grammer-高中英语语法总结-部分.docx

代词的分类 人称代词 Personal Pronouns 物主代词 Possessive Pronouns 反身代词 Self Pronouns 不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns 指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns 人称代词 Personal Pronouns 数 单数 复数人称 一 二 三 一 二 三主格 I you he she it we you they宾格 me you him her it us your them1.人称代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格 * They all like him very much. 他们都很喜欢他。 * She gave the books to you and me. 这些书是她送给你和我的。2.人称代词在作表语时，用宾格 * Whos knocking at the door? Its me. 谁敲门？-是我。 3. 人称代词在并列使用时的顺序为 “第二人称，第三人称，第一人称” * You, she and I all enjoy the music. 你我她都喜欢音乐。4.she可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等 * We love our motherland, we hope shell be stronger and bigger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她更强大。 * The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。这是她第一次去波士顿。5.it作为人称代词时，可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等 * What the weather like today? Its windy. 今天的天气怎么样？- 有风。 * Its about five minutes walk from home to school.从家到学校的路程大约5分钟6.it可作为形式主语，将不定式、动名词等构成的主语后移，使句子显得平稳 * Its hard to reach the apples. 很难够到苹果。 * Its good for you taking a walk after supper. 对你来说饭后散步是有好处的。物主代词 Possessive Pronouns 形容词性 名词性 my mine your yours his his her hers its its our ours your yours their theirs1.形容词性物主代词在句中只能作定语 * My brother is a worker. 我弟弟是个工人。 * His parents are very friendly. 他的父母非常友善。2.名词性物主代词在句中可作表语、主语和宾语 * Whose dictionary is this? Its mine. 这字典是谁的？ - 我的。 * Our room is big and theirs is small. 我们的房间大，他们的房间小。 * You may use my pen. Ill use hers. 你可以用我的笔，我用他的好了。3.形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的关系： 形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词 注意：名词性物主代词在句中所指代的关系是单数还是复数。 * These books arent ours. Ours are new. (our books = ours) * This is not our room. Ours is over there. (our room = ours) 4.“of +名词性物主代词”表示所属 * A sister of his is a nurse. 他的一个妹妹是个护士。 * Tom is a friend of mine 我的一个朋友反身代词 Self Pronouns 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself复数 ourselves yourselves themselves1.反身代词在句中可以作宾语、表语和同位语 * He thinks more of others than of himself. 他想到别人比想到自己更多一些。 * That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。 * He himself was a doctor. 他本人就是一个大夫。 * I myself can work the problem out. 我能亲自算出这道题2.反身代词有以下常见搭配 enjoy oneself = have a good time by oneself = alone help oneself to learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. 注意：oneself 有单复数之分 * I enjoy myself. * Children, help yourselves to some fish. 不定代词 Indefinite Pronouns 不是指明代替特定名词（或形容词）的代词 all, each, every, both, either, neither none, one, little, few, many, much other, another, some, any, no 由some, any, no, every 等构成的合成代词几组在用法上容易混淆的不定代词 1.some/any some（一些,某）一般用于肯定句中 * There are some flowers in front of the house. any（一些,任何）多用于疑问句和否定句 * Do you have any picture-books?注意：some有时也可用于表示请求、征求意见的疑问句中 * Would you like some meat? 你想要些肉吗？ * May I ask some questions? 我可以问问题吗？ * Could I have some apples? 我可以吃苹果吗？ * Will you give me some water? 你能给我些水吗？2. many/much many 修饰或指代复数名词 *There are many eggs in the basket. * Many of us like playing games. much 修饰或指代不可数名词 * He doesnt know much English.3.another/other another 泛指三个或三个以上中的另一个 * I dont want this coat. Please show me another. other 后面接名词，泛指别的、其他的 * Do you have any other questions?4. the other/others/the others the other 1. 特指两个中的另一个 * He has two sons. One is a worker, the other is a doctor. 2. 修饰名词，特指另一个、另一些 * Tom likes swimming, and the other boys in his class like swimming, too.others泛指其他的人或物 * He often helps others. * Some are playing basketball, others are playing football.the others 特指确定范围内剩下的全部人或物 * There are fifty students in our class. Twenty of them are girls, the others are boys.5.few/a few/little/a little few/a few 修饰可数名词 little/a little 修饰不可数名词 few, little 表示否定意义, 译为“没有几个”，“没有多少” a few, a little 表示肯定意义, 译为“有几个”，“有一点” * There are few people living here. 这里几乎没人住。 * There are a few students in the classroom. 教室里有一些学生。 * I know little English. 我不懂英语。 * There is a little milk in the bottle. 瓶子里有些牛奶。 few 和 little 与 quite 或 only 连用时，常加不定冠词 a * There are quite a few new books in the library. 图书馆里颇有些新书。6.every/each every单数名词,表示“每一个”,强调共性、整体,只作定语,形式上为单数.不与of 连用 *Every child likes playing games. each 表示“每一个”,强调个性,作定语主语、宾语和同位语,常与of 连用 *Each student was asked to try again. *Each of them has a nice skirt.7.all/none all “(全部)都”,表示三者或三者以上，作同位语时,一般放在连系动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前 * We are all from Canada. They all like English. none “没有”,表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介词of（谓语动词单、复数均可） * None of us is/are afraid of dogs. 8.both/either/neither both “（两者）都”,作主语时看作复数；作定语时后跟名词复数 * My parents are both teachers. =Both of my parents are teachers. neither “(两者)都不”,含有否定意义，作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 * Neither answer is right. either “两者中任何一个”,作主语时谓语用第三人称单数; 作定语时后跟名词单数 * There are trees on either side of the street. = There are trees on both sides of the street.有关词组及应用 A.both of/either of/neither of * Both of them swim well. 他们俩都游得很好。 * Either of you goes to Beijing. 你们俩随便谁去北京都可以。 * Neither of them stopped to have a rest. 他们俩谁都不停下来休息。 B.bothand（谓语动词用复数形式） eitheror/neithernor(谓语动词遵循就近原则) * Both Tom and Lucy are in Grade Two. Tom 和 Lucy 都在二年级。 * Either my father or my mother cooks at home. 或者我爸爸或者我妈妈在家烧饭。 * Neither he nor I am free today. 我和他今天都没空。9.Something/anything/nothing Somebody/anybody/nobody当形容词修饰这些不定代词时，常后置 * I have something important to tell you. * Is there anything else in the box? * Nobody can answer the question. 指示代词 Demonstrative Pronouns 表示空间和时间远近关系的代词 包括:this/that (单数) these/those (复数) 1. this,these指在方位上较近的人或物 that,those指在方位上较远的人或物 *This is my shirt, thats yours. *These TVs are made in China, those are made in Japan.2.that,those常指前面提过的东西,以免重复 *These boxes are heavier than those on the desk. 3.刚才提到的事情，在英文中用that *He was ill yesterday. Im sorry to hear that.疑问代词 Interrogative Pronouns 用来构成特殊疑问句的代词 常见有：who whom whose what which 通常做主语宾语定语表语 * What makes you think like that ? 做主语 * Who(Whom) were you talking with? 做宾语 * Which bus do I need? 做定语 * Whats your father? 做表语 注意：在口语中，Who和Whom通用， 但在介词后只能用Whom *With whom did he play games? With who did he play games?(错) 2. This film is less interesting than that one =This film isnt as interesting as that one =That film is more interesting than this one.改错1 Dont worry. There is little time left.2 His book is quite different from me.3 She has two cats. One is white, another is black.4 I have interesting something to tell you.5 Please give me it.6 Every of us wants to have a look at your photo.7 He sits in front of Jim and I.8 I like to receive letters but I do not like write it.9 He doesnt know what one to buy.( )1 Is this your football, boys? No, it is not _ A. yours B. our C. mine D. ours( )2 The bird builds _ nest in the tree. A. her B. its C. its D. hers( )3 The maths problem _ is wrong. A. himself B. he C. itself D. herself( )4 _ want to see the film. A Every student B Each student C All of students D All the students( )5 A lot of people have tried, but _ have succeeded. A. the few B. a few C. few D. little( ) 6 _ of the four roads will take you to the hospital. A. Both B. Neither C. Any D. Either( )7 I have five pencils, one is red, _ is blue and _ are green. A. another, the other B. the other, others C. others, the others D. another, the others( ) 8 I have found _ on the Internet. A. a few informations B. a little informations C. a few information D. a little information( ) 9 I have Chemistry classes _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday. A. each other B. every other C. this and other D. all other( )10 - _ is the man under the tree? - Jims father. A. When B. What C. Where D. Who形容词和副词 主语 主语表明这句话说的是谁和什么，主语主要由名词、代词或相当于名词的单词，短语或从句充当。一、名词作主语David arrived last night.大卫昨晚到达。Pride goes before a fall.骄必败。二、代词作主语Who is speaking, please?（在电话中）请问您是谁？Thats OK.这没问题。三、数词作主语Two will be enough.两个就够了。Two-thirds of the workers are women.三分之二的工人是女工。四、ing形式作主语Skating is good exercise.溜冰是很好的运动。Looking up all the new words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.从字典里查所有的生词花费了他许多时间。五、不定式作主语To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.把理想转变成现实需要辛勤的劳动。六、名词化的形容词作主语The blind and the lame are well cared for in our country.在我们国家，盲人和肢残人受到很好的照顾。The unemployed usually lead a hard life.失业的人生活一般很困难。七、短语作主语How to do well is an important question.如何把这件事做好是一个重要问题。Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.早睡早起身体好。八、从句作主语What has happened proves that our policy is right.发生的一切证明我们的政策是对的。Whether well go depends on the weather提起fish，它给人们的第一印象便是指鱼，实际上它的用法并非如此简单。fish用作可数名词指鱼的条数时单数和复数形式相同(two fish两条鱼)，指鱼的种类时复数形式才为fishes(two fishes两种鱼)；fish用作不可数名词时无复数形式，应作鱼肉解(Help yourself to some fish随便吃些鱼。)；fish用作动词时，它的含义又与钓(捕)鱼有关(go fishing去钓鱼)。 在英语口语里，fish还常常被用来指人，类似于汉语里的家伙、东西等。如：a poor fish(可怜虫)，a big fish(大亨)，a cool fish(无耻之徒)，a strange fish(奇人、怪人)，a loose fish(放荡鬼)等。但必须注意的是，fish用来指人时形象虽然鲜明，但往往含有贬义。.初中英语八种时态归纳复习 时态是英语学习中一个至关重要的内容，广大初中学生在实际运用时，往往对时态总是倍感棘手，下面我们就归纳复习一下這几种时态。一、一般现在时： 概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 时间状语： always,usually,often,sometimes,everyweek(day,year,month),onceawee