名词解释74847.doc

精品文档一名词解释：1肺性脑病：由于呼吸功能衰竭导致缺氧、 CO2潴留，从而引起的神经精神障碍症候群。2Typical angina pectoris ：Angina pectoris is a clinical syndrome of precordial discomfort or pressure due to transient myocardial ischemia without infarction. Discomfort may radiate to the left shoulder and down the inside of the left arm，usually persists no more than a few minutes .It is typically precipitated by exertion or psychologic stress and relieved by rest or sublingual nitroglycerin.3上消化道大出血： 数小时内出血量1000ml或有效循环血量的20%，表现为呕血、黑便，常伴有急性周围循环衰竭的表现。4黎明现象:指夜间血糖控制良好，也无低血糖发生，仅于黎明一段时间出现高血糖，机制可能为皮质醇、生长激素等胰岛素拮抗激素分泌增多所致。5 贫血：指外周血液单位体积血液中的Hb,Hct,RBC低于可比人群的正常最低值。国内标准男性Hb120g/l, RBC 4.51012， Hct0.42。女性Hb110g/l，RBC 4.01012，Hct0.37。妊娠Hb100g/l，Hct3.5g/d）、低蛋白血症（血浆白蛋白30g/L）、水肿、高脂血症的一组综合征。12.Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage：上消化道大出血：指屈氏韧带以上的消化道出血，短时间内出血量超过血容量的20%或1000ml以上。 13Horner综合征：肺上沟瘤（pancoast tumor）是一种位于肺尖部的肺癌。癌肿侵犯或压迫颈交感神经，引起患者眼睑下垂、瞳孔缩小、眼球内陷，同侧额部与胸壁无汗或少汗，感觉异常。14Ph染色体：即t(9;22)(q34;q11),因9号染色体长臂上（-abl）原癌基因易位至22号染色体长臂的断裂点集中区（bcr），形成bcr/abl融合基因。15 .Variabe asthma：变异性哮喘：以顽固性咳嗽为唯一的临床表现，无喘息症状。16.Hepatic encephalopathy： Hepatic encephalopathy is a potentially-reversible neuropsychiatric abnormality in the setting of liver failure, whether chronic (as in cirrhosis), or acutely. Signs can include impaired cognition, a flapping tremor (asterixis), and a decreased level of consciousness including coma, cerebral edema, and, ultimately, death.系严重的肝功能失调或障碍所致、以代谢紊乱为主要特征的中枢神经系统功能失调的综合征，主要临床表现为意识障碍、行为异常及昏迷。17. 白血病裂孔现象：急性白血病骨髓有核细胞显著增多，主要是白血病性的原始和幼稚细胞，残留少量成熟粒细胞，而较成熟中间阶段细胞缺如，形成所谓裂孔现象。18蛋白尿：蛋白尿是肾脏疾病最常见的表现，健康成人尿中排出总量不超过150mg/24h，若高于150 mg/24h，则称蛋白尿。19 Paraneoplastic syndrom：A paraneoplastic syndrome is a disease that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. These phenomena are mediated by humoral factors excreted by tumor cells or by an immune response against the tumor. Paraneoplastic syndromes are typical among middle aged to older patients and they most commonly present with cancers of the lung. Sometimes the symptoms of paraneoplastic syndromes show even before the diagnosis of a malignancy.(中文回答得一半分)20subclinical hyperthyroidism(亚临床甲亢): Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a serum TSH concentration above the statistically defined lower limit of the reference range when serum free T4 (FT4) and free T3(FT3) concentration is within its reference range(1.5). Other causes of a low serum TSH must be excluded(0.5). Subclinical hyperthyroidism may result from endogenous overproduction of thyroid hormone or intended or inadvertent overadministration of thyroid hormone. This condition reflects the fact that before clinical features of thyrotoxicosis are apparent(0.5)21. Zollinger-Ellison 综合症：是胰腺非细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，大量胃泌素刺激壁细胞增生和大量胃酸分泌，使上消化道浸浴于高酸环境，在胃十二指肠及不典型部位如：十二指肠降段、横段、甚至空肠发生难治性溃疡，可伴有腹泻。肿瘤往往很小（1000ml或有效循环血量的20%，表现为呕血、黑便，常伴有急性周围循环衰竭的表现。29.黎明现象:指夜间血糖控制良好，也无低血糖发生，仅于黎明一段时间出现高血糖，机制可能为皮质醇、生长激素等胰岛素拮抗激素分泌增多所致。30.贫血：指外周血液单位体积血液中的Hb,Hct,RBC低于可比人群的正常最低值。国内标准男性Hb120g/l, RBC 4.51012， Hct0.42。女性Hb110g/l，RBC 4.01012，Hct0.37。妊娠Hb100g/l，Hct3.5g/day), hypoalbuminemia(30g/L), hyperlipidemia and edema.36急性冠脉综合征：包括不稳定型心绞痛、非ST段抬高性心肌梗死和ST段抬高性心肌梗死。（3分，1个1分）37Horner综合征：肺尖部肺癌又称肺上钩瘤(Pancoast瘤)，易压迫颈部交感神经，引起病侧眼睑下垂、瞳孔缩小、眼球内陷，同侧额部和胸壁少汗或无汗。38原位溶血:因造血缺陷，幼红细胞在成熟前已在骨髓内破坏（1）是一种特殊的血管外溶血 （1）39. Cushings disease： Cushings disease refers to one specific cause, namely an adenoma in the pituitary gland that produces large amounts of ACTH which in turn elevates cortisol.40肝性脑病:是由严重肝病引起的、以代谢紊乱为基础、中枢神经系统功能失调的综合征，其主要临床表现为意识障碍、行为失常和昏迷41bronchial asthma：Bronchial asthma is characterized as a kind of chronic inflammation with airway hyper-responsiveness and recurrent wheezing，and airflow limitation is reversible。42nephritic syndrome：nephritic syndrome is characterized as severe edema，proteinuria（24-h total protein morethan 3.5g），hypoproteinemia，and hyperlipemia。43Acute coronary syndrome：acute coronary syndrome（ACS） is a set of signs and symptoms suggestive of sudden cardiac ischemia，usually caused by disruption of atherosclerotic plaque in an epicardial coronary artery。The acute coronary syndromes include unstable angina，non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction。44继发性高血压：指由某些确定的疾病或病因引起的血压升高。45黎明现象：即夜间血糖控制良好，也无低血糖发生，仅于黎明一段短时间出现高血糖。可能为皮质醇、生长激素等胰岛素拮抗激素分泌增多所致。46. Hepatic encepha1opathy ：Hepatic encephalopathy is a potentially reversible,or progressive , neuropsychiatric syndrome that occurs as a complication of liver disorders. (1 分) It is characterized by various neurologic symptoms including changes in cognitive function ,reflexes,consciousness,and behavior that can range in severity from a mild alteration in mental state to acoma. (1 分 ) .47.裂孔现象：是急性白血病患者骨髓象一个特点，骨髓中主要是原始细胞 (1分)，而较成熟的中间阶段可缺如，并残留少量成熟细胞 (1分)。48. Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage:Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding is defined as bleeding from the site above the Treitz ligament (1分). It includes bleeding from esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, biliary tract and jejunum after gastrojejunostomy. (1分)49. Isolated systolic hypertension ：Many elderly patients and some younger ones present with considerable elevation of the systolic pressure having a relatively mornal diastolic pressure (1分) . A typical pressure might be 140mmHg systolic and 90mmHg diastolic in such an individual (1分) . 50黎明现象：夜间血糖控制良好，无低血糖发生(1分)，仅于黎明一段短时间出现高血糖，其机制可能为皮质醇等对抗激素分泌增多所致(1分)。51狼疮性肾炎:是SLE最为常见和严重的临床表现，主要由自身抗原抗体复合物沉积在肾小球和肾小管间质所致。临床表现为无症状血尿、蛋白尿、或肾炎综合症、肾病综合症、急、慢性肾衰竭等。 52.Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND): A form of dyspnea characterized by the patients waking from sleep because of short breath . Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea is a symptom of left-sided heart failure.53食管粘膜撕裂综