定语从句及相关术语

定定 语语 从从 句句 及及 相相 关关 术术 语语 1 定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句 其作用是作定语修饰 主句的某个名词性成分 相当于形容词 所以又称为形容词性从句 一般紧跟在它所修 饰的先行词后面 2 关系词 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词 关 系代词有 that which who whom whose as 等 关系副词有 where when why 等 关系词常有 3 个作用 1 引导定语从句 2 代替先行词 3 在定语从句中担当一 个成分 注 关系代词有主语 宾语之分 一般 whom 作为宾语 4 定语 定语用来限定 修饰名词或代词的 是对名词或代词起修饰 限定作用的 词 短语或句子 汉语中常用 的 表示 主要由形容词担任 此外 名词 代词 数词 分词 副词 不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任 也可以由一个句子来担任 单 词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前 作前置定语 短语和从句作定语时则放在所修 饰的词之后 作后置定语 一一 限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 一一 关关系系代代词词 1 that 既可代表事物也可代表人 which 代表事物 它们在从句中作主语或宾语 that 在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词 which 在从句中作宾语也可以省略 eg this is the book which you want 而且 如果 which 在从句中作 不及物 动词 介词 的介词的宾语 注意介词不要丢掉 而且介词总是放在关系代词which 的前边 但有的则放在它原来的位置 2 which 作宾语时 根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系 先行词与which 之间的介词不能丢 3 代表物时多用 which 但在带有下列词的句子中用that 而不用 which 这些 词包括当先行词是 anything everything nothing none 等不定代词时 或者是由 every any all some no little few much 等修饰时等 这时的 that 常被省略 还有 先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 或先行词就是序数词或最高级时 以及先行 词中既有人又有物时 还有句中前面有 which 时 都只能用 that 4 who 和 whom 引导的从句用来修饰人 分别作从句中的主语和宾语 whom 作宾语时 要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 二二 关关系系副副词词 关系副词 介词 关系代词 why for which where in at on which 介词同先行词搭配 when during on in which 介词同先行词搭配 whose of which whom 1 where 是关系副词 用来表示地点的定语从句 2 when 引导定语从句表示时间 注 值得一提的是 表示时间 time 一词的定 语从句只用 when 引导 有时不用任何关系代词 当然也不用that 引导 By the time you arrive in London we will have stayed there for two weeks I still remember the first time I met her Each time he goes to business trip he brings a lot of living necessities such as towels soap toothbrush etc 3 whose 是关系代词 修饰名词作定语 相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 它引 导的从句可以修饰人和物 当它引导的从句修饰物体时 可以与 of which 调换 表达 的意思一样 4 当从句的逻辑主语是 some any no somebody anybody nobody something anything everything 或 nothing 时 常用 there is 来引导 There is somebody here who wants to speak to you 这里有人要和你说话 二二 非非限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明 通常是引导词和先行词 之间用逗逗号号隔开 将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1 which 引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分 2 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时 其后的定语从句通常是非 限制性的 例如 Charles Smith who was my former teacher retired last year 查理 史密斯去年 退休了 他曾经是我的老师 My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden 我去年买的的那 幢房子带着个漂亮的花园 This novel which I have read three times is very touching 这本小说很动人 我已经读了三遍 3 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词 对其进行修饰 这时从句谓语 动词要用第三人称单数 例如 He seems not to have grasped what I meant which greatly upsets me 他似乎 没抓住我的意思 这使我心烦 Liquid water changes to vapor which is called evaporation 液态水变为蒸汽 这就叫做蒸发 4 有时 as 也可用作关系代词 5 在非限定性定语从句中 不能用关系副词why 和关系代词 that 而用 who whom 代表人 用 which whose 代表事物 三三 关关系系代代词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 1 who 指人在从句中做主语 1 The boys who are playing football are from Class One 2 Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way 2 whom 指人 在定语从句中充当宾语 常可省略 注 who 和 whom 已无 太大区别 可以通用 1 Mr Liu is the person whom you talked about on the bus 2 Mr Ling is just the boy whom I want to see 3 The man who whom you met just now is my friend 注意 关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替 可省略 如果在从句中做宾语 就用 whom 或 who 比如 He is the man whom who I talk to 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who 比如 He is the man who has an English book 3 which 指物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 做宾语时可省略 1 Football is a game which is liked by most boys 2 This is the pen which he bought yesterday 4 that 指人时 相当于 who 或者 whom 指物时 相当于 which 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 做宾语时可省略 5 The number of the people that who come to visit the city each year rises one million 6 Where is the man that whom I saw this morning 5 whose 通常指人 也可指物 在定语从句中做定语 1 He has a friend whose father is a doctor 2 I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in whose 指物时 常用以下结 构来代替 3 The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired 4 The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired 5 Do you like the book whose color is yellow 6 Do you like the book the color of which is yellow 四四 注注意意 介词 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时 从句常由介词 关系代词引导 1 The school that which he once studied in is very famous 2 The school in which he once studied is very famous 3 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine that which you asked for 4 Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked 5 We ll go to hear the famous singer whom that who we have often talked about 6 We ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked 注意 1 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用 如 look for look after take care of 等 1 This is the watch which that I am looking for T 正确 2 This is the watch for which I am looking F 错误 2 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时用whom 不可用 who 或者 that 指物时用 which 不能用 that 关系代词是所有格时用 whose 1 The man with whom you talked is my friend T 2 The man with that you talked is my friend F 3 The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable T 4 The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable F 3 介词 关系代词 前可有 some any none both all neither most each few 等代词或者数词 1 He loved his parents deeply both of whom are very kind to him 2 In the basket there are quite many apples some of which have gone bad 3 There are forty students in our class in all most of whom are from big cities 五五 关关系系副副词词引引导导的的定定语语从从句句 1 when 指时间 在定语从句中做时间状语 1 I still remember the day when I first came to the school 2 The time when we got together finally came 2 where 指地点 在定语从句中做地点状语 1 Shanghai is the city where I was born 2 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down 3 why 指原因 在定语从句中做原因状语 1 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane 2 I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today 注意 关系副词引导的从句可以由 介词 关系代词 引导的从句替换 1 The reason why for which he refused the invitation is not clear 2 From the year when in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up 3 Great changes have taken place in the city in which where I was born 六六 判判断断关关系系代代词词与与关关系系副副词词 方法一 用关系代词 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词 不及物动词 后面无宾语 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词 而及物动词后接宾语 则 要求用关系代词 例如 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year I ll never forget the days when I worked together with you 判断改错 注 先显示题 再显示答案 横线 用不同的颜色表示出 错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year 错 I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside 对 This is the mountain village which I visited last year 对 I ll never forget the days which I spent in the countryside 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where when 联系在一起 此两题 错在关系词的误用上 方法二 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分 主 谓 宾 定 状 也能正 确选择出关系代词 关系副词 例 1 Is this museum you visited a few days ago A where B that C on which D the one 例 2 Is this the museum the exhibition was held A where B that C on which D the one 答案 例 1 D 例 2 A 例 1 变为肯定句 This museum is you visited a few days ago 例 2 变为 肯定句 This is the museum the exhibition was held 在句 1 中 is 后应跟表语 只有 the one 可以 而后面的 you visited a few days ago 则做 one 的定语从句 而句 2 中 主 谓 宾俱全 从句部分为句子的状语表地点 既可用副词 where 又因 in the museum 词组 可用介词 in which 引导地点状语 而此题中 介词 on 用的不对 所以选 A 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分 先行词在从句中做主 定 宾语时 选择 关系代词 who whom that which whose 先行词在从句中做状语时 应选择关系副词 where 地点状语 when 时间状 语 why 原因状语 七七 介介词词 关关系系词词 1 介词后面的关系词不能省略 2 that 前不能有介词 3 某些在从句中充当时间 地点或原因状语的 介词 关系词 结构可以同关系 副词 when where 和 why 互换 This is the house in which I lived two years ago This is the house where I lived two years ago Do you remember the day on which you joined our club Do you remember the day when you joined our club This is the reason why he came late This is the reason for which he came late 八八 先先行行词词和和关关系系词词二二合合一一 1 Whoever spits in public will be punished here Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替 2 The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school what 可以用 all that 代替 九九 as which 引引导导的的非非限限定定性性定定语语从从句句 由 as which 引导的非限定性定语从句 as 和 which 可代整个主句 相当于 and this 或 and that As 一般放在句首 which 在句中 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health The sun heats the earth which is very important to us 典型例题 1 Alice received an invitation from her boss came as a surprise A it B that C which D he 答案 C 此为非限定性从句 不能用 that 修饰 而用 which it 和 he 都使后 句成为句子 两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接 况且选he 句意不通 2 The weather turned out to be very good was more than we could expect A what B which C that D it 答案 B which 可代替句子 用于非限定性定语从句 而what 不可 That 不能用于非限 定性定语从句 it 不为连词 使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通 3 It rained hard yesterday prevented me from going to the park A that B which C as D it 答案 B as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时 这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个 意思 且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语 但不同之处主要有两点 1 as 引导的定语从句可置于句首 而which 不可 2 as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时 从句中的谓语必须是系动词 若为行为动词 则从句中的关系代词只能用which 在本题中 prevent 由于是行为动词 所以正确选项应为B As 的用法例 1 the same as such as 中的 as 是一种固定结构 和 一样 I have got into the same trouble as he has 例 2 as 可引导非限制性从句 常带有 正如 As we know smoking is harmful to one s health As is known smoking is harmful to one s health As 是关系代词 例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语 例 2 中 它充当从句的主语 谓语动词know 要用被动式 一 as which 特殊定语从句的先行成分 1 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行 成分 如 My grandmother s house was always of great importance to me as my own is 在一定的语言环境里 有些名词可以具有形容词的性质 这些名词主要是那些表示 人的身份 职业 状态的名词 值得一提的是 在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后 引 导定语从句的关系代词不能用who whom 2 动词短语先行成分 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式 如果是动态动词短语 它们在从 句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do 和 as which 一起代替 do 可以出 现 也可以不出现 但不能用其它动词代替 3 句子作先行成分 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句 有时是连续几个句子 有时 甚至可以是一个完整的故事 二 as which 特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同 as which 特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几 种情况 1 形容词做先行成分时 形容词或形容词短语 含具有形容词性质的名词 作先 行成分 as which 特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后 2 动词短语作先行成分时 动词短语作先行成分时 as which 特殊定语从句 置于先行成分之后 但是 当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时 as 特殊定语 从句可以移至句子之首 3 句子作先行成分时 as 特殊定语从句的位置较灵活 可以置于先行成分之前 之中或之后 但如果先行成分是直接引语 as 特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前 如 果先行成分是否定句 as 特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同 的意义 由于 as 特殊定语从句具有这一特点 所以有时它的位置不能随便移动 在非 正式的文体里 which 特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中 三 as which 特殊定语从句的语义功能 一般说来 as 与 which 的语义功能相同 可以相互替换 但先行成分为句子时 它们的语义功能则有差异 1 表示结果 表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系 从句中往往使 用有结果意义的词 如动词 result make enable cause 和形容词 interesting surprising delightful disgraceful 等 2 表示评注 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向 它通常与 那些表示客观事实 普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用 从句中则常用一些表示 合乎自然规律 众所周知 或 经常发生 等意义的词语 如 natural known to all usual 等 3 有无状语意义 as 特殊定语从句具有状语意义 主要是方式状语意义 而 which 特殊定语从 句则无状语意义 as 特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保 持一致 which 特殊定语从句则不受这种限制 四 关系代词 as 与 which 的句法功能 1 as which 在特殊定语从句中作主语 as 作主语时 谓语动词常为连系动词 主要是be seem 主语补语为 usual a rule a matter of fact 等时 系动词 be 习惯经常省略 行为动词作 as 特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态 其中助动词be 常略 不及物的行为动 词在 as 特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少 常见的有happen 一词 如 Freddie as might be expected was attending the conference Which 作主语时 谓语动词不限 主语被动皆可 只是谓语动词为被动语态时助 动词 be 省略 2 as 和 which 都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语 3 as 和 which 在特殊定语从句中作补语 如 We thought him a gentleman as which he could never be as 特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装 which 从句中则不能主谓倒装 如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语 关系代词用which 而不用 as 如 He talked like a native which as he hardly was 4 which 在特殊从定语句中作定语 which 可以在特殊定语从句中作定语 修饰fact matter thing 等名词 这些名 词代表先行成分表达的意义 有时将其略去句义仍然完整 as 不能作定语 如 I was told to go not by train but bus which advice I followed 十十 关关系系代代词词 that 的的用用法法 1 不用 that 的情况 a 在引导非限定性定语从句时 错 The tree that is four hundred years old Is very famous here b 介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food We depend on the land that which we get our food from 2 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a 在 there be 句型中 只用 that 不用 which b 在不定代词 如 anything nothing the one all much few any little 等 作先行词时 只用 that 不用 which c 先行词有 the only the very the same the last just 修饰时 只用 that d 先行词为序数词 数词 形容词最高级时 只用that e 先行词既有人 又有物时 f 先行词指物 在主句中作表语时 g 为了避免重复 h 先行词是 the way 时 举例 Is this the book that you borrowed in the library 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗 Who that break the window should be punished 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚 All that is needed is a supply of oil 所需的只是供油问题 Finally the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察 十十一一 难难点点分分析析 一 限制性定语从句只能用that 的几种情况 1 当先行词是 anything everything nothing something 除外 few all none little some 等代词时 或者是由 every any all some no little few much each 等修饰时 1 Have you taken down everything that Mr Li has said 2 There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world 3 All that can be done has been done 4 There is little that I can do for you 注意 1 部分时候 that 可以省略 如部分例句将 that 用括号括住 注意 2 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可以用who 4 Any man that who has a sense of duty won t do such a thing 2 当先行词被序数词修饰 1 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben 3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 1 This is the best film that I have seen 4 当形容词被 the very the only the same the last 修饰时 1 This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy 2 After the fire in his house the old car is the only thing that he owned 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可以用who 3 Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting 5 当先行词前面有 who which 等疑问代词时 1 Who is the man that is standing there 2 Which is the T shirt that fits me most 6 当先行词既有人 也有动物或者物体时 1 Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned 二 关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句 as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从 句 有相同之处也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 As 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语 代表前面整个句子 1 He married her as which was natural 2 He was honest as which we can see 2 as 引导非限制性定语从句 可放在主句之前 或者主句之后 甚至可以切割一 个主句 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后 另外 as 有 正 如 正像 的意思 1 As is known to all China is a developing country 2 He is from the south as we can see from his accent 3 John as you know is a famous writer 4 He has been to Paris more than several times which I don t believe 注意 当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时 常用which 5 Tom was always late for school which made his teacher angry 3 当先行词受 such the same 修饰时 常用 as 1 I have never heard such a story as he tells 2 He is not such a fool as he looks 3 This is the same book as I lost last week 注意 当先行词由 the same 修饰时 偶尔也用 that 引导定语从句 但是和由 as 所引导的定语从句意思不同 4 She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary s wedding 她穿着她在 MARY 婚礼上穿过的一条裙子 5 She wore the same dress as her young sister wore 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的 一样的裙子 三 以 the way 为先行词的定语从句通常由 in which that 引导 而且通常可以 省略 1 The way in which that he answered the question was surprising 四 but 有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句 1 There are very few but understand his idea but who don t 五 区分定语从句和同位语从句 1 定语从句修饰先行词 它和先行词是修饰关系 同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容 是补充说明的关系 1 The plane that has just taken off is for London 定语从句 2 The fact that he has been dead is clear 同位语从句 2 定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导 关系词在句中充当成分 有时可以省 略 同位语从句主要由 that 引导 在句中一般不做成分 句子也可以由 when where how why whether what 等词引导 充当成分 1 The news he told me is true 2 The news that he has just died is true 3 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money 定语 4 The problem how w