专题二 定语从句.doc

专题二 定语从句一、基础知识1定义：（1）定语从句：也称为形容词性从句，它在句子中修饰名词或代词，起形容词的作用。（2）先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。（3）关系词：引导定语从句的词，在定语从句中充当一个成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。2分类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限 定 性非 限 定 性和先行词关系密切与先行词关系不密切（删掉后影响整个意义（是一种补充说明，删掉后不和表达）响整个意思的表达）不用逗号分开一般使用逗号分开可用关系代词that不可用关系代that关系代词可以省略（that, who,which 关系代词不可以省略在从句中担任宾语时可以省略）只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰整个主句或主句的一部 分，修饰主句或主句的一部分此时定有逗号分开, 只能由which或as引导二、做题步骤1通过翻译及划分成分确定从句的类型l This is our monitor ,without whom, we couldnt win the game.l The fact that he hadnt said anything surprised everybody.l This is the fact that/which/ you must know clearly.2. 找准先行词：定语从句所修饰的，且可还原至句中的名词或代词。l I work in the factory in which my father used to work.l After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _ urgently needed clean water to survive. A. which B. whol Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, _, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society. A. which B. who C. whom3. 看先行词指的是什么，将先行词还原至从句中，看在从句中所充当的成分关系词词形先行词充当从句的关系代词who人主,宾whom人宾which物主,宾that人或物主,宾,表as人或物主,宾,表whose(=of whom或of which)人或物定关系副词when(=in,on,at,during等+which)时间词状where(=in,at,from等+which)地点词状why(=for+which)reason,excuse,状explanation等状三、考点1. 关于which和that (1)用that的情况 1)先行词是something, anything, nothing, everything时，是指物的all, little, few, much, none时e.g. All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不都是金子。 Is there anything that I can do for you? There is nothing that is too difficult for me. As long as you stand up to the difficulties, there are none that cannot be overcome. 2)先行词被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little所修饰时e.g. Tell us all things that you know. The only thing that we should do is to find our way home. There is no difficulty that we cant overcome. 3)先行次被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时e.g. The first book that he wrote is about nature. This is the best film that I have ever seen. 4)先行词被the + very (only, last)等表示唯一概念的形容词修饰时e.g. The very problem that I want to solve is like this. 5)先行词既有人，又有物的时候e.g. The people and manners that one sees there seem to be quite different from those of any other country. 6)当主句以特殊疑问词which开头，或是先行词为what等词时e.g. Which are the books that you bought for me? What that is on the table belongs to me. Who that met Premier Zhou was not impressed by his manners? 7)先行词在主句中作表语或关系词在从句中作表语时e.g. The village is no longer the one that was five years ago. (2)用which的情况 1)引导非限制性定语从句，要用which 2)关系代词作介词宾语，且这个介词前置时，用whiche.g. The building in front of which stands a big tree is our classroom.2. 关于who和that 1)先行词指特定的人时，关系代词多用who,不指特定的人时多用thate.g. The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers sister. People that have not been properly trained cant do this kind of work. 2)在非限制性定语从句中用whoe.g. My brother, who now lives in Shanghai, is a doctor. 3)在there be句型中要用whoe.g. There is a stranger who wants to see you.4)先行词是those(人)、people时，多用whoe.g. Those who want to go please sign your names here. 5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，或先行词就是由疑问代词who来充当的时候，定语从句中的关系代词用thate.g. Who is the person that is standing at the gate? Who that has such a home does not love it? 6)先行词是人称代词时，多有whoe.g. They who live longest will see most.3. 关于that和as1)当先行词与as, so, such, the same连用或先行词本身就是such, the same时，关系代词用ase.g. Thats as good a place as I can find. Shell give you as much advice as is needed. He isnt so clever as his younger brother. Here is so big a stone as no man can lift. Such books as you bought are useful. He is about the same age as you.2)先行词被the same所修饰时，关系代词既可用that也可用as，但意义不同： the same.that同一的 the same.as同样的e.g. This is the same book that I lent you yesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那本书。 This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.这是我昨天借给你的那种书。3)在下列固定搭配中，常用as，如： as we know, as is well known, as has been said before, as often happens, as is often the case 4. 关于which和as 1)as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句代替整个主句。as引导的从句既可放在主句前，也可放在主句后；而which引导的从句只能放在主句后。2)as译为“正如，就像”，而 which代替的是先行词的含义e.g. He didnt pass the exam, as we had expected. He was late for school, as is often the case. They won, which meant they would get a chance to go abroad.5. 当先行词是表示方式的名词way, manner等时，用that=in which（或省略）来引导。e.g. I didnt like the way (thatin which) she spoke to me. She played the piano in the manner (thatin which) he sang.6. 关系代词whose：在从句中作定语，它可以是： 1）who的所有格e.g. The old man whose son is in the army is my uncle. 2）which的所有格. Whose+n. = the+ n. +of which = of which + the + n.e.g. There is a room whose window faces the river. =There is a room the window of whichof which the window faces the river.7. 抽象地点名词为先行词，如point,degree,situation,case,position,stage,scene,spot,job等 e.g. He has reached a point where a change is needed.We are in a position where we may lose.He has got himself into a dangerous situation where he is likely to lose control over the plane.8. 如先行词为occasion,stay,interval, a time等e.g. Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. She will never forget her stay there when her son who had gone missing two years before.Between the two parts of the concert is an interval, when the audience can buy ice-cream.There was a time when I hated to go to school.9. 定语从句的主谓一致：如果先行词还原到定语从句中做主语，那么定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词保持一致。e.g. John is one of the students who were late for school yesterday. John is the one of the students who was late for school yesterday. I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.10. 定语从句中的插入语现象e.g. You should give a ring to Tom first, who Im afraid will not come. I suggest you choose someone who you think is kind.11. 定语从句的紧缩结构：介词+关系代词+to doe.g. She is the right person whom we can depend on. on whom to depend.12. 定语从句中的倒装现象e.g. This is our school, i