初中英语代词专项.doc

代词专项在我们的理解中，代词分为指示代词，人称代词，反身代词，关系代词 等。通常以对话的形式考查。纵观近几年的东营市中考题，可以看出在08年考查的是不定代词one,物主代词it,指示代词that的用法；09年考查的是不定代词something,anything,nothing和everthing的区别；10年考查的是反身代词的单复数。按考试大纲要求我们首先以下几种代词：一、指示代词：this，that，these，thosethis和that是英语中两个最基本、最常用的指示代词，它们的区别是：1) this或 these 一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或事；that或those则指时间或空间上较远的人或事。This is an axe and that is a sickle.I have been working on the term paper these days.That Chinese student came to visit me that day.In those pre-school days, we were care-free and happy.2) 有时that和those指前面讲到过的事物，this 和these则指下面将要讲到的事物或眼前的事。如：He was ill. Thats why he didnt come to the meeting.He is not clever but he is very diligent, and that is the most important thing.The students were informed of these words: The President will give you an audience. No one is to be absent.What I want to emphasis is this: advertising for a bank is not easy.This will do.3) 有时为了避免重复提到过的名词，常可用that 或those代替。The factorys transistors output of 1999 is double that of 1992. The presentation given by Liu is just as good as that given by Li.4. 当涉及辨认近物和远物时用this和that加以区分，例如：This is a book. 这是一本书。（指近处物品）That is a car. 那是一辆小汽车。（指远处物品）What is that? 那是什么？（问远处物品）It is a jeep. 它是一辆吉普车。5 介绍放在一起的两样东西时，先介绍的用this，后介绍的用that。例如：This is a pen. That is a pencil. 这是一支钢笔，那是一支铅笔。6. 把某人介绍给第三者时，常使用“This is.”这一句型，其中this不能换成he或she。例如：Jim, this is my teacher, Mr Black. 吉姆，这是我的老师，布莱克先生。7. 打电话，向对方介绍自己时要用“This is.”。询问或确认对方是哪一位时，可以说“Whos that? ”（你是谁？）或 “Is that.？（是吗？）”。例如：This is Kate. Whos that? 我是凯特，你是谁？ This is Jim. 我是吉姆。总之，打电话时习惯用this指代自己，用 that 指代对方。二、人称代词：人称单数复数第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人称第三人称主格人称代词Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格人称代词meyouhimheritusyouthem汉语我你他她它我们你们他们形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs汉语我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的使用这四种代词的用法就是说，首先根据汉语意思判断所用的代词是否含有“的”，若有就选择物主代词，反之，就选人称代词，其次，在人称代词中，做主语就用主格人称代词，放在动词和介词之后就用宾格人称代词；在物主代词中，后面若有名词就用形容词性物主代词；若没有，就用名词性物主代词。人称代词表示我你他我们你们他们的词叫人称代词。人称代词并不全指人，也指物。有三种人称，每个人称又分为单数和复数（第二人称单数和复数同形）。人称代词还有主格和宾格之分。它有人称、数和格的变化，其形式列表如下：人称 单数 复数主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I Me We us第二人称 You You You You第三人称 he him they themshe her it it （1） 第一人称单数I代表说话者，必须大写，我。如：I go to school every day.我每天去上学。（2）第一人称复数we代表说话者一方（二人或者二人以上）我们。如： We are swimming now.我们现在正在游泳。（3）第二人称单数、复数you代表听话者或者对方（复数you代表二人或二人以上）。如：Are you ready, Sam? 萨姆，你准备好了吗？（4）第三人称包括he、she、it. He 他 代表已经提到过的男人。 She她 代表已经提到过的女人。It 它代表已经提到过的事物。如： He is the tallest in the class. 他在班里是最高的。She has a little brother. 她有个小弟弟。、I have a handbag. It is black. 我有个手提包，它是黑色的。（5）第三人称复数they 他们 代表已经提到过的一些人或者一些事物，这个词没有性别之分。如：Where are the teachers? They are over there. 老师们在哪里？他们在那边。Where are the apples? They are in the drawer. 苹果在哪里？它们在抽屉里。注：1）人称代词主格在句中主要做主语。如：We went to the zoo yesterday.我昨天去动物园了。2） 人称代词宾格在句中主要作宾语。如： Can you help me? 你能帮我吗？3）人称代词做表语时一般用宾格。如：Who is that? Its me. 是谁呀？是我。4)在比较状语从句中，在不引起误解的前提下，有时用宾格代词代替主格代词。如：He is taller than me. 它比我高。He loves you more than me. 她爱你胜过爱我。5）两个以上的代名词并行排列时，其次序为：a) 单数人称代词：you he I. 如：You, he and I are good friends. 你我他都是好朋友。b) 复数人称代词为：we you they. 如：We and they went to the Great Wall yesterday. 我们和他们昨天都去长城了。c) 第三人称He和 she 同时使用时，先说he,后说she.如：He and she were late for school this morning.他和她今天早上都上学迟到了。能力拓展：1.-Jim, Tom is oloking for his English book. Is this _? -No, that is _. I dont know where his is. A.his ,mine B.he, mine C.him, mine D.his,my2.He may leave now ,because there is _ work for him to do. A. a little B.some C.no D.any3.-Have you found the information about the famous people _ you can use for the report ? -Not yet. Ill search some on the Internet. A. who B.what C.whom D.which4.-Sally, could you go and help your father wash the car. -Why _? Im busy now .Amy is lying on the grass doing nothing. A. me B.I C.him D.her5.-Alice ,is this your dictionary? - Let me see.Oh,no. _ is in my school bag. A.Myself B.Me C.My D.Mine6.The boy found _ hard to get along with the other classmates. A. this B.that C.it D.one7.-Who helped you clean the classroom yesterday?- _.I cleaned it all myself.A.Somebody B.Nobody C.Everybody D. Everyone8.-Who is Mr Xu? -He is _ theacher and he teaches _ P.E. A. our ,us B.our,our C.ours,our D.we,we9.-Excuse me, are these books _? -No,they are _ classmates. A.his,he B.hers,hers C.your,mine D.yours,my10.-Is there _ in todays newspaper? -Yes ,our National Table Tennis Team won all the seven gold medals once more. A. something new B.anything new C.somebody special D.anybody special11.Dont just wait for others help. God helps those who help _. A.him B.you C.them D.themselves12.I dont think we can do it all _.A. by ourselves B. by myself C. by ourself D .by yourselves13.I cant repair the model ship _. Can you help ?A .me; me B. myself ;myself C .myself ;me D. me ; myself14.The book on the shelf is . She wrote name on its cover .A .Hers; her ;herself B. Her; hers; herself C. Herself; her; hers D .Her; herself; herself15.Is this her bike? No, it isnt . Its _.A. mine B. my C. me D. hes16.When you see Tom and his sister , tell that mother is waiting at the gate.A. his ;his B. her; hers C. them ; their D. his ; her 17. Could you help _ with _ English, please.A. I, my B. me, me C. me, my D. my, I18. A friend of _ came here yesterday.A. my B. his C. him D. himself19. _ pencil-box is beautiful. But _ is more beautiful than _.A. Toms, my, he B. Toms, mine, hisC. Toms, mine, him D. Toms, my, his20. How hard_ works! A. we B. him C. he D. his 21. She gave the erasers to Lucy and _ .A. I B. me C. my D. mine .22. Thats not _, it is_. I made it _ .A. ours, mine, myself B. your, mine, myself C. yours, her, myself D. yours, my, myself23. Most people think _ are winning SARS. A. ours B. ourselves C. we D. us24. Our manager allowed _to take a holiday next week.A. you and I B. yourself and me C.I and you D. you and me 25. Children can usually dress _ by the age of five.A. him B. them C. himself D. themselves反义疑问句与感叹句 反义疑问句是疑问句的一种，它对陈述部分的事实提出相反的疑问，形式上是一个省略问句，附加在陈述句后，即： 陈述句 + 逗号 + 省略问句 + 问号 直切主题，必须牢记以下规则：1 this 或that用it反问，these或those用they无论是否指人 This is your brother, isnt it? Those are books ,arent they? 2. 不定代词one用one或he ，我们一般用he。 One cant be always young, can one / he? 3. something、anything、everything和nothing等表示物的不定代词用it 反问，everybody、everyone、somebody、someone、anybody、anyone、nobody等表示人的不定代词用they或he我们一般用he。 Nothing is serious, is it? (注意为什么后面用is it而不是isnt it?) Everything seems all right, doesnt it? Everyone knows this, dont they / doesnt he? Nobody likes to lose money, does he? (这里最好用he) 4.each of用he或they 反问 Each of the boys had an apple, didnt he / they? 5. 由neithernor、not onlybut also、bothand、eitheror、notbut、or、and等连接的并列主语，用复数代词反问。 Neither you nor I am wrong, are we? Both Tom and Jack came, didnt they? 6. 由动词不定式、动名词、从句或词组构成的主语，改it To learn English well isnt easy, is it? Swimming is great fun, isnt it? 7. the + 形容词表示一类人，改复数代词 The poor had no right (权力) to speak at the time, did they? 8. there 引起的句子（There be句型等），仍用there There stands a house and a lot of trees, doesnt there? There are many children in the park, arent there? 9. had better用should或had We had better go right now, shouldnt we / hadnt we? 10. cant（不可能），must(一定)表推测时，根据cant或must后面的动词选择相应的形式 He cant be a doctor, is he? The workers cant have finished their work, have they? must(必须)用neednt 反问You must do it today, neednt you? 11. “ would rather + 动词原形”和“would like to + 动词原形”用wouldnt He would rather read the text ten times than recite it, wouldnt he? Youd like to have some bananas, wouldnt you? 句子中有seldom, hardly, no, not, never, few, little, nothing, nobody, nowhere等是否定句,附加疑问部分必须采用肯定形式 ，具有否定前缀的词对本句不起作用。 Nobody phoned while I was out, did they? He is hardly able to swim, is he? There is little ink in your pen, is there? 12.主从复合句,与主句的主谓语保持一致 He says that I did it, doesnt he? David wouldnt go there if it rained, would he?13. I am用arent I 反问 I am your friend, arent I? 14. 表示邀请,请求的祈使句,附加疑问部分用will you或wont you或would you等,一般只要记住will you就可以了,不遵循前否定后肯定或前肯定后否定的原则 Come here, will you? Turn off the light, will you? 15. Lets 表示建议包括听话人在内，用shall we Lets go for a walk, shall we? let us 表示允许，不包括听话人在内，用will you Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 中考链接：1.The boy has a new MP4,_? A. doesnt he B.isnt he C.does he D.is he2.Alice had a wonderful time ,_、 A. hadnt she B.wasnt she C.didnt she D.wouldnt she 3.E-mail is very popular today .People seldom write letters now,_? A. did they B.do they C.didnt they D.dont they 4.She is unhappy today,_? A. is she B.isnt she C.does she D.doesnt she 5.Your father has gone to England. The man over there cant be your father,_ he ? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant6. Linda ate nothing this morning, _? A. didnt she B. was she C. did she D. wasnt she 7. Theres hardly_ milk in the bottle, _there? A. no, isnt B. some, is C. little, isnt D. any, is 8. He has never ridden a horse before, _? A. does he B. has he C. hasnt he D. doesnt he 9. He seldom came here, _? Yes sir. A. didnt he B. does he C. doesnt he D. did he 10. Everything seems all right, _ ? A. does it B. dont they C. wont it D. doesnt it 11. One cant be too modest, can _ ? A. one B. he C. it D. we 12. No one failed in the exam, _ ? A. was he B. did one C. did they D. didnt he 13. Neither you nor I am an artist, _ ? A. am I B. arent we C. are we D. amt I 14. He cant be her father, _ he? A. is B. isnt C. can D. cant 15. They have no time to visit the museum, _? A. do they B. havent they C. dont they D. will they 16. Youd better go at once, _ you? A. hadnt B. did C. didnt D. dont 17. Youd rather work than play, _ you? A. hadnt B. wouldnt C. didnt D. mustnt 感叹句：一、感叹句结构 感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。 what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种： 掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序 How+形容词或副词+ 陈述语序What +名词+ 陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+ 陈述语序What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序例如：How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)! What cold weather it is!感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!近几年的典型中考题：1）_ food youve cooked! A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice 2）_ terrible weather weve been having these days! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 3) - _ I had! - You really suffered a lot.A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time4._ wonderful news report he wrote!A. What B.what a C.how D.how a 5.-_ beautiful music! - Yes. Its written by Beethoven.A. What B.what a C.how D.how a 用how,what填空1)._ difficult homework we had yesterday!2)._ smart girl your daughter is!3)._ interesting his book is!4)._ bad the weather in England is!5)._ honest boy Tom is!直击中考： I still remember visiting Moscow. It is the capital of Russia, the b 1 country in the world. I went there w 2 my parents when I was eight years old. I lived and studied there for one year, I had some happy memories. One of the most interesting things of that city was that t 3 were many dogs. Perhaps Russians l 4 dogs very much. You can see dogs here and there. Almost each of the families had a dog. I made friends with many Russian children w 5 I was living and studying there. They were all very nice. They had fair hair and fair skin. I played with them h 6 though I could only speak a little Russian at first. They were f 7 to me. The weather in Moscow was very cold. It snowed almost every in winter. The ground was always c 8 with a lot of snow. We often made s 9 together. Now I am b 10 in China, but I miss them so much. I will never forget my happy memories of this visit to Moscow.初中英语易混短语集锦I.say ,speak,talk,tell的区别：say一般作及物动词用，着重说话的内容，它的宾语可以是名词，代 词或宾语从句。 eg: He can say his name. 他会说他的名字。 Please say it in English. 请用英语用。 Shes saying ,Dont draw on the wall.她在说“别在墙上画”。 speak强调说的动作，不强调所说的内容 。作及物动词时，常以某种 语言作宾语。作不及物动词时，常见的搭配形式有： speak of something/somebody谈到某事（某人）speak to sb 跟某 人讲话，此外speak还可用于在较为正式的场合了表演讲或演说。 Can you speak Japanese? 你会说日语吗？ She is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老师说话。 He spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在会上讲了话。 talk 一般为不及物动词，意思是“交谈，谈话，着重强调两具之间的 相互说话。 eg: She is talking with Lucy in English. 她正在和露茜用英语交谈。 What are you talking about? 你们在谈论什么？ The teacher is talking to him. 老师正在和他谈话。 tell常作及物动词，意为“讲述，告诉，动词常跟双宾语。 tell sb sthtell sth to sb告诉某人某事。 eg: He is telling the children a story. 他正在给孩子们讲一个故事。 Did you tell her the news?Did you tell the news to her? 你把这个消息告诉她了吗？ II.spend/cost/pay/take (1)spend的主语通常是人，往往用于以下句型： （sb）spend some money/some time on sth. (sb)spend some money/some time(in)doing sth.例如： I spent fifty yuan on the coat. = I spent fifty yuan (in) buying the coat. 我花50元买了这件大衣。 He spent three days on the work. = He spend three days (in) doing the work. 我干这项工作用了3天。 (2)take常用于“占用、花费”时间，其主语通常为形式主语“it”或物。句式是： It takes/took sb.some time to do sthSth.takes sb.some time. 例如： It took me three years to draw the beautiful horses. 画这些漂亮的马花费了我3年时间。 The work will take me two days.这项工作花了2天时间。 (3) pay为“付款、赔偿”之意，主语通常是人，往往是sb. pays some money for sth或pay sb.(some money for sth) 例如： I paid fifty yuan for the coat.我花50元买了这件大衣。 He has paid the doctor 50 pounds for the medicine? 他买药已付医生50英镑。 How much did you pay him? 你付他多少钱？ (4) cost的主语必须是某物。spend on sth/in doing sth的主语必须是人。pay for 的主语也是人。It takes + sb+ 时间（或钱）to do sth的主语则必须是形式主语It。 动词cost的常用用法是sth.cost (sb.) some money。 如：The dictionary cost me 20.III. arrive 、reach、 get to析 arrive为不及物动词，当到达的是较大的地理区域时用介词in，而到达较小的地方时则用at, 如：arrive in New York, arrive at the village.arrive如上所述是不及物动词，而reach则是及物动词。如：How did you reach the school this morning? 而get可用作不及物动词，作到达讲时其后面多与to连用。如：When did you get to New York?arrive 误 I arrived Beijing the day before yesterday.正 I arrived in Beijing the day before yesterday.正 I reached Beijing the day before yesterday.误 He arrived in the school at 1100.正 He arrived at the school at 1100.arrive in 接时间段 arrive in two hours 两小时内到达arrive at 接具体时间点 arrive at 2 oclock 两点到达reach 接地点 reach china 到中国 有已经到达的含义get to 接地点 类似于reachgot to 接地点 与reach不同的是 有准备去的意味 IV.有关make的几点解释1. 做;制造;建造 Mary made a paper boat. 玛丽做了一只纸船。 2. 作出(某种举动) I didnt make any promise. 我没有作出任何承诺。 3. 使得;使.做.The news made John irritable. 这消息使约翰烦躁不安。 His jokes made us all laugh. 他的笑话把我们都逗笑了。 4. 到达;赶上 We just made the last bus. 我们正好赶上末班公交车。 5. 获得,挣得;赢得 He makes $1,000 a month. 他每月挣一千元。 6. 认为;估计,推算 I make the distance ten miles. 这段距离我估计是十英里。 7. 总计;等于 One hundred centimeters make one meter. 一百厘米等于一米。 8. 构成;组成 A car is made up of many different parts. 汽车是由许多不同的零件组成的。 make作为及物动词，有一种特殊用法，即“使役用法”，在表示“使（要）某人（事物）做什么（怎么样）”时，它除了要有一个“宾语”之外，还要求宾语后面带上一个宾语补足语，整个句子才能完整，这种“宾语宾语补足语”是英语简单句的五种基本句型之一，同学们一定要掌握好。 可作宾语补足语的词或词组有： 1、动词原形，即不带to的动词不定式，如： He made me stay with him。他让我和他在一起。 How did Ling Feng make the baby stop crying?凌风是怎样使婴儿停止啼哭的？ 2、形容词（词组）如： This made all the street as light as day. 这使整条街道亮如白昼。 He tried to make them happy. 他设法使他们高兴。 Itll made me so happy. 这件事可使我如此高兴。 3、名词（词组）如： I would make you king over the earth.我会让你做国王统治世界。 He made her his wife.他娶她为妻。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只有工作没有娱乐使杰克脑子极为迟纯。（只工作不学习，聪明的孩子也变傻）。 4、有时可用介词短语。如： He asked us to make ourselves at home. 他要我们不要拘束。 5、过去分词如： What make him so frightened?是什么原因令他如此害怕？ 用在被动是有两种形式 一是 be made to do make:是使役动词,后跟随动词原形,但在被动语态中,它后面得跟to do形式. 二是Make +p.p I speak loudly to make myself heard.V. 有关look的短语及应用look around 四下里看, 环顾; 仔细观察; 全面调查look for 寻找look after 照看, 照管look as if though 看起来好象, 似乎是look at 看, 查看look forward to 盼望, 期待look here 口喂; 听我说(唤起注意)look ill (人)看上去有病; 看上去不漂亮; (物)不美观，(事情)显得很糟; 看来不妙look into 向.的里面看, 窥视; 浏览look like 看起来象look out 向外望，注意, 当心, 小心, 警惕look over 医生（给病人）查看; 过目look through 从头看完, 透视，审核, 查看，温习look towards 朝.看; (房子)面朝; look up 查阅(字典, 资料)look well 看起来健康漂亮; (情况)显得不错帮教训练：1.When will the train _ there?A.reach B. get to C.arrive at D.arrive in2.Who was th first one_? A to reach Bto arrive C to get to D to arrive at3.He is the first one_.A.to