METS3考试须知.doc

医护英语水平考试（三级）辅导METS LEVEL IIIUNIT ONETEXTPrenatal DevelopmentNormally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. The long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and the fetus phase.The zygote refers to the single-celled form of the new baby produced by fertilization. It travels along the mothers fallopian tube and finally embeds itself into the uterus. At the same time, the zygote divides rapidly and turns into the multi-celled form, called blastula. After the first three weeks of zygote phase follows the embryo phase. Dramatic changes and organ and system developments take place during this phase. The placenta comes into being and establishes the life-support system between the embryo and the mother. It is responsible for gas and blood supply and waste excretion of the new baby. Meanwhile, part of the blastula differentiates into the amniotic sac, which contains amniotic fluid and the baby. The main part of embryo differentiates into three layers. The outside layer, called ectoderm, eventually becomes the spinal column, the nervous system and the skin. The middle layer, named mesoderm, later develops into muscle and bone. The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs.During the fourth and fifth weeks after conception, heartbeat can be detected and limbs, hands or even fingers apparent. Vital organs, including brain, lungs, stomach and kidneys are formed and start functioning in the following weeks. By the end of the ninth week, testes or ovaries are visible to tell the sex of the baby. The last phase of fetus begins from the 12th week after conception. The baby with fully developed organs and systems comes into the rapid growth period. Various kinds of movements are detected by the 14th week, including swallow, digestion, urination and limb movements. In the later phase of fetus development, body size and weight are dramatically increased till birth. Sensory perceptions are developed between the 13th and 29th weeks. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress.New Words35prenatal pri:neitl adj. 出生以前的zygote zaiut n. 合子，受精卵embryo embriu n.胚胎fetus fi:ts n.胎儿fertilization f:tilaizeiFn n. 受精，受孕fallopian tube flupin tju:b n.输卵管embed imbed v.把嵌入，埋入uterus ju:trs n.子宫blastula blstjul n.囊胚placenta plsentn.胎盘excretion ekskri: Fnn. 排泄differentiate difrenFieitv.分化amniotic sac mniRtik sk n.羊膜囊amniotic fluid mniRtik flu:idn.羊水ectoderm ektud:mn.外胚层spinal column spainl kRlm n.脊柱mesoderm mesd:m n.中胚层endoderm endud:m n.内胚层conception knsepFn n.怀孕testis testis n. 睾丸ovary uvri n.卵巢digestion didVestFn n.消化urination jurineiFn n.排尿sensory perception sensri psepFn n.感知觉NOTES OF THE TEXT1. Normally, it takes about 40 weeks for a single cell to grow up into a fully formed newborn baby. 正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。 本句句型可以归纳成: It takes + 时间 + 不定式。其中，it为形式主语，指代其后的不定式短语。我们在语言学习的过程中，应该做个有心人，不断地归纳一些句型，这样做，有利于提高自己的英语实际运用能力。2. The long period takes on dramatic changes and is typically divided into three phases: the zygote phase, the embryo phase and the fetus phase. 这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段：受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。 先注意本句主语，The long period 再对照其中文表达方式，你可以发现英文思维方式的点点滴滴。说句实话，学英文的中国学生要写出这样的句子有一定难度。但是学习中多多注意这样的思维方式的观摩与学习，可以避免写出中国式英语，那种对于英国人来说充满异国情的英文。3. The fetus is alert to the outside noise, sensitive to different tastes and able to initiate neurological reactions to stress hormones. 他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。 注意搭配be alert to，我们在学习英文的过程中，要十分重视词组的积累。有一个说法很有道理：背单词不如背词组，这是因为，词组在构句过程中，能量更大。不要寄希望于临机一动，那是不可靠的。因此，不妨做个有心人，边学习，边收集，日积月累，必有成效。学习建议：学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。READING COMPREHENSION1. The single-celled form of the new baby is calledA BlastulaB Zygote C EmbryoD Placenta2. Which part is responsible for oxygen supply for the fetus?A BlastulaB Zygote C EmbryoD Placenta3. How long does it take the fertilized zygote to develop into a mature newborn?A 7 monthsB 8 monthsC 9 monthsD 10 months4. The endoderm is the original form of theA SkinB MuscleC OrgansD Spinal column5. The lungs come into function at theA 2rd weekB 4th weekC 6th weekD 12th week6. How would fetus response to his mothers depression?A He decreases its movements.B He increases its movements.C He reduces its growth.D He quickens its growth.ANSWERS1B2D.3D.4C.5C.6B.阅读点津 应试技巧：定位答题依据阅读理解需要运用技巧，首先，学生要弄懂“定位”解题信息的方法，因为在定位答案过程中，这一方法可以起到关键作用。定位词（词组）指的是题干中与原文中某一词或词组相同、相似的词或词组。一般我们选择1-2个定位词，犹如XY坐标，这样做有利于准确定位原文中的答案依据。例如，阅读理解第4题，我们可以选用endoderm和original作为定位词。因而，很快就可找到并确定原文中的答题依据为：The inner layer, named endoderm, differentiates into the internal organs. 因此答案为C。当然，我们所选的定位词最好具有某种排他性的意义，这样有利于迅速在文中找到答案依据。具体来说，可分四步走：（1）浏览问题，确定定位词；（2）浏览文章，寻找定位词所在句，即答题依据；（3）精读答题依据，确定细节信息点；（4）浏览问题后各选项，确定文中的细节信息与哪一项相符。TRANSLATION OF THE TEXT胚胎的生长发育正常情况下，一个单细胞生长成发育完善的新生儿需要经历40周的时间。这段漫长的时期中会发生翻天覆地的变化，通常可划分成三个阶段：受精卵期、胚胎期和胎儿期。受精卵指受精后产生的单细胞形式的新生儿，必须沿着母体的输卵管向外游走，最终到达并种植在子宫内。与此同时，受精卵快速分化，变成多细胞形式的囊胚。完成受精的三个星期之后，受精卵即转化进入胚胎期。在此阶段，胚胎发生巨大变化，并且完成器官和系统的生长发育。胎盘出现后，胚胎和母体间建立起生命支持系统，为胚胎和胎儿输送血液和氧气，并清除排泄废物。与此同时，一部分囊胚分化成羊膜囊，包被胎儿和羊水。胚胎的主体部分分化成三个胚层。最外一层，称为外胚层，最终会演变成脊柱、神经系统和皮肤；中间一层，称为中胚层，今后将形成肌肉和骨骼；最内一层，称为内胚层，分化成内脏器官。受精后的第四周到第五周，可检测到胎儿的心跳，并分辨出四肢、手臂甚至是手指的模样。之后的数周内，大脑、肺脏、胃、肾脏等重要生命器官开始成形并发挥功能。到第九周，可以根据显现的睾丸或卵巢来辨别胎儿的性别。最后一个阶段，即胎儿期，从怀孕12周开始。这个阶段中，胎儿的各个器官和系统进入快速发展期。14周时，可检测到胎儿的各种运动，包括吞咽、消化、排尿和肢体运动等。胎儿期的后半阶段直至出生，胎儿的体型和体重迅速增长。胎儿的感知觉发育出现在第13周至第29周。他们对外界声响产生了警觉，对各种味道有了感应，并对各种应激激素开始产生神经反应。因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。翻译要诀 双语对比学习英语其实，对于METS一级的学生讲一点翻译，真正的意图并非是训练翻译技巧，培养翻译能力。我们希望通过翻译练习，一方面熟悉所教语言知识，另一方面，通过双语对比，我们有可能学到地道的英文思维方式。比如，我们对比下面的两个句子：He is a good runner.He runs well.虽然意思差不多，第一句显然更为地道。记住：与中文表达方式差距比较大的句子往往是地道的英语表达方式。正是出于这个目的，我们主张医学生要学一点翻译技巧。注意，翻译其实传达的应该是原文的意思，而不是原文的结构。如果我们严格地按照原文的结构进行翻译，很可能得到的是带有浓重翻译腔的译文，这样就达不到通过双语对比学习英语的目的。毕竟中文与英文是两种不一样的语言。比如，课文中有这样一句：Therefore, pregnant women often complain of the vigorous kicking by the fetus especially when the mothers themselves fall into distress.如果我们逐词翻译：因此，孕妇常常抱怨被胎儿猛踢，尤其是当穆青情绪低落时。那么译文就不太流畅。其实，翻译时，可以根据中文的表达习惯，进行某种程度的“改写”，这样译文才能符合中文习惯。因此，我们在这里译成：因此，怀孕妇女常常抱怨腹中胎儿对自己拳打脚踢，自己在情绪低落时，这种感受尤其明显。课文中还有一些句子的“改写”，也是基于这么个考虑。大家可以细心加以体会。语法点滴 语法应试技巧 一般来说，METS考生已经接受过一定时间的基础英语语法的学习与训练。尽管如此，还是有相当多的考生，面对语法题一筹莫展。其中一个原因可能是不熟悉语法题解题方法。其实，命题老师在编写语法考题时，一定会在题目中自觉或不自觉地留下解题信息。抓住这些信息，无疑会大大提高考生的答题效率与答题准确性。要抓住解题信息，考生可采取“优选法”，即通过直观判断，运用相关语法知识，做出抉择。此时，即使题中有若干生词，或对题意不甚了解，也可不加理会。例如：By the end of this term I _ my diploma.A) shall have obtainedB) shall obtainC) may have obtainedD) ought to have obtained题干中By the end of this term表明，只有现在或过去将来时态可以匹配。因此，A）为答案。一般来说，时态的选择与时间状语有关，也就是说，时间状语构成所谓的解题信息。若By the end of this term改为This term，则应选择B），因为this term表将来时间。此时，考生是否理解整句意思似乎并非解题关键，不明白diploma一词的意思也并不妨碍正确答题。Exercise1We _ with you for the time being. A. will stay B. will be staying C. would stay D. have stayed2What _ you _ tomorrow morning? A. are/going to do B. are/doing C. are/done D. have/done3It _ Jane who helped me the other day. A. is B. was C. are D. were4. Mother promised she _ me an English-Chinese dictionary. A. is buying B. will buy C. would buy D. has bought5. It is getting late. Its time we _. A. go B. went C. are going D. must go 6. He _ English for ten years by the time he takes the examination. A. will have been studying B. would have been studying C. will study D. studiedThe Key1B 2A3B4C5B6A 写作园地1）写作辅导到目前为止，我们在大学英语课程中学习了一些基本的英语句型，无疑，掌握这些句型，对于英文写作是很有帮助。但是，符合句型的句子也不一定是好的句子。下面我们要在三级辅导材料部分中，通过实例分析来讲解初学英语写作的人经常出现的一些问题。请看下例：Yesterday Tom had his hand burnt, and he could not find his lecture notes anywhere.这句句子有问题，但问题不在于语法或句型，而在于这句句子表达了两个联系不甚紧密的思想，给人一种莫名其妙的感觉，没有逻辑性。注意下列规则：用一句句子表达联系紧密的思想；用两句或更多的句子表达相关但联系不甚紧密的思想。根据这条规则，我们可以修改上句如下：Unfortunately all day yesterday, Xiao Li not only had his hand burnt, but also lost his lecture notes.说明：采用not onlybut also，两个思想的关系就变得清楚了。同时增加unfortunately一词，起到了概括的作用。由此可见，掌握一定的写作技巧有多重要。 2) Writing PracticeWrite a paragraph on Nursing Home based on the following key words (130 words):Long-term care facility, rehabilitation, the elderly, ADL, meet the needs of, nurse, dominent role, basic nursing care, malnutrition, dehydration, chronic diseases, health maintianence, disease prevention, symptom management, self-careAnswer:A nursing home is one kind of long-term care facilities in our society. It is a special place for the elderly and mainly focuses on rehabilitation care. In the nursing home, health care workers help the residents with activities of daily living and meet their physicial, emotional and social needs. Nursing homes operates a little different from other kinds of health care facilities. In a nursing home, it is the nurses who take thedominent role as most residnets there require basic nursing care rather than medical treatments. The major tasks for nurses may be dealing with malnutrition and dehydration rather than medication administration. Most elderly residents have more thanone chronic diseases. Therefore nurses in nursing homes play an important role in health maintainence and disease prevention. They are responsible for sumptom management and self-care assistance. 医护英语水平考试（三级）辅导METS LEVEL IIIUNIT TWOTEXT Consciousness & Personality: Freuds theoryIn Freuds theory, human beings bear both conscious and unconscious mind. Conscious mind refers to ones awareness of particular matters at particular moments. One persons present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies and feelings, all of these make up of the conscious mind. The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking, which, according to Freud, is the source of our motivations. Instincts and drives are not easily available and come into our awareness, but they do affect our decision and action. Other kinds of unconscious mind such as panic memories and emotions long time ago also hit back on us from time to time without any reason.Based on the theory above, Freud conceptualized the process of personality development into a series of conflicts at a persons early age. On one hand, children develop various primitive desires, most of which are based on hedonism; on the other hand, the society and surroundings impose many restrictions and obstructions on children. Inside each person there are three types of personality dealing with the conflict. Each type, although operating separately from the other two, is essential for every human being. The first type is id, an unconscious collection of selfish instincts, consisting of all the basic desires, motivations and vitality. Id is the source of psychological power and follows the hedonistic rules rather than obeying the social morality or code of conduct. The mission of id is to pursue individual physical comfort, the needs of survival and reproduction, which attributes to the unconscious mind. The second personality type, ego, although belonging to the unconscious level, refers to the thoughts, feelings, judgments or memories within the self-awareness realm. The motivation of ego is to fulfill the needs of id under the realistic rules without any punishment and injuries to the individual. The third type, superego, represents for the ideal part of a persons personality. The superego receives impacts from the social ethics, culture and values throughout the individual growth and development. It is under the mission of pursuing personal perfection through self-supervision, self-criticism and restriction. As a result, the superego demands the ego to serve the needs of id in a socially acceptable pattern. New Wordsperception psepFn n. 观点，看法 fantasy fntsi n. 想象，幻想motivation mutiveiFn n. 动机instinct instiktn. 本能，天性，直觉panic pnik adj. 恐慌的，惊慌的conceptualize knseptjulaiz v. 使概念化primitive primitiv adj. 原始的，简单的hedonism hi:dnizm n.享乐主义id aidi: n. 本我vitality vaitliti n.生命力，活力psychological saiklRdVikl adj. 心理的，精神的hedonistic hi:dnistik adj. 快乐主义的morality mrliti n. 道德，德行 reproduction ri:prdQkFn n. 繁殖，生殖ego i:u n. 自我realm relm n. 领域，范畴 superego sju:preu n. 超我 ethics eiks n. 伦理，道德规范criticism kritisizm n. 批评，批判NOTES OF THE TEXT1. The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking, which, according to Freud, is the source of our motivations. 无意意识也是我们思想中的一大重要内容。根据弗洛伊德的说法，无意意识是人类动机的源泉。分析本句结构，The unconscious mind also takes a large part of our thinking为主句，which, according to Freud, is the source of our motivations.为非限制性从句。值得注意的是according to Freud, 插入从句，本身构成割裂式结构。这种结构与中文距离比较大，那就是比较地道的英文说法。事实上，中国学生英文写作时，很少会主动选择这种思维表达法。因此，值得我们关注。2. The first type is id, an unconscious collection of selfish instincts, consisting of all the basic desires, motivations and vitality. 第一种人格是本我，它是一种无意识状态下的自我本能的集合，包括所有基本欲望、动机和生命力。本句中的an unconscious collection of selfish instincts与id同位，本质上它是名词结构，这种结构也值得我们关注。我们可以这样理解，an unconscious collection of selfish instincts=which is an unconscious collection of selfish instincts。后一种句式，更容易为我们所理解，因为与中文喜欢多用句子的表达倾向比较接近。不过作为准备参加国际医护考试或从事涉外医务实践的学生，了解英文思维表达方式很有必要。3. The mission of id is to pursue individual physical comfort, the needs of survival and reproduction, which attributes to the unconscious mind. 本我的职责是追求个人生理上的舒适，满足个体生存和繁殖的需要，属于无意意识的范畴。本句同样可以从课文注释3的角度去理解，the needs of survival and reproduction,也是同位语，作为名词结构与individual physical comfort同位。3级程度课文中这种结构出现得比较多，其实也反映英文的特点。可以得到的启发是；我们以后用英文写作翻译时，可以有意识地多用这类结构，这样，我们所说或写的英文才能更多地体现英文的内在特点。分析一下本句的结构：The mission of id为主语，is to pursue individual physical comfort为系表结构，其中不定式to pursue individual physical comfort作表语，the needs of survival and reproduction作为名词结构与表语部分同位，非限制性定语从句which attributes to the unconscious mind补充说明前句内容。这种结构本课课文中还有一些，大家不妨找找看，加深印象。学习建议：学完课文以后，可以试着把课文译文翻译成英文，再与课文对照，以加深对课文的理解和对语言点的掌握。READING COMPREHENSION1. All of the following, which are related to conscious mind, are true exceptA A persons awareness of special thingsB Memories in specific period of timeC Quickness to recallD The major part of thinking2. The unconscious mind consists of a set of things except forA Instincts B DrivesC Scare experiencesD Fresh memories3. The differences of conscious mind and unconscious mind do not includeA Aware vs. unawareB Action influential vs. uninfluentialC Specific vs. ambiguous D Present vs. past4. Which kind of action is excluded as for pursuing personal perfection under superego? A Self-awarenessB Self-criticismC Self-supervisionD Self-restriction5. A persons id works under the guidance of A Social rulesB Realistic rulesC Self-gratification rulesD The needs of ego6. Which statement is true in regard to the relationship of three personality types? A Id serves for egoB Id serves for superegoC Ego serves for idD Ego serves for superegoANSWERS1C.2D.3B.4A.5C.6. C. 阅读点津： 寻读技巧 (scan)英语考试阅读题题型，一般来说，主要是细节事实题。细节题常用来测试考生理解阅读材料具体内容的能力。应对细节题，关键是理解细节信息，包括理解作者写作时所使用的具体事实、数据、图表、图形等等细节信息，与此同时，考生还得思考这些细节信息在具体上下文中出现的原因，有什么功能。这些细节信息都是我们在做阅读题必须思考的问题。 要迅速有效地把握细节信息，我们需要掌握在考试中快速搜索信息的方法。细节题是对学生思维能力的挑战，用于检验学生是否具有良好的识别能力及迅速应变能力。在以前的学习中，我们已经了解作细节题的关键是要学会在题干中寻找定位词。当然定位词还应该具有排外性、标志性。这样有利于快速定位答案依据。本课的阅读练习题大多为为细节题。读者可试着做一下。当然，为了提高解题效率与速度，正确把握文章细节，我们可以适当运用寻读技巧(scan) 。所谓“寻读”技巧(scan)， 就是说，要求考生在阅读的时候，不必过分强调对于文章内容的整体理解。我们只需按照文章顺序，跳跃式地寻找有关的具体内容，往往是考题所涉及的细节、事实，来加以阅读理解即可。换句话说，考试时，就是只阅读你认为重要的可能要考的细节部分，其他可以略过不读。一般来说，寻读技巧使用时，有一些规律性的东西。比如，因果关系重在果，因此，寻读时，优先关注表结果的句子，因为这个部分才是作者强调的东西。再如，目的行动重在行动，等等。我们不妨利用上述方法来解答本课的阅读理解题。考博网u%Gc |5V,q4lTRANSLATION OF THE TEXT弗洛伊德理论：意识和人格在弗洛伊德的理论中，人类同时具有有意和无意两种意识。有意意识指人在特定时刻对特定事件的感知。一个人现阶段的观念、记忆、想法、幻想和感受，所有这些均属于有意意识。无意意识也是我们思想中的一大重要内容。根据弗洛伊德的说法，无意意识是人类动机的源泉。直觉和内在驱使无法轻易获得，也无法直接清楚地感知到，但却能影响人的决定和行动。其他类型的无意意识，例如很久之前经历的恐慌记忆和情绪，也会偶尔在毫无缘由的情况下突然重现。根据上述理论，弗洛伊德将人格的发展过程归结为人类孩童时期所经历的一系列冲突。一方面，儿童会产生各种简单的欲望，这些欲望大多以获得快乐为目标。另一方面，整个社会和周围环境给儿童施加了很多限制和障碍。在人类内心，有三种人格类型同时处理这些冲突和矛盾。三种类型尽管各不相同，对于每一个个人而言，三者都是必须的，不可或缺的。第一种人格是本我，它是一种无意识状态下的自我本能的集合，包括所有基本欲望、动机和生命力。本我是心理能量的源泉，它遵循快乐为本的原则，而不是中规中矩地遵循社会道德或行为规范。本我的职责是追求个人生理上的舒适，满足个体生存和繁殖的需要，属于无意意识的范畴。第二种人格类型称为自我。自我也属于无意意识，但它包含了思想、感觉、判断或记忆等能为自己所察觉的内容。自我的动机是遵循现实的原则，在不使个体受惩罚和伤害的前提下满足本我的需求。第三种人格类型是超我，它代表了个体人格中的理想状态。超我在个体的生长发育过程中不断接受社会道德、文化和价值观的熏陶。它通过自我监督、自我批评和自我制约的方式追求和实现自我完美。因此，超我要求自我按照社会可接受的方式满足自我。翻译要诀： 什么是翻译？什么是翻译？追根究底，翻译就是用一种语言准确而又通顺地表达另一种语言所包含的思想内容。翻译的成败得失取决于译文的意思是否与原文保持一致。评判译文好坏优劣公认的标准是“准确、通顺”。所谓译文准确，就是说，译文必须符合原文的意思，我们对于原文不应有任何的篡改和随意的发挥，否则就可能差之毫厘，失之千里。所谓译文通顺，就是说，译文应该在忠实于原文的基础上，对原文的表达形式进行一定的灵活处理，使译文通顺流畅。为了达到这个目的，我们不能拘泥于原文的形式，逐字逐句地死译。请看例句讨论，在课文翻译中，“自我的动机是遵循现实的原则，在不使个体受惩罚和伤害的前提下满足本我的需求。”一句所对应的课文原文为：The motivation of ego is to fulfill the needs of id under the realistic rules without any punishment and injuries to the individual. 倘若逐字翻译：自我的动机是在无对个体任何惩罚与伤害的现实规则之下实现本我的需求，这样的译文就充满了翻译腔，仿佛是“披着中文外衣的英文”。对比原文与译文，我们可以发现，在译文中，译者对原文中的一些词作了调整。因此，译者在翻译过程中可以根据各自语言特点，根据目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式做出调整，以避免翻译腔。语法点滴 wish的用法1、2级的学习中，我们了解了基本的语法知识。在3级辅导材料中，我们根据考试的要求，选择一些容易搞错的语法项目进行深入学习。本课中，我们学习wish的用法。wish可用于虚拟语气，表达说话