory prosperity the Roma enjoys. In this poem, Virgil emphasizes mans self-control. He knows that the ideal of devotion to duty has another side, the suppression of many aspects of the personality, and that the man who wins and uses power must sacrifice much of himself, must live a life that, compared with that of Achilles or Odysseus, is constricted. In Virgils poem Aeneas betrays the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage. He says, to the queen, “I left your land against my will.” Aeneas has sacrificed his love to something greater, but his does not insulate him from unhappiness. Dido is a queen who indulges herself with passions, so she forms a sharp contrast with Aeneas. So we can see Virgils Aeneid forms a tradition, which is quite different from that of Homers. We can also see why the French classicists in 17th century like Roman literature so much.维吉尔出生于意大利北部，很少是知道他的生命。他最早的作品是Bucolics（中文木格），一个在牧区流派，对后来产生了巨大影响欧洲文学的诗集。这些诗其次是Georgics（在中国农史市），一对四书，其中许多评论家认为他最好的作品养殖说教诗。埃涅伊特，罗马史诗，留下未完成的。像所有的拉丁诗人维吉尔建立在他的希腊前人坚实的基础。对尼雅，谁的特洛伊王子来到意大利罗马创立，其后代的故事，结合了奥德赛（在寻找流浪者的家）和伊利亚特（在战斗英雄）的主题。维吉尔借用荷马的短语，明喻，情操，整个事件原来，他的跟腱埃涅阿斯一样，牺牲囚犯朋友的阴影，就像奥德修斯，下降活着的死人的世界。但是，与阿基里斯，埃涅阿斯不符合他的生命中的巨大热情，也没有，像奥德赛，那么，他找到一个家与和平。埃涅阿斯是一个伟大的自我控制的人。荷马在伊利亚特介绍与个人的意志，阿基里斯的愤怒我们的悲惨格局。但埃涅阿斯是比个人更多。他是罗马统治者的理想原型，他的素质是对工作的宗旨和认真态度给予了地中海世界上两个世纪的有序政府投入。埃涅阿斯的使命开始在特洛伊城烧症，但他离开它，继承他的父亲和他的肩膀的手，带领着他的小儿子。这是很大的致命不同，埃涅阿斯套在自己的世代延续，而阿基里斯是没有前途的。当他提到，没有一个人，他将再次看到他的父亲和儿子，他强调了他短暂的职业生涯的寂寞。奥德修斯有父亲，妻子和儿子，他的英勇努力正朝着正确的角度重新确立自己在他的指示，即家中，他将不再是有组织和持续的社区中的魔法和恐怖，但一个人的世界的人。总之，他为自己战斗。尼雅，另一方面，患有，打架，而不是为自己，但对未来，他自己的生活很不高兴，他的死痛苦。但他可以安慰与后来的辉煌繁荣的罗姆人享有自己。在这首诗中，维吉尔强调人的自我控制能力。他知道，有献身理想的另一侧的责任，在许多方面的个性镇压，该名男子谁胜使用权必须牺牲自己了，必须自己的生命，或与奥德赛相比，阿基里斯是收缩。在维吉尔的诗埃涅阿斯暴露了他的生命，他的狄多，迦太基女王爱的伟大激情。他说，对女王，“我离开对我的意志。你的土地”埃涅阿斯牺牲了自己的爱更多的东西，但他并没有他免受不满。谁是女王狄多与激情放纵自己，所以她形成了鲜明的对比与埃涅阿斯。因此，我们可以看到维吉尔的埃涅阿斯纪形成了一个传统，这是完全不同于荷马的不同。我们也可以看到像罗马文学，为什么在十七世纪法国古典主义这么多。.Mythologies and legends The Greek mythology was handed down orally and had been widespread among the people from mouth to mouth before they were written down. The Greek mythology is the best-preserved and the most beautiful mythology in the world. Greek spirit can be seen in its mythologies 希腊神话是口头流传下来，并已广泛的人民从口口相传，然后才写下来。 *希腊神话中是保存最完好，并在世界上最美丽的神话。 *希腊精神中可以看出它的神话1 The origin of mythologiesThe Greek mythology is the product of mankind in his childhood.It is the way that they explain the nature even the society2 The story of the beginning of the heavens and earth and the gods on OlympusWe know that the Greek mythology is the best-preserved mythology in the world. The gods in it are mostly blood relatives. According to Hesiodos Pedigree of Gods, the earliest god in Greek mythology is Chaos我们知道，希腊神话中是保存最完好的世界神话。在它的神大多是血亲。据Hesiodos的神祗谱系，在希腊神话中最早的神是混沌Earliest godsChaos（卡俄斯）Gaea（该亚）Gaea（该亚）Uranus（乌拉诺斯）Gaea（该亚）Uranus（乌拉诺斯）Titans(Cronos克洛诺斯, Rhea瑞亚)Cronos（克洛诺斯）Rhea（瑞亚）Zeus, Hera, Demeter, etc.Legends of heroesThe Greek mythology includes two parts, one is the story of gods the other is legends of the heroes. Legend of heroes is a kind of reminiscences of ancient history, social life and peoples struggle against the nature. The heroes in Greek legends are half-gods, e.g. either their mothers or fathers are real gods or goddesses. Say Achiles, his mother is a goddess. Some of the heroes in the legends are clannish leaders, and Odyssey is one of them.希腊神话包括两部分，一个是神的故事，另一个是传说中的英雄。英雄传说是一个古老的历史，社会生活和人们的回忆对自然界的斗争种类。在希腊神话传说中的英雄是半神，例如无论是他们的母亲或父亲是真正的神或女神。 Achiles说，他的母亲是一位女神。在神话传说中的英雄有些氏族领袖，奥德赛是其中之一。3. Significance and characteristics of Greek mythologies and legends1.the Greek mythology is the reflection of primitive society in different historical periods.2.the Greek mythology is the representation of the Ancient Greeks opinion of life and nature. (Demeter and Persephone).3.the Greek mythology represents the Greeks desire of conquering the nature.4.Man and gods share the same form and same disposition(temperament)1，希腊神话是原始社会在不同历史时期的反映。2，希腊神话是古希腊人对生命与自然的意见表示。 （得墨忒耳和珀尔塞福涅）。3，希腊神话中代表着希腊人征服自然的愿望。4人和神共享相同的形式和同性格（气质）The relation between Greeks and Greek gods is just like the relation between man and nature, for gods are incarnation of all kinds of natural forces. So we can find many similarities between the ancient Greeks and their gods. So gods in Greek mythology are just like the man in many respects. Gods want to be strong, manly, handsome, powerful, and goddesses like themselves to be beautiful and attractive. Just like man, gods and goddesses sometimes also lead an immoral life. They will fight with each other，and they are jealous and envious, too. They are just like man getting married and bear children. The Hebrew conception of God emphasizes those aspects of the universe that imply a harmonious order. The Greeks, however, conceived their gods as an expression of disorder of the world in which they lived. The Olympic gods, like the natural forces of sea and sky, follow their own will even to the extreme of conflict with each other. Zeus is the authority on the Olympus, but this is just because he is superior in his strength, not because he is the representation of morality. Morality is only a human creation, and the gods are not bound by it. The Greek mythology is anthropocentric. From the mythology we can see, the ancient Greeks didnt take the post-life seriously, and what they were interested in is what they could do and what they could achieve and what they could enjoy before death.希腊人和希腊众神之间的关系好比人与自然的关系，为神，是各种自然力量的化身。因此，我们可以找到与古希腊人和他们的神有许多相似之处。因此，在希腊神话中的诸神都像在许多方面的人。神要坚强，他果敢，美观，功能强大，女神像本身是美丽的，有吸引力。就像人，神和女神有时还可能导致一种不道德的生活。他们将互相战斗，他们是嫉妒和羡慕了。他们只是喜欢的人结婚，生小孩。希伯来人的上帝是宇宙的概念强调的那些方面意味着和谐的秩序。希腊人，不过，设想作为世界上的障碍，他们生活在其中的表达他们的神。奥林匹克诸神像大海和天空，自然的力量，按照自己的意志甚至到了相互冲突的极端。宙斯是对奥林巴斯的权威，但是这仅仅是因为他是在他的实力出众，并不是因为他是道德的表现。道德是只有一个人的创造，神并不受其约束。希腊神话是人类中心主义。从神话，我们可以看到，古希腊人没有采取后的生活认真，以及他们感兴趣的是他们可以做，哪些是可以达到和他们可以享受之前死亡。(Anthropocentric;Anthropocentrism;Anthropocentricity;Anthropology;Anthropological;Anthropologist)4. InfluenceInfluence of Greek literature Influence upon European litreature.Homeric Epic1. Homer and Homeric EpicsGreek literature begins with two masterpieces, the Iliad and Odyssey. Although it cannot be accurately dated, they are attributed to the poet Homer, about whom almost nothing is known except his name. Scholars believe that he is blind, and seven places claim to be his birthplace. These places are in the region of Ionia, the western coast of Asia Minor, which was heavily settled by Greek colonists. These two epics are based on a really happened war that took place in about the 12th century B. C. when some Greek tribes or clans who lived on Greek Peninsula united and launched a war against Troy on the coast of Asia Minor. These Greeks defeated the Trojans and destroyed the city of Troy. After the war, many stories about the heroes in the war spread forward. These stories were passed on from mouth to mouth or they were told orally, and during which they became more and more rich and systematically. Before Homer the epics were just raw materials and it was Homer who shape