科普类说明文阅读理解题的解题技巧

1 科普类说明文阅读理解的解题技巧 洪湖一中 刘习文 说明文 顾名思义 就是一种以 说明 解释 为表达方式的文体 它是对客观事物的 性状 特点 功能和用途等做科学解说 高考说明文多考查科普知识 动植物特性 自然 现象和新产品 新工艺介绍以及人文地理 风土人情等方面 文中解释性 定义性 说明 性的句子居多 其专业术语多 抽象度高 解题难度大 易于拉开考生分数档次 便于高 校选拔人才 是高考英语阅读理解题的必考题之一 因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点 叙述方式 重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系 以便做出准确的语意理解 历年的科普类文章有以下特点历年的科普类文章有以下特点 1 结构严谨 逻辑性强 它有明确的主题 论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构 层次 分明 段落清晰 一般由导语 introduction 背景 background 主体 main body 和结尾 ends 四部分构成 主题句常出现在句首和句尾 2 文章注重科技领域的新发现 内容新颖 抽象复杂 但词汇具有单一性和准确性的特 点 语言上力求浅显易懂 用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象 因此 尽管有专业词汇和术 语 但可以通过上下文 构词法等来猜出词义 3 命题侧重对具体细节的准确理解和以之为依据的推理判断 4 以人们的日常行为或饮食健康入手 探讨利弊 诠释过程 阐述概念 科普说明文设置题型 科普说明文设置题型 1 动植物保护自身方式判断题动植物保护自身方式判断题 介绍动植物生长特点时常出现受环境影响动植物保护自身方式判断题 这种试题常以 To defend uses 或 How does protect itself against 为设问方式 解题时应认真阅读原 文对动植物自我保护方式内容的介绍 看其是以进化 逃避还是进攻保护自身 2 标题判断题标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题 考查考生对全文的理解 它常以 What would be the best title for this passage 为设问方式 解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是如何保护 自身的 因此多以 How do does defend themselves itself 为标题 3 生词词义判断题生词词义判断题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘 动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理 易出现一些学术性较 强的生词 因此常出现生词词义判断题 这种试题常以 What does the underlined word mean 或 What is the meaning of the underlined word 为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断 解题时一定 要认真阅读原文 分析原文对自然奥秘 动植物生存特点 产品工艺原理是如何解释 如 何定义的 在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义 4 代词指代判断题代词指代判断题 科技说明文在对自然奥秘 动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理进行解释时 易出现动作变 换多 人称转变频的现象 因此常出现代词指代判断题 这些试题常以 it they them 等表 物的代词为命题题点 要求考生根据上下文语境逻辑推断其指代对象 解题时应认真分析 动作转换背景 区分动作不同执行者 从而准确判断代词的正确指代 5 科学方法图示判断题科学方法图示判断题 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题 这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点 要求 考生判断正确的生物依赖关系 或以工艺流程为命题题点 要求考生判断正确的流程顺序 或以生产方法为命题题点 要求考生判断正确的生产方法 或以机械配制为命题题点 要 求考生判断正确的机械配制 解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系 发明创造 诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍 并且边读边画简易草图 以提高理解准确率 分析备选 2 项时应对照原文介绍情况 找出各图不同之处 以便最终做出正确判断 6 新产品使用方法判断题新产品使用方法判断题 科学的发明创造都应推广使用才能转化为生产力 因此科普说明文阅读材料常出现新产 品使用方法判断题 这种试题常以 What is the correct way to use the new invention 或 How can you use the new product 或 What should we do to use the new product 为设问方式考查对 新产品使用方法的判断 解题时应认真阅读原文介绍新产品使用方法的注意点 从而找到 新产品正确的使用方法 解题技巧 解题技巧 一 科普文传播科学 解题要一 科普文传播科学 解题要 遵循科学的内在逻辑遵循科学的内在逻辑 利用科学规律可以快速排除阅读 题的干扰选项 因为干扰项往往是逻辑不严密 观点偏颇 片面 甚至是荒唐错误的 如 2013 湖北 E Pessimism may be positive in some way because it causes people A to fully enjoy their present life B to estimate their contribution accurately C to take measures against potential risks D to value health more highly than wealth 分析 Pessimism 悲观主义 凡事都往坏的一面想 从辩证的角度看 其积极的一面 有利于 对危害危险有比较充分的认识 所以不用看文章 就知道 C 是正确的 悲观的人不容易做 到 A 充分享受现有的生活 悲观与 B D 无关 再如 Biomass 生物质 is biological material derived from living or recently living organisms It most often refers to plants or plant derived materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass Why is Biomass considered as a sort of natural battery A It burns merely plant matter B It keeps producing electricity C It stores the energy from the sun D It produces zero carbon dioxide 分析 生物质为什么被认为是 一种天然电池 生物学知识告诉我们 植物吸收太阳光转化 为生物能储存在体内 通过化学方式 可以把它所储存的这种能量转化出来利用 依据这 个科学知识 我们得出答案 C B 项 生物质本身不发电 不能 keeps producing electricity 说明 B 不对 D 项说的是 Biomass 能的优点 不是它被叫做电池的原因 所以不对 A 说 它燃烧植物 错 二 科普文主旨明确 精准 直白 在首尾二 科普文主旨明确 精准 直白 在首尾 即 文章主旨在首尾段 段落主旨在首尾句 如 A team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly The mechanic fly has become a platform for a series of new high tech integrated systems Designed to do what a fly does naturally the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks It s extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sum of a bunch of individual components 元件 They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small off board power source the goal is eventually to equip it with a built in power source so that it might someday perform data gathering work at rescue sites in farmers fields or on the battlefield Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect scale 3 Which of the following might be the best title of the passage A Father of Robotic Fly B Inspiration from Engineering Science C Robotic Fly imitates Real Life Insect D Harvard Breaks Through in Insect Study 1 各段焦点是什么 即多次重复的词 Robotic Fly 2 本文内容摘要 科技话题 Robotic Fly 五段内容之焦点 研发者 A team of engineers at Harvard University 首段之首 产品用途 it might someday perform data gathering work at rescue sites in farmers fields or on the battlefield 倒数第二段 科技意义 the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect scale 尾段首句 结论 主旨直白在开头 再如 首段 For some people music is no fun at all About four percent of the population is what scientists call amusic People who are amusic are born without the ability to recognize or reproduce musical notes 音调音调 Amusic people often cannot tell the difference between two songs Amusics can only hear the difference between two notes if they are very far apart on the musical scale What is the passage mainly concerned with A Amusics strange behaviours B Some people s inability to enjoy music C Musical talent and brain structure D Identification and treatment of amusics 分析 本文讲述的是世界上有一群天生不喜欢听音乐的人 被称之为 amusic 这些人听力上 没有任何问题 只是不喜欢音乐 与无法欣赏音乐 之前都没有得到统一的诊断或认识 直到现在 因此答案选 B 意思是一些人无法欣赏音乐 A 项错在 strange behaviors 文章 没有谈到他们的一些奇怪的举动 C 项与文章大意不符 D 项错在 treatment 文中没有讲 到如何帮助治疗他们的问题 3 科普文侧重思维能力的考查科普文侧重思维能力的考查 思维能力包括发现问题 分析问题的能力和抽象概括的 能力 寻找显性目标 顺藤摸瓜 发现问题 分析事物的相关性 判断各对象之间的关系来挖 掘隐性目标 或通过多个对象的共同元素来抽象概括 提炼目标 如 Fear may be felt in the heart as well as in the head according to a study that has found a link between the cycles of a beating heart and the chance of someone feeling fear Tests on healthy volunteers found that they were more likely to feel a sense of fear at the moment when their hearts are contracting 收缩 and pumping blood around their bodies compared with the point when the heartbeat is relaxed Scientists say the results suggest that the heart is able to influence how the brain responds to a fearful event depending on which point it is at in its regular cycle of contraction and relaxation What is the finding of the study A One s heart affects how he feels fear B Fear is a result of one s relaxed heartbeat C Fear has something to do with one s health D Ones fast heartbeats are likely to cause fear 4 分析 本文属于科普文 介绍了心脏与恐惧的关系 通过两次试验 研究者发现这两者之间 的关系 同时借助这一发现 研究者希望能够减轻或者治疗恐惧和压力所带来的诸多问题 根据第一段第一句得出答案 A C 选项表述与本文无关 D 选项表述不正确 再如 According to the designer the lampbrella would move at a relatively low speed so as not to cause harm to the pedestrians Besides it would be grounded to protect from possible lightning strike Each lampbrella would offer enough shelter for several people Being installed at 2 meters off the ground it would only be a danger for the tallest of pedestrians What does Paragraph 5 mainly tell us about the lampbrella A Its moving speed B Its appearance C Its installation D Its safety 分析 本文介绍一种新发明 它可以让你即使在下雨天没带雨衣或雨伞的时候不必害怕 被淋湿 这是一种安装在路边电线杆上类似雨伞的装置 由传感器 电机和伞蓬三部分构 成 根据多个对象的共同元素概括出答案为 C 装置 四 密切关注文中的转折 作者的观点往往在转折后四 密切关注文中的转折 作者的观点往往在转折后 如 When he started he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression Instead he was astonished to discover the opposite More than 15 of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died but not a single Triassic specimen 标本 showed evidence of that sort of injury Rothschild s finding stated in Paragraph 4 A confirmed his assumptionB speeded up his research process C disagreed with his assumptionD changed his research objectives 分析 本文是说明文 介绍一种研究发现 即对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究 从第四段第一句的 assume 和第二句中的 Instead he was astonished to discover the opposite 根据转折词 instead 可知答案选 C 附 Science Daily June 18 2012 An experimental vaccine 疫苗 developed to prevent outbreaks of Marburg 马尔堡病毒 hemorrhagic 出血的 fever continues to show promise in monkeys as an emergency treatment for accidental exposures to the virus that causes the disease There is no licensed treatment for Marburg infection which has a high fatality rate In a study of rhesus macaques 恒河猴 5 of 6 monkeys survived a fatal dose of Marburg virus when treated 24 hours after infection and 2 of 6 survived when treated 48 hours after infection Because rhesus macaques typically die of Marburg infection faster than humans the post exposure treatment window might be extended even further in humans the study authors say The study overseen by a scientific team from the National Institutes of Health and three other groups with expertise in viral hemorrhagic fevers was posted online by the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases Developing safe effective and rapidly effective post exposure treatments for filoviruses 5 丝状病毒 is an important scientific priority for our Institute says Anthony S Fauci M D director of NIH s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIAID The vaccine used in this study is among several novel approaches to treating filoviruses that show great potential The fact that three of the rhesus macaques in the current study showed evidence of Marburg virus in periodic blood tests but later cleared the virus from their systems and survived is particularly satisfying to Dr Feldmann and Tom Geisbert Ph D of Boston University In addition 14 days after infection all of the rhesus macaques that survived showed moderate to high levels of antibodies 抗体 against Marburg virus The scientists view this as proof that the vaccine worked as hoped 1 What would be the best title of this passage A Evidence of Marburg Virus in Periodic Blood Tests B Several Novel Approaches to Treating Filoviruses C A Lethal Dose of Marburg Virus in Humans D Experimental Marburg Vaccine Prevents Disease Two Days After Infection 2 According to the passage there is a scientific team from inspecting the study A the journal Science Daily B the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases C National Institutes of Health D Boston University 3 The underlined word in Paragraph 2 most probably means A a kind of virus B a specified quantity C a kind of treatment D a type 4 From the passage which of the following statements is RIGHT A There is no treatment for Marburg infection B Marburg belongs to filoviruses C There is only