考研英语：1996翻译真题精练精讲.doc

凯程考研集训营，为学生引路，为学员服务！考研英语：1996翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes.（71）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some，however，are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take，by persons in authority，act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend.（72）This trend began during the Second World War，when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted，however，that from time to time，questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order.（73）This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.This kind of support，like all government support，requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straight forward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting “good” as opposed to “bad” science，but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally，the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory.（74）However，the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful aspects.（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past，giving rise to new standards of elegance.二、翻译题解（71）Some of these causesarecompletely reasonable results of social needs. Othersarereasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号，介词短语Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. / Others are reasonable consequences /of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.解析：这是两个简单句。在所有英译汉真题中，划线部分都是一个句子，要么是一个简单句，要么是一个复合句，由两个简单句构成一个考题这是惟一的一次。这两个简单句都是主系表结构。（1）主干结构是对比句Some. are. reasonable results of. Others are reasonable consequences of.（2）介词短语of particular advances作定语修饰consequences；in science作定语修饰advances；分词短语being to some extent self-accelerating作定语修饰science。词的处理：reasonable results合理的结果，必然结果others代词=other reasons，应译成名词“其他原因”。reasonable consequences=reasonable resultsparticular advances in science科学中的特定发展being self-accelerating分词短语，修饰名词science。accelerate意为“加速”，self-accelerating意为“自我加速的”。to some extent在某种程度上to.extent意为“在程度上”，其他例子如：to a large（或great）extent在很大程度上to that extent到那个程度to an（或a certain）extent在一定程度上are. results of是的结果，来自于技巧点拨：（1）these causes中的these在此为指示代词，由于它修饰名词，相当于形容词，一般直接翻译成代词，而不需要译成名词。但如果出现表达不清，或者补充说明之后更清楚，则可以根据文章的意思加以还原。（2）Some of these causes其字面意思为“这些原因中的一些原因是.”，不太符合汉语习惯，可以进行拆分，调整为“在这些原因中，有些（原因）是.”或者“其中一些原因”。（3）in science being to some extent self-accelerating中to some extent作状语修饰being self-accelerating，字面意思为“在某种程度上自我加速的科学”。那么与前面的中心连在一起就成了“在某种程度上自我加速的科学的特定发展的必然结果”，不是很通顺，可以将动作发出者提前，调整为“科学在某种程度上自我加速的特定发展的必然结果”，根据增词法可以更进一步调整为“科学在某种（一定）程度上自我加速而产生的某些特定发展的必然结果”。完整译文：在这些原因中，有些完全是自然而然地来自社会需求，另一些则是由于科学在一定程度上自我加速而产生某些特定发展的必然结果。（72）This trendbeganduring the Second World War,whenseveral governmentscame tothe conclusionthatthe specific demandsthata governmentwantsto make of its scientific establishmentcannotgenerallybe foreseenin detail.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号 ，从属连词This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion / that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment / cannot generally be foreseen in detail.解析：这是一个多重复合句。This trend began是主谓结构的主句，during the Second World War是介词短语作状语修饰主句，when several governments came to the conclusion是定语从句修饰the Second World War, that the specific demands cannot be foreseen是名词conclusion的同位语从句，而that a government wants to make是修饰the specific demands的定语从句，of its scientific establishment是修饰make的状语，in detail是修饰foreseen的状语。词的处理：come to the conclusion得出结论然是结果establishment这个词不能理解成抽象的“建立”，因为联系原文make (demands) of scientific establishment指的是“向.提出要求”，显然此处需要向一个具体而非抽象的事物提出要求，因此不能选其抽象意思“建立”，应该取其熟词生义“机构”，另外文章中提供了线索，我们可以在这个句子后面找到treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine（把科学establishment看作是一种资源或者一台机器)，而“科学资源”或者“科学机器”是可以让我们联想到“科研机构”的。in detail惯用法，意为“详细地”技巧点拨：（1）This trend译成“这种趋势”是可以接受的，因为this是指示代词，可以直接翻译，但如果按前面句子的意思补充成“这种可怕的趋势”当然更好。（2）when引导定语从句注意：when引导定语从句不能与引导时间状语从句相混淆，不能译成“当.的时候”。when引导定语从句时前面一般有表示时间的名词作先行词，如果表过去时间，when译成“其时”、“当时”、“在那个时候”，如果表将来，则译成“到时”、“届时”，有时候还可以译成“然后”、“随后”。（3）此处同位语从句采用常用的同位语从句的翻译方法（常译为“即”“那就是”或使用冒号、破折号），本句适合采用冒号法。（4）被动语态cannot generally be foreseen，按照被动语态的翻译方法，可以将“通常无法被预见”调整为“通常无法预见”。完整译文：这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论：政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。（73）Thisseemsmostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号 ，从属连词This seems mostly effectively done /by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals /but of possible consequence in the future.解析：这是一个简单句。This seems done是句子的主干，为主系表结构。（1）介词短语by supporting a certain amount of research做方式状语修饰done（2）not.but.结构作后置定语修饰名词research。即(not) related to immediate goals和(but) of possible consequence in the future做后置定语修饰research。由此断定related to意思等于of。词的处理：mostly意为“几乎全部地，主要地，一般地，通常”。done在句中必须与this结合起来理解，根据this指代名词problem, done的意思应该是“解决”。by doing sth.常常表示手段、方法或方式，译为“通过”、“以”。not.but.一般否定前者、肯定后者，译为“不是.而是.”，“没有.但有.”。技巧点拨：（1）this指代需还原。前文this is a new problem曾出现过problem一词，接着又有it is a frightening trend，再接着“.无法预见，然而可以预见的是.，因此.”这样的叙述，this显然是指代名词“problem”。（2）被动语态this seems mostly effectively done，直接翻译则为“这个问题似乎能够被最有效地解决”，但会导致不通顺，调整为主动较好，即“通常能有效地解决这个问题”。（3）By supporting a certain amount of research.为状语，调整到修饰的句子之前更符合汉语习惯。（4）Not related to immediate goals和(but) of possible consequence in the future为并列后置定语修饰research，翻译时需要前置。完整译文：给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持，看来通常能有效地解决这一问题。（74）However, the worldisso madethatelegant systemsarein principle unable to deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号，从属连词However, the world is so made / that elegant systems are in principle unable to / deal with some of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.解析：这是一个复合句。The world is so made是主句，that引导的是结果状语从句。其中elegant systems are.unable to deal with. aspects是从句的主干，in principle是介词短语作状语，some of the worlds more fascinating and delightful都是定语，修饰名词aspects。（1）主干结构是the world is so. that.（2）some后面有多重定语of the worlds more fascination and delightful aspects.词的处理：elegant systems: elegant大纲释义为“优雅的，优美的，精致的”，这些词义与system（体系、系统)都不能搭配，所以引申为“完美的”。in principle惯用法，意为“原则上，基本上，大体上，在理论上”。deal with.aspects按照搭配原则译为“解决问题”。技巧点拨：（1）被动语态the world is so made直译“世界就是这样被构成的”，根据被动语态的翻译方法可以将“被”省略译为主动，即“世界就是这样构成的”。根据汉语表达习惯，还可以进一步处理为“世界就是如此”“世界就是这样”（2）so.that.引导的结果状语从句，意为“如此.以至于.”，翻译的时候that可以省略不译，进行适当处理，使其符合汉语表达习惯。完整译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世界上某些更加引人入胜的课题的。（75）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thoughtmust arisein the futureastheyhavein the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.句子拆分：拆分点参考：标点符号 ，从属连词，现在分词New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future / as they have in the past, / giving rise to new standards of elegance.解析：这是一个复合句。New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought m ust arise in the future是主句，as they have in the past是方式状语从句，giving rise to new standards of elegance是现在分词短语作状语表伴随动作。词的处理：new forms of thought新的思维方式as well as=and和；同样，也new subjects for thought新的思维对象（或内容）subject在此不能理解成“学科”或“题目”，因为它与前面的form构成一对概念，所以应该译成“对象”或“内容”。must此处不能理解成“必须”，而应该理解成“必然要，必定会，一定会”。arise产生，出现give rise to是个习惯表达法，意为“引起、导致”。elegance：elegant的名词，在此译为“完美”。技巧点拨：（1）as they have in the past这个从句省略了动词arisen, as在此是连词，意为“正如”。代词they指划线句子中的news forms of thought（新的思维方式）和new subjects for thought（新的思维对象），由于指代对象有明确的翻译，而且所指也比较明确，这时的代词可以译成代词。（2）in the future作状语，翻译是放在所修饰的谓语动词must arise之前。（3）New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thoughtmust arisein the future，字面意思“新的思维方式和新的思维对象将来必然会出现”，其中“出现”的宾语就是“新的思维方式.”,所以可以将其调整为更通顺的“将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象”。（4）Givin