跨文化交际全部课件.ppt

Session1Culture Communication InterculturalCommunication ImportanceofInterculturalCommunication Whydidyouchoosethiscourse ChancesforICarecausedbyglobalizationSpurringdevelopmentoftransportationandcommunicationsystems shortenedtouringtime televisionnetworks theinternet internationalfilmindustry Culturalmigrationbetweennations multiculturalism Neweconomicarena multinationalcorporations Ever increasingworldpopulation finitenaturalresources pollution internationalconflicts Warmingup Makealistofimagesfromyourhomecultureandtrytoexplainwhattheyexpressaboutwhothepeopleofyourcultureareandwhattheirrelationshipistopeoplefromothercultures Whichimagedoyouprefer Whichdoyouthinkaretheimagesthatmosttrulyexpresshowpeoplefeelaboutthemselvesandtheworld LectureOutline definition Interculturalcommunication culture characteristics communication functions definition elements mode characteristics definition forms elements rightattitudes 1 Whatisculture Moredeeply whatthebehaviorandcustomsmeantothepeoplewhoarefollowingthem Onthesurface customsandbehavior Inaword CultureisallaboutmeaningsHall Cultureiseverythingandeverywhere SirEdwardTylor sdefinitionin1871 firstuseofthisterm thatcomplexwholewhichincludesknowledge belief art morals law custom andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety KroeberandKluckhohn 1952 Culture ACriticalReviewofConceptsandDefinitions listingmorethan300definitions Cultureconsistsofpatterns explicitandimplicit ofandforbehavioracquiredandtransmittedbysymbols constitutingthedistinctiveachievementofhumangroups includingtheirembodimentinartifacts theessentialcoreofcultureconsistsoftraditional i e historicallyderivedandselected ideasandespeciallytheirattachedvalues culturesystemsmay ontheonehand beconsideredasproductsofaction ontheotherasconditioningelementsoffurtheraction Porter SamovarThedeposit 沉淀物 ofknowledge experience beliefs values attitudes meanings hierarchies religion notionsoftime roles spatialrelations conceptsoftheuniverse andmaterialobjectsandpossessionsacquiredbyagroupofpeopleinthecourseofgenerationsthroughindividualandgroupstriving InterculturalCommunication AReader Basicfunctionsofculture Culturemakesallthingseasy byprovidingmeaningtoevents objectsandpeople makinglifelessconfusing byprovidinguswithstructure theskillsandrulesnecessarytoadapttoourworld Aculturecanalsobeunderstoodasaparticularwaytosatisfyourhumanneeds Let sfollowAbrahamMaslow ADAPTIVE LEARNED transmitted INTEGRATED symbolic CULTUREIS TheCharacteristicsofCulture unconscious Subjecttochange 1 Cultureislearnedconsciouslyorunconsciously enculturation throughProverbs Folktales Myths andlegends throughArte g BeijingOpera throughMassMedia BehaviourTraditionsArtefacts buildings clothes artetc BeliefsAttitudesPerceptionsValues wayofdoingthings 10 wayofthinking 90 2 MostpartofcultureisunconsciousCultureasaniceberg explicit tacit Canyoutellwhichofthefollowingareabovethewaterandwhicharebelow WhatpeopleeatWhatpeoplewearWhatgameschildrenplayHowtousetimeHowtointroducepeopleHowtoparticipateinceremoniesRulesforgesturesRulesforfacialexpressionsandeyecontactEtiquetteWorkspeedWhatisrightorwrong beautifulorugly cleanordirty goodorbad etc Carparking CaseStudyRichard anengineerfromtheUnitedStates wasinvitedtotaketeawithoneofhisBritishcolleagueswhilehewasinEngland Thiswasapurelysocial relaxedoccasion Teawasservedalongwithsugarandcream Ashehelpedhimselftosomesugarandcream hesensedhehaddonesomethingwrong Canyoutellwhatwentwrong Helpyourself VS Bemyguest Oct 5 200521stCenturyChangingTastes ThisJulyChinaDailyreportedsevereobesityaffects16to20percentChina syoungurbanites AmajorstudyreleasedbyCentreforPublicNutritionandDevelopmentlastSeptemberfoundasincomeincreases energyintakeincreases Butahighpercentageofthatextraenergycomesfromfat Andgrainsandpotatoeswereeatenless 3 Cultureissubjecttochange 4 Cultureistransmittedfromgenerationtogeneration5 Cultureisbasedonsymbols6 Cultureisintegrated7 Cultureisadaptive acculturation LinellDavis fivemetaphors tobemoreeasilyunderstood Cultureislikeanicebergsomeisvisible history literature customs mostisinvisible feelingsandattitudes Cultureisoursoftwarephysicalselvesasthehardware becomehumanwhenprogrammedwiththesoftwareofcultureCultureislikethewaterafishswimsinnoticeeverythingexceptthewaterCultureisthestorywetellourselvesaboutourselvespeopletellstoriestotellwhotheyareandstoriesalsochangetoadapttochangingcircumstancesCultureisthegrammarofourbehaviorpeoplelearntheirculturalgrammarunconsciouslyandapplythemautomaticallyinordertobehaveappropriatelyinanysociety Mainstreamculture co cultureorsubculture Whenwetalkaboutculture wemainlyrefertomainstreamculture Co cultureVssubculture 2 WhatisCommunication ItcomesfromtheLatinword communicare itmeanstogiveortoexchange Now themostcommonmeaningof communication istogiveorexchangeinformationorideas Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings thebasisofallhumancontact Communicationisadynamic systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols J T Wood Elementsofcommunication ContextParticipantsMessages meanings symbols encodinganddecoding ChannelsNoise externalnoise internalnoise semanticnoise feedback LinearModelofCommunication Sender Receiver Channel message encoding decoding noise Isthisaneffectivemodelofcommunication ModeofCommunication InteractiveModelofCommunication SenderReceiver SenderReceiver encoding decoding noise Feedbackisessentialtogoodcommunication decoding encoding message channel message channel TransactionalModelofCommunication SenderReceiver SenderReceiver encoding decoding noise Wecontinuallyinfluenceeachotherthroughcommunication decoding encoding message channel message channel FieldsofExperience RelationshipDimensions Characteristicsofcommunication 1 Communicationisdynamic Communicationisanongoingactivity Itisnotfixed Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction Characteristicsofcommunication 2 CommunicationisinteractiveAinteractiveviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversations Characteristicsofcommunication 3 Communicationisirreversible Communicationisanirreversibleprocess Wecanneverundowhathasalreadybeendone Althoughwemaytrytoqualify negate orsomehowreducetheeffectsofourmessage onceithasbeensentandreceived themessageitselfcannotbereversed Characteristicsofcommunication 4 Communicationiscontextual Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalledacontext Bycontext wemeantheplacewherepeoplemeet thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether andthenatureoftherelationship Thusthecontextincludesthephysical social andinterpersonalsettings 6 InterculturalCommunication Samovar PorterInterculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent interculturalcommunicationreferstoanycommunicationbetweentwomembersofanyculturalcommunities InterculturalCommunicationVsCross culturalCommunication Cross culturalcommunicationthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinvalueorientations affectivedispositions relationshipmanagement communicativestyles psychologicalprocess Interculturalcommunicationthepenetrationbyamemberofonecultureintoanotherculture practicalsignificance InternationalcommunicationInterracialcommunicationInterethniccommunicationIntraculturalcommunication FormsofInterculturalCommunication a Internationalcommunication Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals itisquiteformalandritualized 仪式化 UnitedNationsConference b Interracialcommunication Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces c Interethniccommunication Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames language religion values andthelike d Intraculturalcommunication Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture Discussion Discussthefollowingcasesofcommunicationanddecidetowhatextenttheyareintercultural CommunicationbetweenAChineseandanAmerican ACanadianandaSouthAfrican AmaleandafemaleAfatherandasonApersonfromBeijingandonefromTibet Afirst generationChineseAmericanandathird generationone AstudentformHongKongandateacherfromXi anAsoftwaretechnicianandafarmer etc 任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际 SingerSamovar Porter 西方人 亚洲人最大分歧意大利人 沙特阿拉伯人美国人 希腊人美国人 德国人美国人 操法语加拿大人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人 拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人 美国黑人美国人 英国人美国人 操英语加拿大人美国城市居民 美国乡村居民天主教徒 浸礼教徒主张男性权力者 主张男女平等者异性恋者 同性恋者环境保护者 房地产开发商最小分歧 Whatwefocusoninthiscourseiscommunicationbetweenculturesbeyondcountryboundaries 7 ElementsofInterculturalCommunication Perceptions beliefs values attitudes worldviews socialorganizations Verbalprocesses thewaysinwhichculturesemploysymbolstoportraythingsandexperiences Nonverbalprocesses sharethoughtsandfeelingsbywayofbodilybehavior timeandspace Contextualelements business educationandhealthcare tourismandpersonalrelationships Whatwaswrong CaseStudyWhilevisitingEgypt Richard anengineerfromtheUnitedStates wasinvitedtoaspectaculardinneratthehomeofanEgyptianfriend Ashewasleavingtheirhome makingefforttothankthemfortheirdinner henoticedtheirpictureandmadeacomplimentbysaying Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein Howeverhesensedsomethingwrong Hissincerecomplimentwasobviouslymisunderstood 埃及习俗礼仪 社交礼仪握手礼 禁忌是不要用左手拥抱礼 力度适中亲吻礼 根据交往对象不同分为 吻面礼 一般用于亲友之间 尤其是女性之间 吻手礼 向尊长表示谢意或是向恩人致谢时使用 飞吻礼 多见于情侣之间 埃及习俗礼仪 服饰礼仪在大中城市埃及人的打扮已于国际接规 但是 老年人着装较为保守 奇装异服埃及人通常不问津 注意如果送礼品给埃及朋友一定记住 图案千万不要是星星 猪 狗 猫及熊猫的图案 因为有悖民族习俗 埃及习俗礼仪 餐饮礼仪埃及人爱吃羊肉 鸡肉 鸭肉 土豆 豌豆 南瓜 洋葱 茄子和胡萝卜 他们习惯用自制的甜点招待客人 客人若是谢绝一点也不吃 会让主人失望也失敬于人 埃及习俗礼仪 习俗禁忌国花 莲花国兽 猫国石 橄榄石喜欢的颜色 绿色和白色讨厌的颜色 黑色 蓝色喜欢的数字 5 7其他 喜欢葱认为它代表真理 忌讳针 是骂人的话 要会给小费 否则寸步难行 与人交谈注意 男士不要主动与妇女攀谈 不要夸人身材苗条 不要称道埃及人家中的物品 人家会以为你是索要此物 不要与埃及谈论宗教纠纷 中东政局及男女关系 Whatisthecorrectattitude Thecommunicatorcannotstopatknowingthatthepeopleheisworkingwithhavedifferentcustoms goals andthoughtpatternsfromhisown Hemustbeabletoworkwiththemandwithinthem neitherlosinghisownvaluesintheconfrontationnorprotectinghimselfbehindawallofintellectualdetachment AdaptedfromL M Barna StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication 1992 Session2 CulturalDiversity Rightattitudeinthisglobalvillage Appreciatesimilarities Acceptdifferences Wearealike Wearedifferent Warm up Readthefollowingsayingsaloud andthinkitover whatdotheymeantoyou Humanbeingsdrawclosetooneanotherbytheircommonnature buthabitsandcustomskeepthemapart Confuciansaying 性相近 习相远 论语 Godgavetoeverypeopleacup cupofclay andfromthiscuptheydranklife Theyalldippedinthewater buttheircupsweredifferent R Benedict 上帝给了每个人一个杯子 一杯粘土 并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生 他们都是浸在水里面的 只是他们的杯子不一样而已 本尼迪克特 Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity Ayounglady sminiskirtwasaccidentallytornopenbyayoungman Pleasedecidewheretheycomefromaccordingtotheirresponsestothisincident Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 1 Beforethemansayingsorry thewomanboweddownandsaidinatendervoice sorry itisallmyfault Itisallthebadqualityofmyskirt IamsorryforthetroubleIhavebroughttoyou Japan Over courtesyandmale dominated Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 2 Beforethemansayingsorry thewomangavehimaname cardandsaid Thisismylawyer sphonenumber Hewilltalkwithyouaboutyoursexharassment Seeyouinthecourt America Aplacewherelawtalks Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 3 Beforethemansayingsorry thewomancoveredthetornpartoftheskirtwithanewspaperinhandandshylysaid Sir canyousendmehome Itisnotveryfarfromhere Thentheyoungmanputhiscoatonthegirlandcalledataxitosendherhome England Gentleandconservative Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 4 Beforethemansayingsorry thewomangurgledandputherhandontheman sshoulder Sir ifyoudonotmind youcanbuymearedrosetoshowyourapology Thenthemanboughtheraroseandtheywenttoahoteltogethertostudymoreabouttheskirt France Friendlyandromantic Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 5 Beforethemansayingsorry thewomanflewintorageandgavethemanaboxontheface nigeshao xiangqilaoniangdoufu laozidasini Thenshetookoutamobilephoneanddialednumberandagangofpeoplecame Thewholethingdevelopedintoariot Wuhan hotandirritable Jokeappreciationforculturaldiversity 6 Themanfeltveryembarrassedandmadeasincereapologytothegirl Butthebeautifulgirlsmiledandsaid Thailand Ladyboy sheman Don tworry Sir Iamaman too Whyisoneculturedifferentfromanother OnthesurfacePerception howwesensetheworld Belief whatwebelieveastrue Value asystemofcriteriaknownasrulesandguideposts Whyisoneculturedifferentfromanother MoredeeplyWorldview religion Spiritualandpsychologicalneedsofpeople lifeanddeath creationofuniverse relationshipbetweenhumansandnature Socialaspectsofaculture originofsocietyandgroupswithinthesociety relationshipofindividualsandgroupstooneanother Family genderroles individualism collectivism age socialskills History government community politicalsystem keyhistoricalheroes geography Whatdoesculturaldiversitymean Culturalpatterns conditionsthatcontributetothewayinwhichapeopleperceiveandthinkabouttheworld themannerinwhichtheyliveinthatworldSomecautionsThevalueoftheculturemaynotbethevalueofallindividualswithinthatculture Itisusefultovisualizeeachculturalpatternasapointonacontinuumratherthanoneofonlytwopossibleresponses Thepatternsareinterrelatedwithahostofothervaluesanddonotoperateinisolation Commonculturalpatternsmustbelimitedtothedominantcultureineachcountry Significanceofstudyingculturaldiversities Whenwestudyculturaldifferences wemainlyrefertothedeepstructureofculture belowtheiceberg Althoughcultureissubjecttochange thedeepstructureofacultureisresistanttochange Thecomparisonandcontrastofdifferentcultureshelpunderstandone sowncultureandothercultures whichwillultimatelyenhancetheeffectofinterculturalcommunication Howtoclassifydifferentcultures Culturepatterns KluckhohnandStrodtbeck sValueOrientation Hofstede sDimensionsofCulturalVariability EdwardTHall sContext CultureTheory HumanNature Man nature Time Activity SocialRelationship IndividualismVsCollectivism UncertaintyAvoidance PowerDistance MasculinityVsFemininity High Context Low Context 1 ModelbyKluckhohn 5basicquestionsthatneedansweringattherootofanyculture 1 Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature 2 Whatistherelationofmantonature 3 Whatisthetemporalfocus 4 Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity 5 Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationship 1 Humannatureorientation人性取向2 Man natureorientation人天取向3 Timeorientation时间取向4 Activityorientation行为取向5 Socialorientation人际取向 LimitationsofKluckhohn smodel Noteveryoneinaculturehasthesamebasicvalues Cultureschangeovertime Theconceptofbasicvaluesisitselfageneralization Casestudy DuringtheAmericanCivilWar averyhungryyoungmanfelldowninfrontofafarmgate Thefarmergavehimfoodbutinreturnheaskedtheyoungmantomoveapileofwoodinhisyard infactitwasnotatallnecessarytomovethewood Whentheyoungmanleft thefarmermovedthewoodbacktoitsoriginalplace Seeingallthis thefarmer ssonwasconfused Whydidthefarmerdothat Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory Savefaceanddignityoftheyoungmanaccept earn Individualisticvaluesystem 2 ModelbyG Hofstede 1984 Hofstede sworkwasoneoftheearliestattemptstouseextensivestatisticaldatatoexamineculturalvalues Duringthe1980s hesurveyedoverahundredthousandworkersinmultinationalorganizationsinfortycountries Eachcountrywasassignedarankofonethroughfortyineachcategory dependingonhowitcomparedtotheothercountry Hofstede sFourCulturalValueSystem individualism collectivismUncertaintyavoidancepowerdistancemasculinity femininity 2 1Individualismvs Collectivism Individualisticcultures I consciousnessindependence competition negativefaceneedCollectivistcultures We consciousness interdependence groupharmony positivefaceneedStronginfluenceonsocialrelationshipsTheconceptofingroupsandoutgroupsRulesVsrelationships strangersVsassociatesAllpeopleandcultureshavebothindividualandcollectivedispositions RankingofIndividualism Casestudy Atthenegotiatingtable differencesinthisdimensioncanclearlycauseseriousconflict AmericanstoooftenexpecttheirJapanesecounterpartstomakedecisionsrightatthenegotiatingtable andtheJapaneseareconstantlysurprisedtofindindividualmembersoftheAmericanteampromotingtheirownpositions decisions andideas sometimesopenlycontradictingoneanother America individualismJapan collectivism 2 2UncertaintyAvoidance Itinvolvestheextendtowhichaculturewouldavoidortolerateuncertainty Highuncertaintyavoidanceculturesthinkoftheuncertaintyinherentinlifeasacontinuoushazardthatmustbeavoided Theytrytoavoiduncertaintyandambiguitybyprovidingstabilityfortheirmembers establishingmoreformalrules ahigherlevelofanxietyandstress Lowuncertaintyavoidanceculturesmoreeasilyaccepttheuncertaintyinherentinlifeandarenotasthreatenedbydeviantpeopleandideas sotheytoleratetheunusual Theyprizeinitiativeandmorewillingtotakerisks moreflexible lesstense morerelaxed 不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知 虽然可能每个人都在预测未来 但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻 下一天 下一年或下十年会发生什么事情 美霍夫斯泰德用不确定性规避一词来 界定一种程度 一种当人们遇到混乱不清 难以预测的情况时所感到的不安程度 通过对严格的行为方式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰 他们尽力避免这些情况 不确定性规避 高度不确定性规避文化为了避免不确定性和模糊性 常常向其成员提供稳定性 制定正式的规则 不容忍偏离观点和行为 寻求共识 并相信绝对的真理 他们感到的焦虑和压力较高 人们认为生活中的不确定性会持久为患 因此必须避免 为了增强生活的有序性 他们非常需要成文的规则 计划 规范 典礼和仪式 具有强烈不确定性规避倾向的国家有葡萄牙 希腊 秘鲁 比利时和日本 高度不确定性规避 相反 人们发现像瑞典 丹麦 爱尔兰 挪威 美国 芬兰和荷兰等国家 比较容易接受生活中的不确定性 不为偏离的人或主张所困扰 因此他们对不寻常性的容忍度比较强 他们喜欢上进 不喜欢等级关系 他们乐于冒险 灵活性强 认为规则越少越好 他们对专家的依赖性不强 而更多地相信自己 整体而言 低度不确定性规避文化心态较为放松 低度不确定性规避 RankingofUncertaintyAvoidance Alowscoremeansthecountrycanbeclassifiedasonethatdoesnotlikeuncertainty Thelowerscore thehigheruncertaintyavoidance 2 3PowerDistance HighPDCulture PeoplewhoholdpowerandpeoplewhoareaffectedbypoweraresignificantlyfarapartVertical hierarchical everybodyhasarightfulplace E g India Brazil Singapore Greece Venezuela Mexico etc LowPDCulture ThepowerholdersandpeopleaffectedbythepowerholdersaresignificantlycloserHorizontal inequalityinsocietyshouldbeminimized E g Austria Finland Denmark Norway NewZealand etc 2 4Masculinityvs Femininity Cultureshighinthemasculinitydimensionfocusonachievement power andpossessions regardingworkasmorecentraltoone slife differinggenderrolesmorethanfeminineculture performancesociety Cultureshighinthefemininitydimensionvalueinterpersonalrelationships nurturan