DIVISION V 欧洲文化入门复习脉络.doc

第五章 复习脉络1、The first time to look at mens place in the Universe started in the 17th century. 2、In modernism, mens position in the universe was looked at in a fresh new way. 3、The world outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound (深远的) change in the conception of mens place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置) 4、The 17th century philosophy was focus on materialist in nature. 5、17th century Science: physics mathematics chemistry biology psychology 6、The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.现代世界从何时开始 7、Keplers Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitation 8、the laws of gravitation (万有引力的内容): the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies (天体) in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation. 9、Francis Bacons works The Advancement of Learning The New Atlantis The Novum Organum (New Method) Essays (散文集) 10、Essays are Bacons most widely read work. 58 essays were included. 11、Francis Bacon Knowledge is power. (知识就是力量) Virtue is like precious odours most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed. 品德像宝贵的气味当被压碎或焚香时很芳香 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.(纯粹的人) 读书可以使人成竹在胸 Histories make men wise. (学史可以使人明智) Wives are young mens mistresses, companions for the middle-aged, and old mens nurses. 12、Tomas Hobbes Leviathan 13、the Great Instauration to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. (大恢复理论) 14、Inductive method Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般). Induction was put over against Deductive method. 15、All our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation (感受) or from reflection (反思) and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well. 16、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract.(是社会契约的签约方) 17、Hobbes absolute Monarchy (君主制) Locke Constitutional Monarchy (君主立宪制) 18、The English Revolution is also called Bourgeoisie Revolution. 19、Democracy (民主的体现是) Parliament (议会) 希腊民主的体现是公民大会 20、The serfdom had begun breaking up as a result of the Enclosure Movement. 21、By the end of the 16th century, Calvinism had spread to England. As a result, the Puritan Movement was started in England. (清教徒运动开始了) 22、1689, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament (议会). 23、There are two leaders in the English Revolution. Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought. 24、Milton Paradise Lost (失乐园) 选自：The fall of men (圣经的旧约) Satan 25、In Miltons poetic works, both the Renaissance and the Reformation showed their influence. (受两个运动的影响) 26、Theory of Knowledge 简答 认知论 Descartes employed methodic doubt (置疑方法论) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的) truth. I doubt, therefore I think: I think, therefore I am. Doubting is thinking, thinking is the essence of the mind. Descartes believed that they are not dependable. 27、Descartess Dualism 二元论 Thought (思维) was the foundation of all knowledge (认知) while the senses might deceive us. This is idealist. The external world existed, which was independent of the human mind. This is materialist. (不以人的意识为转移) 28、Classicism (新古典主义) Classicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏). It intended to produce a literature, French to the core (以法语为中心), which was worthy of (与相媲美) Greek and classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its climax in France in the 17th century.(代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德席勒) 29、French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏). 判断 30、Rationalism was believed to be able to discover the best principles of human conduct and the universal principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义) 31、Molire (莫里哀) The best representative of French neoclassicism. 32、Baroque Art 承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式 Baroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flanders and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and sentimental appeal (哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.(强烈的明暗对比) 33、Michelangelo Caravaggio The Calling of St. Matthew (圣马赛的呼唤) The Cardsharps (纸牌游戏) 34、Dutch Protestant Art 新教艺术 Rembrandt (伦勃朗) Blinding of Samson The Polish Rider (荷兰骑士) 一、Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times? 1、This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2、The world outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of mens place in the universe.(人在宇宙中的位置) 3、The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses. 4、The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century. 二、How did science develop in the 17th century? 1、Copernicus: Helio-centric (日心说) 2、Kepler: Keplers Laws of planetary motion. (开普勒行星定律) Kepler proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true. Keplers Laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newtons discovery of the laws of gravitation. (万有引力理论) 3、Galileo: He made a telescope. Galileo also proved Copernicus Helio-centric theory to be true. Galileo discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics. (动力加速度) Galileo was also the first to establish the law of falling bodies. (自由落体理论的奠定) 4、Newton: He invented calculus. (微积分) In optics (光学), he discovered that white light is composed of all the colour of the spectrum.(光谱) Newton established his name in the field of physics. Newton established the analytical method. 5、Leibniz: Leibniz distinguishes three levels of understanding: The self-consciousness The consciousness and the unconsciousness or subconsciousness This theory had a great influence on Freudian psychology. This theory of time and space had a great influence on Einsteinian physics. He and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus.(微积分) 三、What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century？ (Do you think there is something in common among the 17th century scientists? If there is, present your ideas on the statement.) During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began to take shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation before formulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science. 1、First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses. 2、Second, they all had immense patience in observation. 3、The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in mans scientific and philosophical thinking. 四、What is Baconian Philosophical system? (What is the different between inductive method (归纳法) and deductive (演绎法) method?) 1、The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions. 2、He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.(与经院主义混为一谈) 3、Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般). Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from the general to the specific.(从已知推未知，从一般推特殊) 4、In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration. (大恢复理论) 五、What is Hobbes material system? (What is Hobbes materialist view?) 1、Our knowledge comes from experience. 2、Only material things are perceptible, and knowable to us. Our own experience alone is certain (个人的实践是确定无疑的). Men could not know anything about the existence of God. (人类无法感知上帝是否确定存在) 3、When a thing lies still, unless something else stirs it, it will lie still for ever. 4、Hobbes systematized Baconian materialism, but basically he was a mechanical materialist.(机械唯物主义),费尔巴哈也是 六、What is the natural state of war according to Hobbes? 1、Equality of hope arises from the equality of ability. 2、If any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies. 3、From this, he concluded, until such time as men live under a common power, they are in a state of war with one another. 七、What are the Laws of nature, according to the Hobbes? 1、It is obviously in mans interest to emerge from this natural state of war.(人的利益导致战争) 2、For by nature men have their passions and their reason. It is their passions which bring about the state of war. 3、Peace is necessary for survival and certain articles of peace, upon which men may be drawn to agreement. 八、What is the theory of the Social Contract, according to the Hobbes? 1、It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish). 2、Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas (共有财产). 3、To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security. 4、The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided. 5、As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(主张君主制) 6、Government was not created by God, but by men themselves. 九、What are John Locke material view? 1、All our ideas are ultimately derived from sensation or from reflection and these two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well. 2、Neither principles nor ideas are innate.(规律与人的思维都并非天生的) 3、Sensation and reflection are the fountains of knowledge.(两大源泉) 十、What is Lockes Political Philosophy?(政治哲学) 1、Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.(排除了君权神授的思想) 2、He ridiculed the theory of transmission of royal authority (王权的世袭制) by saying that there was no evidence that Adam possessed a divinely granted royal authority, nor is there any evidence that his heirs had it. 3、Locke put forward the idea of the state of nature.(提出自然状态的观点) 4、For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason, whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud. 5、Locke firmly believed in natural rights. The natural right is the right of private property. 十一、What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law? For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud. 十二、What is John Lockes Social Contract? 1、Society is out of necessity, convenience and mans own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man. 2、The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.(人要完全屈服于政府的统治) 3、Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individuals consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. 4、Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.(北美独立战争和英国资产阶级革命) 十三、What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract? 1、Tomas Hobbes: It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas (共有财产). To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.(主张君主制) Government was not created by God, but by men themselves. 2、John Locke: Society is out of necessity, convenience and mans own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.(人要完全屈服于政府的统治) Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individuals consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the American Revolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.(北美独立战争和英国资产阶级革命) 3、Although both Tomas Hobbes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.(根本上的不同) First, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason. Secondly, Hobbes argued that individuals surrender their rights to one man, the sovereign whose power is absolute. Locke argued that the individuals surrender their rights to the community as a whole. According to him, by majority vote a representative is chosen, but his power not absolute. If he fails to implement the peoples will, the people have the right to overthrow him. 十四、What are the courses of the English Revolution? 1、Th