英语专业毕业论文写作规范及具体要求--2015年9月修定.doc

由于细节问题难以描述，请各位导师要求学生尽量在此模板上修改出自己的封面。所有空行均以美观为主，可灵活调整。吉林大学珠海学院毕 业 论 文字体“华文中宋”，初号，字与字之间间隔两个空格，居中。Comparison of Cultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in English and Chinesetimes new roman, 二号，加粗，居中，如果两行文字请采取“上行少字，下行多字”美观原则排版。 英汉花卉词文化内涵对比楷体，二号，加粗，居中。如果两行文字请采取“上行少字，下行多字”美观原则排版。系别：外语系专业名称：英语没有“专业”二字学生姓名：XXX学号：0912XXXX指导教师姓名、职称：XXX 讲师楷体，小二，居中，与标题间隔一行或两行，不易过上过下，请依据美观原则。完成日期 2016年 X月X日黑体，四号，居中。注意不要在月份和日期前面加0，如写成05月01日。摘要要求：Abstract 小三，加黑，times new roman，英文摘要在前，中文摘要在后，中英摘要文要严格一致！从本页开始，页边距为：上下30mm， 左右25mm，全文都如此Abstract摘要内容：归纳和总结研究了什么问题，采用了什么方法，有什么结果和发现（重点描述），本研究有哪些意义及不足。注意：1. 摘要里不要写第一章介绍了什么，第二章讨论了什么等等，这个部分应该放在introduction的最后一段来写2. 摘要不要文字过少，摘要+关键词保证满一页或基本满一页，或控制在两页之内Language is the medium of cultural transmission. Vocabularies play an important role in language forming. Most of words reflect their specific cultural connotations in different cultural backgrounds. As the main component of English and Chinese, flower-related words reflect that their cultural implications have obvious differences in different languages and cultural backgrounds. As the intercultural communication between English-speaking countries and China becomes frequent, in order to avoid misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication, flower-related words which have distinct cultural implications have been a factor that can not be neglected in language learning. 每段的开头都要空四个字符，全文都如此，禁止出现空一个，两个，三个，五个或更多字符的情况！英文摘要用四号字，times new roman，不加黑This paper makes an attempt at a comparative analysis on several flowers cultural connotations. As a natural species, the shape, color and fragrance of flowers are the same in different regions. Hence, inevitably, some cultural connotations have some similarities in English and Chinese. However, different languages have their own national cultural basis, including ways of thinking, religions, mythologies, etc. Influenced by these factors, flower-related words with rich connotations may result in misunderstanding in intercultural communication. 中英文摘要要添加页码，要求：小写，罗马，小五号字，不加黑This thesis discusses the cultural connotations of flower-related words in English and Chinese in three chapters. Chapter one provides a theoretical basis for this study. Chapter two makes a general analysis and comparison on the cultural connotations of flower-related words through the information collected. Chapter three analyses the factors causing connotative differences, such as ways of thinking, religions and mythologies. 这个部分应该放在introduction的最后一段来写。摘要和关键词中间要空一行关键词之间用英文的分号隔开，分号之后需要打一个空格，再打下一个关键词。注意：最后一个关键词之后没有任何标点符号。Key words: flower-related words; cultural connotations; cultural differences; comparison 1. 关键词中专有名词大写，其他不大写2. 关键词一般给出3-5个，不加黑3. 中英文关键词要严格一致1. 顶格2. Key words 中间有空格，四号，加黑3. Key 首字母大写4. words 必须是复数形式5. Key words 后面用英文的冒号英文分号 ; 中文分号 ；页码小三，宋体，加黑，注意：摘要两个字中间要有一个空格摘 要语言是传播文化的媒介,词汇是构成语言的一个重要因素,大多数词汇在不同的文化背景下反映了其特定的文化内涵,花卉词语是英汉语言一个重要的组成部分，这些词语在不同的语言和文化背景下反映出的文化内涵有明显差异。随着中西文化交流的日益频繁，为了避免在跨文化交际中发生误解，具有不同文化内涵的花卉词语也成为语言学习中不可忽视的一点。四号，宋体，不加黑，中文也是每段开头空四个字符本文试图对几种花卉的文化内涵进行分析和对比研究，从文化角度解读英汉花卉词语。花作为一种自然生物，造型，色彩，芳香在不同地区基本一样，所以有些花卉的文化内涵在英汉语言中不可避免地存在某些共同点。但是不同的语言有着不同的民族文化基础，包括思维方式，宗教信仰，民间传说等。受这些因素的影响，具有丰富文化内涵的花卉词语极易导致人们在中西交际中产生误解。本文分三个章节来讨论英汉花卉词语的文化内涵。第一章是理论部分，为研究铺下理论基础。第二章笔者通过归纳从各种书刊收集的资料，对英汉花卉词语进行了分析与对比。第三章从思维方式，宗教信仰，民间神话等方面分析了英汉花卉词语文化内涵存在差异的原因。中文摘要和关键词中间也要空一行关键词：花卉词语；文化内涵；文化差异；对比 顶格，四号，宋体，加黑关键词之间用 中文的分号隔开，最后一个关键词后面没有任何标点中英文关键词要严格一致页码iiiCONTENTS要用复数形式, 全大写，小三号，times new roman, 加黑目录内容的要求：1. 全部为四号字，times new roman2. 除了Introduction 和Conclusion之外，论文必须包括三章或以上。3. 每一章都要给出两个或两个以上的二级标题；4. 二级标题下面可以再列出三级标题，也可以不列；5. 如果论文中有四级标题，不需要在目录里面列出；6. 所有标题的第一个单词和最后一个单词的首字母都要大写，其他实词的首字母全部需要大写，虚词（尤其是介词）含5个或以上字母的，也需要大写，如：Between6. 右面的页码要严格对齐Introduction整行都要加黑CONTENTS所有的一级标题都要整行加黑Introduction1二级标题和三级标题都不加黑，注意：二级标题和一级标题一样，都顶格，不缩进Chapter One Key Concepts and Literature Review21.1 Definition of Culture21.2 Cultural Connotations of Words31.3 Literature Review3Chapter Two Comparison of Cultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in English and Chinese52.1 Cultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in English52.2 Cultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in Chinese9如果标题需要占用两行，第一行最后一个单词要与上下两行的页码严格对齐，如：Flower-Related 这个词要与它上行的3和下行的5 严格对齐如：in 要与15和17严格对齐2.3 Flower-Related Words with Different Cultural Connotations15Chapter Three The Causes of the Differences of Flower-Related Words in Cultural Connotations173.1 Ways of Thinking17三级标题要缩进四个字符3.2 Religions17 3.2.1 Religion in Western Countries18 3.2.2 Religions in China183.3 Mythologies19 3.3.1 Western Mythologies19Conclusion整行加黑 3.3.2 Chinese Mythologies19Contents不需要添加页码Conclusion21整行加黑，注意References要用复数形式整行加黑，注意Acknowledgements也要用复数形式References22Acknowledgements23Contents不需要添加页码IntroductionIntroduction, Conclusion, References 和 Acknowledgements 全部居中，三号字，加黑；全文的英文都用times new roman中文部分都用宋体It is a common view that language is the carrier of culture. Words play a vital part in language. Words reflect some specific culture and in return, different culture depends on the connotative meanings of words. In the course of language learning, vocabulary is the most important basis. It is not enough to learn the meanings and word class of words. It is necessary to have a general knowledge of the cultural implications that the words connote. Lacking knowledge of the cultural background, it is hard to start an intercultural communication. 全文的正文都用小四号字，全文行距都为1.5倍注意：全文英文部分如果涉及到双引号，都用 “ ” 的形式，不允许用 的形式。单引号用 ，不允许用 的形式。另外，破折号用，中间不间断，不要用- ，或- ，或- 等形式。Flower-related words are a component of vocabularies. Influenced by the development of culture, flower terms have been endowed with rich connotative meanings. In different national backgrounds, the connotations of flower-related words have similarities and differences. A flower term may have quite different connotations in two cultures. Take “rose” as an example, it has a connotative meaning of “good things” in English while it refers to the beautiful but standoffish girls in Chinese. In addition, even two flower-related words also share identical cultural connotations. For example, both peach blossom and lotus connote the meaning of “beauty” in Chinese culture. Introduction文字不可以过少，至少保证一页或基本满一页。It has been realized that flower-related words are likely to lead to misunderstand in cross-cultural communication which seems inevitable due to the diversities of their cultural connotations. Hence, it is obligatory to have a profound study on the cultural connotations of flower-related words in English and Chinese. 从Introduction到Acknowledgements 开始添加页码，阿拉伯数字，小五号，不加黑Chapter OneKey Concepts and Literature Review所有的一级标题都居中，三号，加黑，如果标题过长需要两行，则采取“上少下多，排版美观”的原则。所有的一级标题都必须重起新的一页。绝对不可以大标题套小标题，中间必须有过渡性的文字描述In order to make the theoretical basis clear for the comparison of cultural connotations of flower-related words between English and Chinese, some concepts and relevant researches are discussed in this chapter including definition of culture, cultural connotations of words and literature review. 1. 正文中所有的小标题都顶格，不缩进；2. 二级标题用四号字，加黑。3. 三级标题用小四号字，加黑。注意：每一个小标题下不可以只有一个自然段，至少两个自然段或以上。（一个自然段是不需要给出小标题的，自然分段即可）1.1 Definition of Culture The word “culture” is from the Latin word “cultura”, which means “to cultivate”. The definition of culture is extensive. Many philosophers, socialists, linguists, and anthropologists are trying to define culture from their own subjects perspectives, but, so far, there is still not a satisfactory explanation. 正文中的直接引用需标出出处，格式为(年份:页码) 具体引用格式请参照本模板第10-11页内容。注意：括号要用英文的括号( ) ，不是中文的（ ），冒号要用英文的冒号 : ，不是中文的 ： 。Sapir, a famous anthropologist and linguist, says “Culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks.”(2002:180). Hoebel and Frost define it as an “integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance.”(1976:6). Philip Bock points out “Culture is what makes you a stranger when youre away from home.”(1984). In my opinion, Philips view shows that different regions have different cultures. A close opinion from Geert Hofstede is “Culture is the collective programming of the mind distinguishing the members of one group or category of people from another.” Hofstede is the founder of the comparative study of different culture. The Oxford Advanced Learners English-Chinese Dictionary has listed several meanings of culture; they are way of life, art, music, literature, beliefs, attitudes, growing, breeding, cells, bacteria and so on. According to Deng Yanchang (1988), “Culture can be most simply defined as a set of shared ideas, or the customs, beliefs, and knowledge that characterize a way of life.” From all the above definitions, one can see that culture is like an iceberg. It is such a complex phenomenon and it needs time to study. 所有的小标题都不可以在某一页的最后一行，如果排版刚好排在了最后一行，需要把该小标题放到第二页的第一行1.2 Cultural Connotations of Words Word is the fundamental component of language. Meaning is the medium through which words and language are connected with the real world. Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning are main types of word meaning. Words can be classified into functional words and content words according to the notion. Lexical meaning is dominant in content words whereas grammatical meaning is dominant in functional words. Lexical meaning may be subdivided into denotative meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning and affective meaning. Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in ones mind. It is far more important because people who speak different languages may have their own special comprehension of the same word. For example, both “dragon” and “龙” have the same denotative meaninga large animal with wings and a long tail which can breathe out fire, but their connotative meanings are different. “Dragon” is a kind of aggressive animal and is the standard of evil. In the Bible, Satan, who is against God, is called the great dragon. And it also refers to a woman who behaves in an aggressive and frightening way especially in British English. On the contrary, “龙”，as the symbol of the emperor in ancient China, is respected by Chinese people. One more example, “white” and “白色” mean the color of fresh snow or of milk. In western countries, “white” is the main color of wedding dress for they regard it as the symbol of purity. However, in China, “白色” always relates with the funeral and is a taboo color in festival occasions. 1.3 Literature Review So far, there are many studies and researches on culture and language both in English and Chinese. Sapir has published his well-known linguistic theory in which he expresses his view on language and culture. He points out that culture may be defined as what a society does and thinks while language refers to how people think. Professor Deng Yanchangs work Language and Culture gives a lot of example to illustrate the importance of the comparison of the culture between English-Speaking countries and China. Wide and various studies and researches on the cultural connotations of flower-related words have been flourishing in China. Liang Yan takes a study on Chinese and Japanese differences of aesthetic consciousness from the perspective of peony and cherry blossoms. Yao Wenqing makes a comparison between Chinese flower culture and Japanese one peach blossom and oriental cherry. Yu Yong compares the tale of peony and cherry from the distinct understandings of wealth between Chinese people and the Japanese. Chen Kaichun does a research on the cultural connotations of flower-related words in Chinese and Vietnamese. The culture of Vietnam is deeply influenced by Chinese advanced culture because of the geographic position. However, so far, there are still only several works which are talking about the implications of flower-related words both in English and Chinese. Most of works compare the cultural connotations of flower terms between western region and China or between Asian countries and China, so I will focus my attention on the study of both English and Chinese flower-related words. For example, rose implicates different meanings in English and Chinese respectively. 每一章都必须重起新一页Chapter TwoCultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in English and ChineseIn the development process of history and culture, there is a close relationship established gradually between human and flowers. According to the types of flowers, biological characteristics, shape, color, smell and so on, people endow flower with many cultural connotations. That makes flower-related words become the symbol which has a specific cultural meaning. 2.1 Cultural Connotations of Flower-Related Words in EnglishThe following three sub-chapters will present the cultural connotations of rosemary, rose and lily in English culture. 2.1.1 Rosemary三级标题用小四号字，加黑。The word rosemary is from two Latin words “ros” and “marinus”. It is an evergreen shrub with small narrow leaves that smell sweet and are used in cooking as a herb. In English culture, rosemary can be used both in wedding and in funeral, so rosemary has multiple connotations.Firstly, rosemary is a symbol of “death”. In the funeral people put the rosemary on the grave of the deceased relative in order to show their mourning. In the William Shakespeares famous play Romeo and Juliet, rosemary is a symbol of death. When people think Juliet has dead, the priest tells them “Dry up your tears and stick your rosemary on this fair corpse”. The English poet A. E. Houseman also uses rosemary to symbolize death in his poem Bring in This Timeless Grave to Throw. Secondly, rosemary is also a symbol of love. If the rosemary appears in a wedding, it means love but not death anymore. In Shakespeares Hamlet, with rosemary on his hand, Ophelia says “Theres rosemary, thats for remembrance, pray, love, remember; and there is pansies, thats for thoughts.” When the wet nurse realizes that Juliet has loved Romeo, she jokes that “Doth not rosemary and Romeo begin with a letter?” She means that name Romeo Conclusion 必须重起新一页。字数：至少满一页，或基本满一页，不可以过少。ConclusionThis paper has first briefly explained the concepts of culture, cultural connotations and provided a literature review. Then the main cultural connotations of rosemary, rose, lily, peach blossom, and lotus and plum blossom are presented. Besides, a comparison has been made between the flower-related words in English and Chinese culture. Finally, some causes of the differences are discussed, such as ways of thinking, religions, and mythologies. Language is the carrier of culture. It is significant for a person who wants to communicate with foreigners to have not only enough vocabulary, grammar knowledge but also sufficient knowledge about cultural differences and cultural backgrounds. It is not suitable or polite to bring Chinese culture into a western situation. From the discussion in chapter two, the connotative meanings of some flower-related words are totally distinct in different cultural backgrounds. Take rose as an example, the expression “under the rose” may be easily associated with Chinese idiom “花前月下” and be considered it as a romantic expression. As a result, the English speaker will be confused or even annoyed if a Chinese person makes a misunderstanding of this expression. The comparison and contrast of the connotations of flower-related words between English and Chinese give a clear analysis and offers a concrete guide for cross-cultural communication. What causes these differences are talked about. Ways of thinking is a factor which influences the implications of flower terms. English people would prefer to logical thinking while Chinese people prefer to image thinking. Language is also the carrier of religions. Religions have been the great spiritual power to the believers. The development of some religions exerts an impact on the cultural connotations of some flower-related words. Furthermore, many mythologies effect or even depend on some connotative meanings of some flower terms. On the basis of this research, we can find a key to have a primary knowledge of some flowers cultures in English and Chinese though this paper may have some deficiencies. We can gradually weaken the cultural misunderstanding and make a better cross-cultural communication. References必须重起新一页英文文献在前，中文文献在后References文献如果多于一行，第二行或其他行顶格写即可，无需缩进1 Brown, H. D. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching M. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002.英文文献要求：1. 以 作者姓氏的首字母顺序排序（非常重要）2. 姓在前，名在后，姓名中间用逗号隔开，名用缩写形式3. 文献标注M.的，前面的文献名称要斜体，M后面要先标注出版地，冒号，再标注出版社，再标注年份，无需页码。非常重要！中英文文献的出版地都要写城市名，而不是省名或州名，如：可以写Beijing，Shanghai，New York，London等；不要写New Jersy， Connecticut，Florida等州名。可以写 北京，上海，西安等，不要写河北，湖北，陕西等省名。2 Hoebel, E.A. & E.L. Frost.Culture and Social Anthropology M. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976.4. 如果作者是两个人，第一个作者姓在前，名在后， 中间用&(或and)， 第二个作者名在前，姓在后，名和姓中间不用逗号英文的冒号英文的句号英文的逗号3 Searle, J. R. A Classification of Illocutionary ActsJ. Language in Society, 1976(05):1-23. 5. 文献标注J的，J后面的期刊名称斜体 年份 第几期 页码注：1) 期刊如果是第1-9期，前面要加上0，如上面的（05）。2) 期刊一定要在最后加上页码。中文文献作者后面用实心圆点。如果作者不止一人，用中文逗号隔开，最后一个作者后用实心圆点，如：邓炎昌，刘润清.实心圆点，不是中文句号中文的逗号中文的冒号4 邓炎昌. 现代美国社会与文化M. 北京：高等教育出版社, 1988.中文文献全部不斜体。标注M的，也是出版地：出版社，年份.中文文献按照作者姓氏的首字母排序。中文的冒号