专题十一复合句(宾、状、定语从句).doc

中考复习十一：复合句（宾语、状语及定语从句）撰稿：赵吉存 编辑：郭素清考试要求：宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句的用法是中考热点之一，主要考查三种从句的引导词的选择；宾语从句的语序和时态；状语从句主要考查时间状语从句、条件状语从句、原因状语从句，特别是条件状语从句的时态、so that引导的结果状语从句和目的状语从句等。知识总结：1. 宾语从句：在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句，中考主要考查的知识点有三个：引导词、语序和时态。宾语从句的引导词有三种：1）that；2）whether/ if；3）特殊疑问词What/ when/ where/ who等。He said that he could help me. 他说他能够帮助我。Your mother asked if you could finish your work this week. 你妈妈问这个星期你能否完成工作。Can you tell me when the sports meeting will begin？你能告诉我运动会将在什么时候开始吗？1) 以that引导的宾语从句：that引导的宾语从句一般都是由陈述句充当，引导词that没有实际意义，不在从句中作任何成分，that可以省略，而且从句成分齐全，句意完整。Do you think (that) it will rain? 你认为天会下雨吗？He said (that) he could come on time. 他说他会准时来的。2) 以whether或if引导的宾语从句：从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，变成从句后，语序由原来的倒装语序变成陈述语序。whether和if意为“是否”。Let us know whether / if you can finish the work before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把工作做完。I dont care whether you like the story or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢这个故事。注意：以下情况一般只用whether不用if。 接带to的动词不定式。She doesnt know whether to go to the zoo. 她不知道是不是去动物园。 与or not连用时。Im not sure whether or not he will come on time. 他能否准时来，我说不准。3) 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句：此类宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，变成宾语从句后要用陈述语序，由wh-开头的疑问词引导。包括who, whom, whose, what, which等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词，这些引导词有各自的意思，在从句中要作相应的成分，不能省略。例如：Could you tell me which gate we have to go to? 请问我们得走哪个门？He didnt tell me how long he would stay here. 他没有告诉我他要在这里呆多长时间。注意：1）语序：由whether/ if和特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句要用陈述语序，原来的倒装语序改成陈述语序时注意相应的助动词和动词的变化等。Where does your father work? Can you tell us? Can you tell us where your father works? 你能告诉我们你爸爸在哪里工作吗？Did you get home very late? He asked me. He asked me if I got home very late. 他问我是否到家很晚。2）时态对应：如果主句是一般现在时，宾语从句根据实际情况用各种时态。例如：My teacher says he will be back in a week. （一般将来时）我的老师说他将在一个星期后回来。My teacher says he is watching TV. （现在进行时）我的老师说他正在看电视。My teacher says he has seen the movie. （现在完成时）我的老师说他已经看过这部电影了。如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句用相应的过去时态。例如：My father said he was watching TV at that time.（过去进行时）我爸爸说在那个时候他在看电视。（过去完成时）My father said the he had already seen the movie.我爸爸说他已经看过那部电影了。如果宾语从句是表示客观真理和规律的句子时，用一般现在时。例如：Our teacher told us the sun is much bigger than the earth. （一般现在时）我们的老师告诉我们太阳比地球大多了。3) 否定转移：主句如果是I think/ believe/ imagine/ suppose/ guess/ expect等，从句的否定一般要转移到主句中，其反意疑问句与从句一致。例如：I dont think theyll wait to the last minute. 我认为他们不会等到最后一分钟。I dont believe he did this, did he? 我相信他不会做这样的事，他会吗？2. 状语从句：用作状语的句子叫状语从句。引导状语从句的连接词是从属连词。状语从句可以在句首，也可以在句尾，根据其用途可分为：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从句，比较状语从句等。A. 时间状语从句：时间状语从句表示时间，常用连接词有：when（当时），while（当时），as（当时），before（在之前），after（在之后），since（自从），until（直到）， as soon as（一就），once（一旦就）等。例如：I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework. 我直到做完作业才去睡觉。I can listen to the radio while I work. 我可以边听收音机边工作。注意： 时间状语从句中，一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：I will telephone you when he comes. 他来了我给你打电话。Ill stay here until you come back. 我会呆在这里，直到你回来。 when引导时间状语从句，表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，从句的谓语可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词。例如：He was working when I went in. 我进去时他正在工作。When she heard the news, she began to cry. 她听到这个消息，她哭了起来。while引导的状语从句中常用延续性动词或表示状态的动词，意思是“在期间”。 while还可以表示两者之间的对比关系。They rushed in while we were singing. 我们唱歌时，他们冲进来。I like playing football, while Tom likes listening to music. 我喜欢踢足球，而汤姆喜欢听音乐。 as引导状语从句，强调同时发生，不分先后。可以译成“随着”或“一边一边”。例如：John sings as he walks home. 约翰一边往家走一边唱歌。since引导状语从句，主句常用现在完成时，从句常用一般过去时。We have been friends since we met in Beijing. 自从我们在北京遇到就一直是朋友。It has been six years since she left school. 自从她毕业已经有六年了。until/ till 引导时间状语从句，当主句的谓语动词是瞬间动词时，主句常用否定形式，not until意思为“直到才”。He didnt go to bed until he finished his homework. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。B. 地点状语从句：地点状语从句表示地点。其连接词有where（哪里），wherever（无论哪里）等。例如：Put it where you find it. 把它放在原来的地方。You can sit wherever you like. 你喜欢坐在哪里就坐在哪里。C. 原因状语从句：原因状语从句表示原因或者理由。其连接词有：because（因为），as （因为），since（既然）等。例如：I often eat carrots because they are good for my health. 我经常吃胡萝卜是因为对我的身体有好处。As I dont know the way, I had to ask the policeman. 由于我不知道路，所以我不得不问警察。注意： because表示因果关系语气最强，常用来回答我why提出的问题。I didnt tell them because they were too young. 我没有告诉他们，因为他们太小。 because和so不能同在一个句子里。Because the book was expensive, I didnt buy it. (I 前不用so)D. 结果状语从句：表示结果。其连接词有：sothat（如此以致），such that（如此以致）等。例如：Its such a good chance that you cant miss it. 这次机会如此好，你不能失去它。注意： sothat 和 such that 都可以引导结果状语从句，注意so和such后面所接的词不同。 such. thatsucha(an)形容词单数可数名词that从句 such形容词复数名词/不可数名词that从句He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher. 他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。 They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again. 这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。 但是如果名词前由many、much、few、little（少）等词修饰，则用so。例如： He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over. 他摔了很多跤，以致全身上下青一块，紫一块的。 so . thatso形容词副词.that从句so形容词a(an)单数可数名词that从句He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him. 他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。 Dr. Wang is so good that everybody loves and respects him. =He is so good a doctor that everybody loves and respects him.=He is such a good doctor that everybody loves and respects him.) 他是一位好医生，大家都尊敬并爱戴他。E. 目的状语从句：表示目的。其连接词有：so（以便），so that（为了），in order that（为了）等，从句中多用情态动词can, will, may, should 等。例如：He got up very early so that he could catch the first train. 他起床很早以便于赶第一班火车。F. 条件状语从句：条件状语从句表示条件。其连接词有：if（如果），unless （如果不，除非），as long as（只要）等。例如：If it is fine tomorrow, we will go swimming. 如果明天天气好的话我们去游泳。注意： 条件状语从句中，一般要用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。例如：Unless it rains, the game will be played. 如果不下雨，比赛就将进行。 unless意思相当于ifnot。G. 让步状语从句：常由though/although (虽然)，even if/ though (即使)等引导。例如：Though its hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管这是一件艰苦的工作，但我乐意做。3. 定语从句：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般放在它所修饰名词或代词的后面，这个名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的连接词称为关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句中代表先行词可以作主语、宾语、定语等。关系副词代表先行词在从句中可以作状语。关系词词形所修饰的先行词在从句中所作的成分关系代词who人主语、宾语、表语whom人宾语which物主语、宾语、表语that人、物主语、宾语、表语whose人、物定语关系副词when时间名词时间状语where地点名词地点状语why原因名词原因状语1）选出正确的关系代词或关系副词的关键：看所修饰的是人还是物；看它所代表的先行词在定语从句中做什么成分。例如：Do you know the man who/that sells eggs to me? 你认识卖给我鸡蛋的那个人吗？（所修饰的词是“the man”，在从句中作主语，用who/ that）Your father was not on the train that/ which arrived just now. 你爸爸不在刚才到达的火车上。(先行词是物，用which/that，在从句中作主语)This is the book (which / that) you wanted. 这正是你要的书。(先行词是物，用which/that，在从句中作宾语，可省)Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor? 你认识父亲是医生的那个男孩儿吗？(先行词是人，whose代表“男孩的”，在从句中作定语)You can go home where you can have a rest. 你可以回到你能休息的家中。(先行词是地点，where相当于at home，在从句中作地点状语)Do you remember the year when we were hungry every day？ 你还记得我们经常挨饿的那一年吗？(先行词是时间，when相当于in the year，在从句中作时间状语）Do you know the reason why she didnt come to our party？ 你知道他没有参加我们聚会的原因吗？(先行词是原因，why相当于for the reason，在从句中作原因状语）2）引导词作宾语时可以省略。例如：Have you seen the book (that) I gave you yesterday？你看到了我昨天给你的那本书了吗？3）引导词在定语从句中作主语，不能省略。例如：Do you know the man who is speaking to your father？你认识那个在和你爸爸说话的人吗？易错点点拨：1宾语从句和状语从句混淆。I dont know if you come to my party tomorrow. 解析本题是考查宾语从句的时态用法，从句子的意思理解是if引导的宾语从句，要用一般将来时，此题误用作状语从句了。所以应把come改为will/ can come。2宾语从句语序不清。Can you tell me where does he study English?解析本题是考查宾语从句的语序的用法，特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句用陈述语序，所以把助动词does去掉，而且因为从句主语是he，还要把study变成studies。3宾语从句时态失误。My teacher told me that light traveled faster than the sound.解析本题是考查宾语从句的时态用法。宾语从句是表示客观真理（即光速比声速快），所以宾语从句用一般现在时，而不受主句时态的影响。所以要把traveled改为travels。4定语从句的引导词模糊。They are the people and things who you want to learn.解析本题是考查定语从句的引导词用法，定语从句的先行词既有人和也有物，所以引导词要用人和物共用的that，不能用who或者which。所以要把who改为that。5状语从句引导词意义不清。He got to school early if he could clean the classroom.解析本题是考查表示目的的状语从句的连接词的用法。if引导条件状语从句，而此句应该用连接词so that引导目的状语从句。所以把if改为so that。成果测评自我检测一、单项选择1. I dont know when _.A. will the train leave B. the train will leaveC. would the train leaveD. the train leave2. Do you know what _ with Jim?A. is wrong B. wrong is C. wrong was D. the matter is3. I want to know _. Why not go to the park?A. where I can go for a picnicB. where can I go for a picnicC. what I can go for a picnic D. what can I go for a picnic4. I dont think he is right, _?A. do I B. isnt he C. is he D. dont I5. The teacher didnt say you would come, _?A. would you B. wouldnt you C. did she D. didnt you6. While she_TV in the sitting room, the bell_ .A. watches, rings B. is watching, rangC. was watching, rang D. watched, was ringing7. She was busy, _ she couldnt go to your birthday party last night.A. so B. and C. or D. but8. Dont cross the road _ the light turns green.A. when B. while C. until D. as9. She will find him a kind man when she_more about him.A. knows B. know C. will know D. is going to know10. It is ten years_I left my hometown.A. since B. if C. whether D. until11. I was cooking_he was reading a book.A. after B. while C. because D. but12. She worked_quietly _no one knew she was there.A. so, as B. so, that C. too, to D. very, that13. Hurry up,_you will miss the train.A. and B. then C. or D. /14. I_to bed last night until my father came back.A. went B. didnt go C. had gone D. would go15. I_him since we met last in 1981.A. dont see B. didnt see C. wont see D. havent seen16. Do you know_ daughter she is?A. whose B. whom C. what D. who17. They wondered if the teacher_ them some English songs the next week.A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught18. He asked_ picture was Johns.A. whose B. who C. whom D. which19. He told me _ Paris is the capital of France.A. which B. the C. that D. what20. He asked me_ during the summer holiday.A. where I had gone B. where I had beenC. where had I gone D. where had I been21. Can you tell us _ ?A. if your father doesB. what does your father doC. your father does whatD. what your father does22. He asked me if I knew_ .A. whose pen was it B. whose pen it wasC. whose pen it isD. whose pen is it23. Do you know _ ?A. what are you listening B. what you are listeningC. what you are listening toD. what are you listening to24. Do you know _ ?Yes. He is a teacher.Awhom he is B. whom is he C. what is he D. what he is25. Im not sure whether _ tomorrow.A. they will arrive B. will they arrive C. they arrive D. they have arrived二、用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。1. The house _ we live in is very big.2. The boy _ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.3. This is the present _ he gave me for my birthday.4. The man _ talked to you just now is an engineer.5. He talked about the teachers and schools _ he had visited.6. There is nothing in the world _ can frighten him.7. She wears a gold ring, _ is very uncommon in our class.8. We visited a factory _ makes toys for children.9. Is this the place _ your father once lived?10. Ill never forget the days _ I joined the League.三、完形填空Some people believe that dreams can tell them what will happen in the future. 1knows why this is so, but there are many stories about people who had dreams that came true. One of these people was a man 2 John Chapman, who lived in Swaffham in England many years ago.John Chapman dreamt that he was standing on London Bridge and a man told him how to become rich. John Chapman was a poor man and he needed 3, so the next day he decided to leave for London. It was 100 miles from Swaffham to London. He walked for a few days and at last he 4 London Bridge. There were many people on the bridge, but they werent 5 in John Chapman. No one 6 him. After three days, John Chapman decided to go home, 7 before he could do this, a shopkeeper came up to him.“Ive been watching you,” he said. “Are you 8 someone?” “Yes,” said John. “I had a dream about a man here. He would help me to get much money.”“Oh,” said the shopkeeper. “You shouldnt believe in dreams. 9 I believe in dreams, Id be in Swaffham right now. I had a dream a few days ago about a man called John Chapman from Swaffham. He had 10 in his garden, near an old apple tree.”John Chapman was 11 by what the shopkeeper said. At once he went home and dug near an old apple tree. He soon found many pieces of gold. He was so happy 12 he gave some of the gold to his church. For the rest of his life, he was a rich man.1. A. NobodyB. AnybodyC. Somebody D. Everybody2. A. callB. to callC. callingD. called3. A. dream B. future C. moneyD. apple4. A. reached B. arrivedC. gotD. went5. A. interestB. interestsC. interestingD. interested6. A. listened to B. talked toC. said toD. needed to7. A. asB. andC. butD. or8. A. waiting for B. asking for C. caring for D. looking for9. A. WhenB. WhereC. If D. How10. A. moneyB. appleC. tree D. gold11. A. angryB. surprisedC. happyD. amazed12. A. whichB. that C. untilD. unless四、阅读理解（2010 江西）Sleep is very important. A person who does not sleep dies faster than a person who does not eat. We spend about a third（1/3）of our lives in sleep. Thats about 121 days a year!How much sleep do we need? We are all different. A baby needs 16 hours of sleep every day. Children 6 to 12 years old need an average（平均） of 10 to 12 hours of sleep. Teenagers need 9 to 10 hours of sleep. An adult needs an average of 7 to 8 hours a night. There are some people who need only 3 hours of sleep. Others need 10 hours of sleep. After the age of 50, the average sleep time goes down to 65 hours a night. We need less sleep as we get older.About one in three Americans has a problem with sleep. Many of these people cannot fall asleep. The name of this problem is insomnia. Some people say, “I didnt sleep all night.” But thats not really true. They may sleep lightly and wake up several times. In the morning, they only remember the times they were awake （醒着）, so they think they were awake all night.This is not a new problem. Many famous people in history had insomnia. Some of these people had special ideas to make them sleep. Benjamin Franklin had four beds. He moved from one to the other to fall asleep. Mark Twain had a different way. He lay on his side across the end of the bed!1If you are thirteen years old, you need at least _ hours of sleep.A16 B12 C9 D72What does “insomnia” mean in this passage?ANo sleep. BBad sleep.CSlow sleep. DSleep with many dreams.3Which of the following is true according to the passage?AWe will die soon if we dont sleep well.BThe older we get, the less sleep we need.CWe can tell a persons age from his sleep time.DFamous people move from one bed to the other to fall asleep.4Which would be the best title for this passage?ASleep More! BGo to Sleep!CAge and Sleep TimeDFamous People and Sleep答案与解析：一、单项选择1.B。本题是考查宾语从句的语序和时态的用法。特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句用陈述语序，主句是一般 现在时，宾语从句根据说话人的意思可以判断是一般将来时。所以选择B。2.A。本题是考查宾语从句的语序用法。特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句用陈述语序，what在宾语从句作主 语，所以what is wrong是陈述语序。同样如果D改成is the matter也是正确的。3.A。本题是考查宾语从句的语序用法，特殊疑问词where引导的宾语从句用陈述语序。从对话的答语可 以判断特殊疑问词where引导宾语从句。4.C。本题是考查反意疑问句的用法。主句是I think和后面的宾语从句构成复合句，其反意疑问句的主 语、谓语和宾语从句保持一致，前面的句子是否定句，所以附加疑问句用肯定形式。5.C。本题是考查反意疑问句的用法。复合句的反意疑问句的主语、谓语和主句保持一致，这里主句是 The teacher didnt say，而且是否定句，所以附加疑问句用肯定形式。6.C。本题是由while引导的状语从句，强调的是正在进行“看电视”这一动作时，“门铃响了”这一动 作也发生了，所以从句用过去进行时，主句用一般过去时。答案为C。7.A。本题考查表示结果的状语从句，前面一句是说明理由“她很忙”，才产生后面的结果“不能参加 你的生日晚会。”答案是A。8.C。如果主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式，表示“直到才”，并且主句的谓语语动词为非 延续行动词如：leave，start，come，see，go to bed等，表示这一动作直到until才开始发生， 故选择C。9.A。在时间、条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表将来意义。10.A。在英语里，有一些非延续性的动词，他们只是一瞬间就结束的动作，如：come，go，arrive，reach，see，hear，close，leave，begin，start，lose，buy，fall，join，die，get up等，用It is since的句型来表达目前存在的一种状态。故正确答案为：A。11.B。由while引导的从句表示某个动作还在进行的同时，另一个动作也在进行之中。故正确答案为：B。12.B。sothat意为“如此以致”，表示结果，故正确答案为：B。13.C。由“祈使句+or+陈述句”或“祈使句+and+陈述句”的两个句式都可以转化为由if引导的条件状语从句。如果连词是or，那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是否定的；如果连词是and，那么转换成的条件状语从句应该是肯定的。根据本题的句意“快一点，否则就赶不上火车了”，故正确答案为：C。14.B。最可能选错的答案是A。在notuntil句式中，如果主句的谓语动词为非延续行动词如：leave, start, come, see, go to bed等，主句用否定形式，从句用肯定形式，表示“直到才”，并且，表示这一动作直到until才开始发生。故正确答案为：B。15.D。由since引导的一般过去时从句，可知主句要用现在完成时。句意为“自从1989年我们最后一次相见，没有再相见过”。16.A。句意为“你知道她是谁的女儿吗？”可知应该用whose。17.A。从句的时态原本应该用一般将来时（因为时间状语是next week），但是由于主句的时态是一般过去时，因此从句的时态应该改为过去将来时，即would +动词原形。 18.D。句意为哪幅画是约翰的应该用which picture。 19.C。本题考查宾语从句的引导词that，可以省略，在从句中不作成分。 20.B。首先，从句应该用陈述句语序，因此只能考虑A或B。然后根据题目的意思，他问我去了哪里，证明