丁晓钟14年超精讲.doc

丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 13 - Section II : Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 一 In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. What could be more reasonable? 为了“让生活变得更美好”以及减少“依赖”，英国财政大臣乔治奥斯本引入了“求职预付金”计划。只有当失业者带着简历到就业中心，注册在线求职并开始找工作，才有资格获得补助金然后他们应该每周而非每两周报告一次。有什么比这更合理呢？ 【语篇分析】本段介绍了文章的背景。中的带引号的内容显然是George Osborne的观点。具体解释中的“upfront work search” scheme。是关于的合理性如何的疑问。这一问句的意思就有两种可能：一、此事非常合理没有事比这更合理；二、此事不合理George Osborne还能想到什么更合理呢？如果该句放在文章的结尾，则肯定是第一种可能。但它只是在第一段末尾，下面还有很多内容，所以尚不能下结论。 【难句剖析】In order to . “dependency”为目的状语从句，Chancellor of the Exchequer作George Osborne的同位语。是一个倒装结构，当only表示“仅仅、只有”且放在句首，引导状语从句或者是作状语的副词、介词短语等时，主句应倒装。 外刊例句 Only in this way will you be able to anticipate whats coming next and respond quickly and appropriately. 这有通过这种方式，你才能预期接着会发生什么并快速而恰当地回应。 【核心单词】upfront adj. 预付的 | scheme n. 方案，计划 | CV ( = curriculum vitae) n. 简历 | fortnightly adv. 两周一次地 【必背搭配】be eligible for有资格获得的 二 More apparent reasonableness followed. There will now be a seven-day wait for the jobseekers allowance. “Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on.” he claimed, “Were doing these things because we know they help people stay off benefits and help those on benefits get into work faster.” Help? Really? On first hearing, this was the socially concerned chancellor, trying to change lives for the better, complete with “reforms” to an obviously indulgent system that demands too little effort from the newly unemployed to find work, and subsidises laziness. What motivated him, we were to understand, was his zeal for “fundamental fairness” protecting the taxpayer, controlling spending and ensuring that only the most deserving claimants received their benefits. 更加明显的合理性如下。现在领取求职者补贴要等待七天。“这前几天应该用来找工作，而不是办理失业登记（以获得救济金）。”他说，“我们这样做是因为我们知道，这样会帮助人们摆脱补助并让依赖补助的人尽快就业。”帮助？真的吗？乍一听，这是位关心社会的大臣，他努力改善人们的生活，包括对一个明显放纵的体系的“改革”，这个体系不要求新失业者付出多少努力去找工作，为其懒惰埋单。我们将会知道，激励他的是他对“基本的公正”的热诚保护纳税人，控制花费以及确保只有最值得帮助的申请者才能得到补助金。 【语篇分析】承上启下，是对上段最后一句提问的回答，reasonableness与上文最后的reasonable对应。是在第一段的基础上继续介绍“upfront work search” scheme的细节和George Osborne自己对此的说法。根据“Help? ”、“Really? ”和“On first hearing”等词语可以明显地看出，出现语意转折，作者并不认 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 14 - 同George Osborne的观点和“upfront work search” scheme。所以，第一段末尾What could be more reasonable?以及本段的只是在引述George Osborne的观点，而作者本身的观点与此相反。对比可知，是引述George Osborne自己所言引入“upfront work search” scheme目的，而是作者判断出George Osborne的动机。 【难句剖析】he指代上段的George Osborne，on benefits作后置定语修饰those。动名词结构trying to .作后置定语（同位语）修饰the socially concerned chancellor；“A, complete with B”的意思是“A，包括B”，此处A为trying . better, B为reforms . system；定语从句that demands . and subsides laziness修饰an obviously indulgent system。What motivated him为主语从句，we were to understand为插入语，破折号后的protecting ., controlling . and ensuring .作fundamental fairness的同位语，从句that only . benefits作ensure的宾语。 【考点提炼】 (1) Really?（真的吗？）常表示前述内容并不属实，并在后面提出反驳意见。 外刊例句 This poster says opening up the western parts of Canada and Australia has turned them into global giants. Really? Canadas share of the global GDP is 1.8% and Australias is 1.2%. () 这一海报说开放加拿大和澳大利亚的西部使它们转变为“全球强国”。真的吗？加拿大的GDP只占全球1.8% 而澳大利亚只占1.2%。 (2) On first hearing（乍一听）, at first blush（乍一想）, at first glance/sight（乍一看）等，常用来表示最初的反应并非真实。at first和initially常用来表示“一开始”情况如何，然后又出现了转折。 外刊例句 At first glance, Indians enjoy the freedom to speak and criticize no less than Americans, Europeans or others lucky enough to live in democracies. Look closer and the picture is rather different. The country is enthralled at the moment by a series of corruption scandals, mostly involving members of the ruling Congress party.() 乍一看，印度人享有的言论和批评的自由不比美国人、欧洲人以及其它足够有幸生活在民主国家的人少。更深入地观察会发现情况大相径庭。该国现在遭遇了一系列贪腐丑闻，主要涉及执政的的国大党成员。 【核心单词】reasonableness n. 合理性 | allowance n. 补贴，津贴 | indulgent adj. 放纵的，宽容的 | subsidise v. 资助 | motivate v. 激励 | zeal n. 热情，热诚 | deserving adj. 值得的，应得到的 | fairness n. 公平，公正 | claimant n. 申请者 【必背搭配】(be) complete with包括，连同 | socially concerned关心社会的 | newly unemployed新失业的 【理解难点】sign on 英国英语办理失业登记(以获得失业救济金) BrE: to state officially that you are unemployed by signing a form, so that you can get money from the government 三 Losing a job is hurting: you dont skip down to the job centre with a song in your heart, delighted at the prospect of doubling your income from the generous state. It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing and you know that support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get. You are now not wanted; you are now excluded from the work environment that offers purpose and structure in your life. Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. 失业是痛苦的：你不会内心歌唱并跳跃着到就业中心去，为从这个慷慨国度得到加倍收入的前景而欣喜。在经济上它令人生畏，在心理上感到难堪，并且你还知道那种扶持的微薄和非常难以得到。现在没人需要你；你现在被排除在工作环境之外，那里会给予你人生的目标和体制。更糟糕的是，失去了用以养家糊口和支付账单的至关重要的收入。问任何新失业者他们想要什么，答案永远是：一份工作。 【语篇分析】为一个意群，主题句是Losing a job is hurting，其余内容都是在对这个主题句进行解释和展开，为次要信息。结尾句说明了失业者本人的真实想法：希望有一份工作。 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 15 - 【难句剖析】过去分词短语delighted at .作状语。定语从句that offers . life修饰work environment。从句what they want作动词ask的直接宾语，anyone newly unemployed为其间接宾语，其中newly unemployed作后置定语修饰anyone。 【核心单词】skip v. 跳 | double v. 加倍，成为两倍 | generous adj. 慷慨的，大方的 | minimal adj. 微薄的，极小的 | feed v. 抚养，供养，供给 【必背搭配】psychologically embarrassing 使人心理上感到难堪的 | extraordinarily hard非常困难 | be excluded from被排除在之外 | pay the bill 支付账单 四 But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency permanent dependency if you can get it supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood. It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. Even the very phrase “jobseekers allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions. Instead, the claimant receives a time-limited “allowance”, conditional on actively seeking a job: no entitlement and no insurance, at 71.70 a week, one of the least generous in the EU. 但是在奥斯本之国，你的第一反应就是坠入依赖永远的依赖，如果你能得到的话它由一个非常乐意放任你弄虚作假的国家所支持。好像这二十年一直严厉的求职和补助金管理系统的改革从未发生过。英国福利的原则不再是如果发生灾难，你能为自己投保失业险和得到无条件赔付。甚至正是“求职者补贴”这个词语，在将失业者重新定义为“求职者”，他人通过缴纳国民保险金可享有补助，而求职者则没有这个基本权利。作为替代，申请者得到的是一周71.70英镑的限时“补贴”，条件是积极地找工作：没有津贴也没有保险，在欧盟这也是最小气之一了。 【语篇分析】But标志着前面的内容与本句的内容在语意上存在明显的转折。由上段所述失业者因为失业的痛苦而非常想找工作，可以推断出中Osborne所言与此相反。而的意思是，Osborne认为如果不对失业补助等福利加以严格控制，就会让很多人陷入对福利制度的依赖而不思进取、不劳而获。这里与第一段中的in order to reduce dependency联系起来，可进一步说明Osborne的观点。是一个意群，作者在此论证Osborne所言不实。disaster指代Osbornes scheme，可见作者认为若施行Osbornes scheme会是一场灾难。 【难句剖析】过去分词短语supported . falsehood作dependency的后置定语。句使用了虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反。因此，此句表达的的真正意思是20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system happened，即这二十年间一直在进行严厉的有关改革。that引导同位语从句that you . happens修饰The principle of British welfare。正常语序应是The principle of British welfare that is no longer，因同位语从句较长，为使句子不至于头重脚轻而将其后置。定语从句who had . contributions修饰jobseeker，其中又有一个修饰benefit的定语从句he or she . contributions。 【核心单词】indulge v. 纵容，放纵 | falsehood n. 谬误，虚假，谎言 | very adj. (与the, this或my, your等连用)正是那个，恰好是 | claimant n. 申请者 | entitlement n. 津贴 【必背搭配】insure A against B 为A投保B险，保障A防范B带来的危险 | fundamental right 基本权利 | conditional on 以为条件 | seek a job 找工作，求职 洞悉题干： 21. George Osbornes scheme was intended to（George Osborne计划的目的是什么） 22. The phase “to sigh on”(Line 2, Para. 2) most probably means（短语“sign on”最可能表达什么意思） 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 16 - 23. What prompted the chancellor to develop his scheme?（是什么促使这个大臣推行他的计划？） 24. According to Paragraph 3, being unemployed makes one feel（根据第三段，失业状态使人感觉到什么） 25. To which of the following would the author most probably agree?（作者最可能同意下列哪一项？） 通过洞悉题干，可推测本文的主题与一个scheme有关，而且涉及到就业问题。 定位解答： 21. George Osbornes scheme was intended to 【精确定位】由题干George Osbornes scheme定位到第一段In order to “change lives for the better” and reduce “dependency,” George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, introduced the “upfront work search” scheme. Only if the jobless arrive at the job centre with a CV, register for the online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly. 【选项解码】A provide the unemployed with easier access to benefits.(为失业者得到补助金提供更加容易的途径) 由可见George Osbornes scheme使获取补助金更加困难，与本选项的内容相反。 B encourage jobseeker s active engagement in job seeking.(鼓励求职者积极参与找工作) 从可知，George Osbornes scheme一系列措施就是让失业者积极找工作才能获取补助金，即其目的为鼓励失业者 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 29 - 【核心单词】sadly adv. 悲哀地，难过地，令人痛心地 | vehicle n. 交通工具，传播媒介，(传达或表达思想的)工具，手段 | publicize v. 宣扬，宣传，公布 | propaganda n. 宣传 【必背搭配】be deprived of 被剥夺了，丧失 五 Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas such as free markets and self-reliance as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and something legitimate, intellectual investigation. 如今，教授们通常将进步的历史观和公共政策视为正统的学习科目，而将保守的或古典自由主义的观点例如：自由市场和自力更生描述为逾越了常规、合理事物和理性调研的界限。 【语篇分析】本段介绍了美国教育的一些现状。 【难句剖析】句子主干为professors routinely treat as ；并列连词while引导现在分词短语while portraying as 作伴随状语（表示分词短语的动作伴随谓语动词的动作同时发生，以及两者之间的对比关系），在意义上它相当于与前面句子并列的单句while professors portray as 。类似于“treat/portray sb/sth as + 形容词/名词等”的结构还有“regard/see sb/sth as ”和“describe sb sth as ”等。笔者注 professors将the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy视为the proper subject of study，表明对它们持肯定态度。falling outside of the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legitimate, intellectual investigation表示逾越了常规、合理事物和理性调查的界限，即表示不常规、合理和理性，可见professors对conservative or classical liberal ideas such as free markets and self-reliance持否定态度。以上的剖析可参阅下面的外刊例句： (1) An interesting example of this is the growing number of organizations that outsource implementation and maintenance of their systems while maintaining control of the overall enterprise architecture. () 关于这点有一个有趣的例子，就是越来越多的机构外包它们的系统的运行和维护，而坚持自己对整个企业架构的控制。 (2) Oftentimes, our leaders behave as if they were outside of the boundaries of the law. () 我们的领导人时常表现得像是逾越了法律的界限。 【核心单词】progressive adj. 进步的，革新的，当代的 | portray v. 描述，描绘 【必背搭配】treat as将视为 | public policy公共政策 | free market自由市场 | intellectual investigation理智的(非感情的)、理性的调查研究 六 The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well set back reform by obscuring the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to illuminate. 美国艺术与科学院显示了对通才教育的巨大热情。然而其报告由于掩盖了国会要求它阐明的挑战的深度和广度，很可能会使改革倒退。 【语篇分析】本段是对上面第四、五段的总结。 【难句剖析】by obscuring .作方式状语，that引导定语从句修饰the depth and breadth of the challenge。 【核心单词】obscure v. 掩盖 | breadth n. 宽度 | illuminate v. 阐明 【必背搭配】display great enthusiasm显示巨大的热情 | set back 推迟，使受挫，把往回拨 洞悉题干： 36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the authors attitude toward the AAASs report?（根据第一段，作者对AAAS的报告持什么态度？） 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 30 - 37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to（国会中有影响力的人要求AAAS报告该如何去做） 38. According to paragraph 3, the report suggests（根据第三段，该报告建议什么） 39. The author implies in paragraph 5 that professors are（作者在第五段暗示了教授们是什么状况） 40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（下列哪一项是本文最佳标题？） 洞悉提干，可以推测文章的主题跟AAASs report相关。 定位解答： 36. According to Paragraph 1, what is the authors attitude toward the AAASs report? 【精确定位】由题目可直接定位至第一段。前面在语篇分析中业已指出该段是典型的“欲抑先扬”的发展模式。由标志词Regrettably和however可以发现相对于出现了明显的语意转折，所以进一步精确定位到句。 【选项解码】A Critical.（批评的）从语气上初步判断regrettably标志作者所持态度是负面的，再从语意上may cause more harm than good精准判断作者对AAASs report持批评的态度，所以答案选A。 B Appreciative.（感激的）作者既已指出may cause more harm than good，显然不会持感激的态度。 C Contemptuous.（轻蔑的）作者对AAASs report虽然持批评态度，也不可能偏激到contemptuous的程度。因为作者是在针对一篇报告发表议论，而不是发表对论敌的“战斗檄文”。故排除本选项。 D Tolerant.（容忍的）作者已指出报告may cause more harm than good，显然不是容忍的态度。 37. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to 【精确定位】一般而言，题目大都按照所涉及内容在文章中的顺序来排列。第36题明确指示定位第一段，第38题明确指示定位第三段，所以可猜测第37题会定位第二段。实际上，第二段阐述的也正是Congress与AAAS的互动情况，与本题相关。 【选项解码】A retain peoples interest in liberal education. (维持人们对通才教育的兴趣) 文中无相关信息。 B define the governments role in education. (明确政府在教育中的作用) 干扰信息来自第二段 asking that it identify actions that could be taken by “federal, state and local governments, ，这部分是说要求AAAS确定可由“联邦、州和地方政府”采取的措施，并没有要求其明确政府在教育中的作用。故排除B。 C keep a leading position in liberal education. (保持在通才教育方面的领先地位) 题干中的Influential figures in the Congress是对句中的leading congressional Democrats and Republicans的替换；选项C keep a leading position in liberal education. 是对句的目的状语为to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education的替换。因此答案选C。 D safeguard individuals rights to education. (保障个人受教育的权利) 文中无相关信息。 38. According to paragraph 3, the report suggests 【精确定位】由题干可直接定位到第三段。 【选项解码】A an exclusive study of American history. (只学习美国历史) 干扰信息来自 stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government ，但是原文只是说报告“强调学习历史和政治，特别是美国历史和美国政治”，而不是“只学习美国历史”。所以本选项属于混淆语意，予以排除。 B a greater emphasis on theoretical subjects. (更加重视理论科目)文中没有涉及theoretical subjects的内容，本选项属于无中生有，予以排除。 C the application of emerging technologies. (应用新兴技术) 根据选项进一步定位到，可以发现选项中the application of emerging technologies是对该句the use of new digital technologies的替换。因此，C为答案。注意：修炼好基本功，熟练掌握基础词汇的涵义，将对你快速锁定正确选项有非常大的帮助。注释 application n. 应用，运用 emerging adj. 新兴的 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 31 - D funding for the study of foreign languages. (资助外语学习) 干扰信息来自The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, ，句中advocate的词义是“提倡，主张，拥护”，并非“资助”（fund）。所以本选项属于混淆语意，予以排除。 39. The author implies in paragraph 5 that professors are 【精确定位】第五段只有一个句子，考生可参照难句剖析解答本题。 【选项解码】A supportive of free markets.(支持自由市场) 从难句剖析可知，professors对free markets持否定态度，本选项与此相反。 B cautious about intellectual investigation. (谨慎对待理性调研) 文中提及“理性调研”是在后半句：portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas as falling outside the boundaries of intellectual investigation，但原文只是说professors“将保守的或经典自由派的观点描述为逾越了理性调研的界限”，并没有说明他们对待理性调研是否谨慎。 C conservative about public policy. (对公共政策持保守态度) 从难句剖析可知，professors对progressive public policy持肯定态度，而对conservative or classical liberal ideas持否定态度，本选项与文中所述内容相反。 D biased against classical liberal ideas. (对古典自由主义思想持有偏见) 从难句剖析可知，professors对conservative or classical liberal ideas持否定态度，即持有偏见，本选项是对portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and something legitimate, intellectual investigation的概括替换，故为正确答案。 40. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? 【精确定位】通读全文可知：前三段是一个大意群，主要叙述和议论对“The Heart of the Matter”的总体评价、如何由来和正面评价；后三段是一个大意群，指出报告并未触及到问题的核心（狭隘的通才教育），谈论了对美国教育的一些现状和该报告的负面评价。解此类典型的主旨题时，要把握对文章的全面理解，注意文中出现频率高的关键词（如本文的the report，即“The Heart of the Matter”）以及带有作者强烈感情色彩的副词（如本文的regrettably和unfortunately等），语意转折处往往会出现作者观点句。 【选项解码】A Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter” (掌握问题的核心的方法)，文中未提及相关内容。 B Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter” (狭隘的教育与问题的核心)，根据前面的定位分析，本选项显然是概括了全文内容和主题的最佳标题。 C The AAASs Contribution to Liberal Education (AAAS对通才教育的贡献) 只是勉强涉及文章第三段的内容大意，而非整篇文章的主旨。另由前面的分析可知，作者对AAASs report持批评态度（见第四段Unfortunately, despite 2 years in the making, “The Heart of the Matter” never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities.），本选项与此相悖，不可能作为标题。 D Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education (进步政策vs.通才教育) 文中仅在第五段提及progressive public policy，显然本选项不能作为概括全文的标题。 Part B 丁晓钟：考研英语历年真题超精解 2014年 - 38 - Part B 【作文三步曲】 第一步：审 题 （一）有哪几条写作要求？ 1. describe the drawing briefly 2. interpret its intended meaning 3. give your comments （二）图画中有哪些人或物？ 是否重要 人或物 状态（用形容词等作定语）动作（用动词或者动词短语作谓语） Y mother be in the prime led her daughter by the hand 30 years ago Y daughter little; young Y mother aged Y daughter grown-up; has grown to full maturity takes her mother by the arm （三）图画中有哪些文字？ 图画中文字 三十年前；现在 图画中对话或自白（无） 图画的标题 相携 （四）图画中有没有修辞？ 对比关系 三十年前和现在的对比 比喻关系 母亲和子女间的携手表示了相互间的扶养和关爱 （五）综合以上信息，请判断该话题属于哪一类？（D） A. 一个好的社会现象或事物 B. 一个不好的社会现象或事物 C. 一个有好有坏的社会现象或事物 D. 一种优良的精神、品质、道德、素质等 E. 以上都不是 （六）确定写作主题： 父母和子女间的相互扶养和关爱 第二步：酝 酿 （一）搜索与写作主题相关的词汇： mutual support相互扶养；mutual affection相互关爱；care for each other互相照顾 role rev