初中英语阅读理解命题特点及要求专项技能.doc

第一讲初中阅读本讲知识框架一 初中英语阅读理解命题特点及要求二 阅读理解专项技能训练三 阅读理解综合技能训练知识点睛主要特点：文体多样，题材各异，生活化，知识化。近年来，阅读篇目题材形式有如下特征：1. 科普知识：介绍科普知识、科研动态以及科技成果的开发、特点、用途等等。2. 哲理短文：有理论、有事实。作者往往根据一些很普通的事实，通过严谨的思维，缜密的推理得出一个具有普遍性或指导性的观点。3. 新闻报道：主题突出；要点明显（五个“W”：when，where，who，what，which）4. 人物传记：以记叙某个人物的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、成长或奋斗历程为主。5. 短篇故事：与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是一件具体的事情的起因、经过、结果等。6. 史地文化：设计某个或几个国家、地区、河流、山脉、海洋、城镇等的地理位置以及与之相关的社会生活、政治经济、人文历史、自然资源、文化习俗等方面的情况，相当一部分文章还附有图表供理解或选择。7. 幽默小品：这类文章是对社会生活、人的性格特点、行为举止的某些可笑的特征进行戏剧性描绘的特殊文体。特别要把握文章的最后几句，分析它们与上文的对应关系，找出文章的“幽默点”。8. 图形表格：无文字表述，或只有少量的文字表述。初中要求以及题型特点1. 阅读理解对考生的要求：新课标规定：英语学习的目的是通过听、说、读、写的训练，使学生获得英语基础知识和为交际运用英语的能力，以及发展学生的思维能力和自学能力。阅读理解要求能独立阅读所学的语言材料范围内生词率不超过2%的材料。阅读能力是一项重要的语言技能，阅读理解要求我们既要具备一定的词汇量和语法知识，较多的语言经验的积累和良好的语言感觉，又要具备一定的文化背景知识和相关的阅读技能。1. 记叙类：考点：写人与说事方面的材料阅读理解难点：说事方面的材料阅读理解热点：新闻焦点人物或最新发生的事情2. 说明类：考点：说明类材料的阅读理解难点：涉及地理知识的阅读理解热点：介绍最近的一些高科技产品发明以及介绍一些动物知识3. 议论类：考点：议社交文化礼仪、环保方面、谈家庭、学校、国家文化教育理念、太空探索方面的阅读理解难点：太空探索方面的阅读理解热点：社交文化礼仪、环境保护、文化教育理念、太空探索4. 应用文：考点：广告类、书信、电子邮件、便条、图表等其他类型的应用文阅读理解难点：广告类的应用文热点：广告类的应用文2. 阅读题的题型特点：在中考试题中，阅读理解举足轻重，占卷面总分的35%，近几年中考试题中，阅读理解题设计的大多题型为单项选择，判断正误，根据短文内容补全信息或根据短文内容简略回答问题。该试题类型所提供的阅读材料一般浅于所学的课文，它要求考生通读全文后能够理解其内容，然后做文章后面的题目，即从四个选项中选出能回答所提问题或判断所给句子与原文内容是否相符等题目。这一题型着重测试学生理解性阅读的能力，通常有以下几种类型：主题思想型。细节辨认型。推理判断型猜测词义型。判断正误型。 3. 解题思路与技巧同学拿到文章后，先将其通读12遍，注意文章开头的句子和每段的首句，它们往往是对段落或全文意思起概括或引导性的句子，无论是科普性质的说明文还是故事性的记叙文，在阅读时，都应积极地开动脑筋，调动大脑中储存的有效知识和想象力，边读边设想，有时会使晦涩难懂的句子变得轻松易懂，根据文章的性质，在阅读时还要有意识地记住关键的内容和词汇，如：人物、事情发生的时间、地点、情节和结局。遇到不认识的生词，不要害怕或马上查字典，要继续读下去，根据上下文的意思推测词义。当读到文章含义不明的地方，往往是某些词语的理解没有衔接好，所以在阅读时，要注意识别代词，如this，it，one等，根据上下文判断其指代内容，注意识别省略成分，明确省略内容；注意识别表示并列，转折（and，but，so，or，for），因果（because，as，so that）等逻辑关系及相关标志词，如at first，for example，then，at last，in a word等，以达到对文章篇章结构的准确把握和理解。应该先做容易的题，难题可放在后面有时间再做。选项完成之后，应趁热打铁，把文章复读一遍，用全文的主题思想来统率各个题目，并反复审核那些没有把握的题目，争取做到意通理顺，理解无误。总之，应该学会在阅读中多思索，多分析，既要看到文章的字面意思，也要推断出字里行间的含义，作者的意图，切记做题时要遵循原文，不要凭空想象，夹杂个人思想。阅读理解专项技能训练五. 阅读技巧讲解 1. 主旨大意题：这类题目主要是考查对作者意图或文章意图的理解，写一篇文章或者陈述一个事实，或者解释一个问题，或者论证一个道理，这种“陈述”“解释”“论证”就是作者的意图，在阅读理解中，作者意图和文章意图是统一的、一致的、不可分割的。主旨大意题可分成主题型，标题型和目的型，主题型一目了然就是找中心（Main idea）；标题型是为文章材料选择标题（Title）；目的型就是推断作者的写作意图（Purpose），这类题常见的命题方式有：（1）What is the main idea （subject） of this passage?（2）The main point of the passage is （3）Which of the following is the best title for the passage?（4）The title the best express the theme of the passage is（5）The best title for the passage is（6）The purpose of the writer in writing this passage（7）This story mainly tell us about完成题目的思路和技巧：首先对文章进行概括，掌握文章的中心思想是英语阅读的关键，所以，应采取快速阅读法浏览全文，理解文章大意，阅读时要注意文章的开头，结尾及段落的段首句和段尾句，因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题。遇到主旨大意题，首先要掌握字面信息，其次对全部信息进行加工概括，获取信息内涵，得出合理主题。【典型例题】例1. The Manhattan （New York City）telephone book is one of the largest of its kind in the country. About 1500000 copies of this book are printed（印刷）each year. To make the paper of the books, 4,3000 trees are cut down. There are twenty-six columns（栏目）of Smiths and twenty-three of Browns. If all the copies of this book were stacked on top of each other, they would make a pile forty miles high.The subject of the paragraph is _.A. what the Manhattan phone book is like.B. where the Manhattan telephone book is printed.C. how many telephones there are in New York.D. Smith and Brown are the most popular names in New York. 例2. One morning an old man left his house with six donkeys. After a time, he got tired, so he got on one of the donkeys. He counted the donkeys, and there are only five. So he got off the donkey, and went to look for the sixth, he looked and looked, but he couldnt find it, so he went back to the donkeys again, and they started. After a few miuntes, he counted the donkeys again, and again there were only five! He couldnt understand. Just then a friend passed him. The old man said to him, “I left my house with six donkeys. Then I had five, then I had six again, and now I have only five! Look! One, two, three, four, five.”“But” said his friend, “you are sitting on a donkey, too. This is the sixth. And you are the seventh!”The main idea of the passage is that _.A. sometimes people make foolish mistakesB. people are clever than donkeysC. old people are not clever as young peopleD. donkeys are foolish animals. 例3. Small children often laugh at lame or blind person or someone in bad clothes. But as they grow up, they learn not to hurt peoples feelings by laughing at their problems. They learn to laugh at themselves. For example, you make a mistake and lost in a football match. Do you become angry? Or can you laugh at yourself and hope to do better next time? If you can, its a good sign youve really grow up.The text is mostly about _.A. why laugh is good for your bodyB. what you should laugh atC. where you may laughD. how you can laugh at yourself【巩固练习】阅读理解:（A）Many people believe that bats are blind. We often hear the saying “Blind as bats.” But bats can find their way around very well, because they can see with their ears. This is not funny as it seems. Most bats make a high sound. It is so high that we can not hear without ears. They screech when they move around, and the echoes of these cries come back to their ears. In this way they can tell where things are.Bats go out to eat at night . In the daytime they hang close together in their caves, trees or other dark places. When evening comes, they fly out to look for food. In the morning they come back home to rest until the next evening comes. Bats are very useful animals. They have insects for food, and they kill a lot of insects every year.1. The best title of the passage is_A. “How People Looks at Bats”B. “How Bats Look for Food”C. “How Bats See Things”D. “Bats”2. The main idea of the first paragraph is_.A. how people look at batsB. how bats find thingsC. how bats find foodD. how bats eat insect3. The main idea of second paragraph is_A. when bats go to look for food B. how bats eat for food C. what bats eat for food D. why bats go out at night（B）A Strange Way of Sending A MessageSome people dont need a mailbox to send a message. They use a bottle instead. Here are two stories about people who sent a message in a bottle. Both of them are true.In 1956, a sailor from Sweden was on a ship. He wrote a letter, asking others to write to him. He put the letter in a bottle and threw the bottle into the sea. Two years later, a man found the bottle on a beach in Italy. He read the letter and showed it to his daughter. She was 18. As a joke, she wrote to the sailor. They began to write to each other. In a few months, they were married.Here is the second story. Back in 1924, a boy from Arkansas wrote his name on the back of his picture. He put the picture in a bottle and threw the bottle into a river.The bottle was not found for many years. Then one day a man named Bill picked it up on a beach in Florida. He pulled the picture out of the bottle and looked at it. He could hardly believe his eyes. The boy in the picture was his old friend, Tom, from Arkansas, Bill had not seen Tom for 25 years. Somehow the bottle had come to the right place. 8. What is the main idea of the whole story?A. Sailing on a ship.B. Sending a message in a bottle.C. Sending a message to Italy.D. How to send a message.（C）The population of the earth is becoming larger and larger. There are now more than 5000 million people on the earth. By the year 2000, there will be over 1000 million people more. Where will all these millions live? More houses ,blocks of flats and skyscrapers（摩天大楼） will have to be built. Soon no new house will be able to have a garden. Man will have to build houses under the sea. By the twenty-first century many men will probably to live on other planets（行星） if life is found to be possible there. Scientists are already working on this possibility. Then there will be regular flights（定期飞行）in spaceships from the earth to these planets. 9. The best title for the passage is _.A. Housing problem in the Twenty first centuryB. The large population on the EarthC. Spaceships in the FutureD. Houses are Needed2. 文章细节题题型分析：细节是用来进一步解释或表达主题，体现中心思想的，所以阅读一篇文章必须弄清细节问题，这也是归纳、概括全文中心思想的基本。细节题可以出现在各种文体中，就记叙文和描写文而言，细节题可以是针对某个情节中的一些细节进行提问，就议论文和说明文而言，往往运用一些细节来说明主题或支持作者的观点，这些细节可能是一些事例，数字等。细节题的特点：学生往往可以通过题干的提示在文章中找到对应的句子，但有时题干的句子与文章中的句子在用词，语法结构等方面有所不同。因此，必须深入了解文章的细微之处，包括文章中的句子与句子之间的逻辑关系等。解题思路与技巧：做这种题目时需先通读全文，对整篇故事有个大体了解，再仔细阅读题干，明确题目要求。在明确试题要求之后，可先将备选各项过目，然后在短文中寻找相关信息，根据我们通读全文时对某些细节的印象，寻找解题的相关依据。将所选答案的选项连同题干一气呵成读一遍，在短文中得到验证，做这种具体事实认定题目，重点在于对文段中相关事实的掌握。典型题例（一）Every summer many people try to swim from England to France or from France to England. The distance at the nearest point is only about twenty miles, but because of the strong tide, the distance that must be swim is usually more than twice as far.The first man to succeed in swimming the channel was Captain Webb, an Englishman. That was in August, 1975. He landed in France 21 hours and 45 minutes after entering the water at Dover. Since then there have been many successful swimmers and the time has been shortened, One French swimmer crossed in 11 hours and 5 minutes. A great number of Egytian swimmers have been successful in 1960 Canadian crossed in 10 hours and 23 minutes thus making a new record. Those who want to cross the channel must be able swim _.A. more than 40 milesB. about 20 milesC. 60 miles or soD. as far as possible（二）We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers. Our car was full of flowers inside. On the way home we had to stop traffic lights, and then my wife saw the bookshelf.It stood outside a furniture shop “Buy it” she said at once. “Well carry it home on the roof-rack. Ive always wanted one like that.”What could I do? Ten minutes later, I was twenty dollars poorer, and the bookshelf was tied in to the roof-rack. It was tall and narrow, quite heavy too.As it was getting darker. I drove very slowly. Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening. The police even stop the traffic to let us through. Carrying furniture was a good idea.After a time my wife said, “Theres long line of cars behind. Why dont they overtake?”Just at that time a police car did overtake. The two officers inside looked at us seriously when they went past. But then with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic. The police car stopped at our village church. One of the officers came to me.“Right, sir,” he said, “Do you need any help?”I didnt quite understand, “Thanks, officer.” I said, “Youve been very kind. I live just down the road.”He was looking at our things: first at the flowers, then at the bookshelf “Well, well”, he said and laughed. Its a bookshelf youve got then. We thought it was er, something else?My wife began to laugh. Suddenly I understood why the police drove here. I smiled at the office. “Yes, its a bookshelf, but thanks again.” I drove home as fast as I could.From the story we know that _A. the writer was poor and didnt buy the bookshelf for his wife.B. the writers wife didnt like the bookshelf at all.C. the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife.D. the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife.（三）Tom and Fred are talking about the year 2010. “What will our world be like in the year 2010?” ask Tom. “I dont know.” says Fred “What do you think?” “In the year 2010 will carry a pocket computer. The computer will give people the answer to all their-problems. We shall all have telephones, in our pockets, too, and well be able to talk to our friends all over the world. Perhaps well be able to see them at the same time. A lot of people will live and work under the sea. Perhaps there will be big towns, factories, and farms under the sea, too. ”“Machines will do most of the work, and so people will have more holidays. Perhaps theyll work only two or three days a week. Theyll be able to the moon by spaceship and spend their holidays there.”“Im looking forward to the year 2010. I hope to the moon.”“And I hope Ill be able to live under the sea.” says Fred, “Wont that be very interesting? Just like a fish!” 1. Machines will do _A. most of the work instead of B. some of the work insteadC. as much work as possibleD. as little as possible 2. Fred says _A. he likes fishB. he likes to eat fishC. he looks like a fishD. he wishes to live under the sea just like a fish巩固试题AWill it matter if you dont take your breakfast? A short time ago, a test was given in the United States. People of different ages, from 12 to 83, were asked to have a test. During the test, these people were given all kinds of breakfasts, and sometimes they got no breakfasts at all. Scientists wanted to see how well their bodies worked when they had eaten different kinds of breakfasts.The results show that if a person eats a right breakfast, he or she will work better than if he or she has no breakfast. If a student has fruit, eggs, bread and milk before going to school, he will learn more quickly and listen more carefully in class.The result is opposite to what some people think. Having no breakfast will not help lose weight. This is because people become so hungry at noon that they eat too much for lunch. They will put on weight instead of losing it. You will lose more weight if you reduce your other meals. Which of the following is NOT right?A. It is bad for your health to have no breakfastB. Too little for breakfast and too much for lunch may make you fatter.C. If you dont eat much for lunch and supper, you may lose weight.D. The more breakfast you have, the more quickly youll learn in class.BMr. Baker in TroubleMrs. Bakers sister was ill. She had someone to look after her from Monday to Friday, but not at the weekend, so every Friday evening Mrs. Baker used to go off to spend the weekend with her at her home in neighboring (邻近的) town. But as Mr. Baker could not cook, she had asked his sister to come over and spend the weekend looking after him at their home.This meant that Mr. Baker had quite a busy time when he came home from work on Friday evening. First he had to drive home from the railways station. Then he had to drive his wife to the station to catch her train, and then he had to wait until his sisters train arrived, so as to take her to his house.Of course, on Sunday evening he had to drive his sister to the station to catch her train back home, and then wait for his wifes train, so as bring her home.One Sunday evening he had seen his sister off on her train and was waiting for his wifes arrival when a porter, who had often seen him at the station, came over and spoke to him.“You are having a lot of fun (开心),” he said, “But one day one of those women is going to catch you with the other, and then you will be in real trouble!” 1. How did Mr. Baker get to work?A. By bus and train.B. By trainC. By car and train.D. By car. 2. Mr. Baker did not have to go to the railway station _.A. on weekdayB. on weekendsC. on SundayD. on SaturdayCMany teenagers (青少年)feel that the most important people in their lives are their friends. They believe that their family members, and in particular (尤其是) their parents, dont know them as well as their friends do. In large families, it is quite often for brothers and sisters to fight with each other and then they can only go to their friends for advice.It is very important for teenagers to have one good friend or a circle of friends. Even when they are not with their friends, they usually spend a lot of time talking among themselves on the phone. This communication(交际) is very important in childrens growing up, because friends can discuss something difficult to say to their family members.However, parents often try to choose their childrens friends for them. Some parents may even stop their children from meeting their good friends. The question of “choice ”is an interesting one. Have you ever thought of the following questions?Who chooses your friends?Do you choose your friends or your friends choose you?Have you got a good friend your parents dont like?Your answers are welcome.When teenagers stay alone, the usual way of communication is _.A. to go to their friendsB. to talk with their parentsC. to have a discussion with their family by phoneD. to talk with their friends on the phone3. 推理判断题：题型分析：阅读理解题考查学生多项技能中非常重要的一项就是“做出简单判断”和“推测”，这类推断往往包括：数据事实推断，常识推断以及作者写作目的、态度和倾向等的推断。这类题要求学生能够根据文章提供的具体事实，经过思考分析，概括出文章的中心思想，或推断出文章中没有具体加以阐述的观点或结论。解题思想与技巧：做这类题时，首先要在原文找到据以推理的相关文字部分，找与事实有关的细节，要加以分析，找出线索，还要悟出字里行间的意思。理解这种需要分析和判断的题目，尤其要在通读全文的基础上，对已有信息细致处理，认真比较和分析，不要被似是而非的题目扰乱自己的视线，不要依靠人具有的感觉来判断，而是要根据短文中提供的相关信息，反复比较，才能做出合乎逻辑的判断。【典型例题】（一）The computer is fast and never makes a mistake. Unless it breaks down, while people are too slow, and make mistakes sometimes. Thats what people often say when they talk about computers. For over a quarter of century, engineers have been making better and better computers. Now a computer can do a lot of everyday jobs wonderfully. It is widely used in factories, hospitals every field. Many computer scientists are now thinking of making the computer “think ”like a man. With the help of a person, a computer can draw pictures, write music, talk with people, play chess, recognize voices, translate languages and so on. Perhaps computers will one day really think and feel. Do you think the people will be afraid when they find that the computer is too clever to listen to and serve the people. A