英语教学法教程第二版unit7

Teaching Grammar Teaching ProceduresAdditional comments 一一 Review of unit 6 Summarize the technique we have learned about pronunciation Last class we have learned how to teach pronunciation It mainly concerns how to teach the aspects of pronunciation how to teach sounds stress and so on I believe all of you have clutched them A simple review of the unit 6 二二 Teaching aims In this unit we will discuss how to teach grammar We will mainly talk about the following things 1 The role of grammar in language learning 2 The major types of grammar presentation methods 3 The major types of grammar practice activities Tell the students what we will learn in this class 三三 The role of grammar in language learning At first let s look at a form about grammar in language learning and decide if you agree with them or not Try to give reasons for your decisions Grammar is always the most boring bit of language learning Knowing grammar is not enough for real communication Grammar should be taught and practiced in context An inadequate knowledge of grammar should focus on practice Making students aware of grammatical information is one The purpose of the task is not to seek definite conclusions about the value of grammar teaching but rather to raise awareness of issues in of the teaching objectives allowing students opportunities for using the language is just as important If students get enough chance to practice using a foreign language they do not need to learn grammar Students need to be given detailed grammar rules if they are to learn foreign language successfully Teaching and learning grammar should focus on practice rather than the study of grammar itself Grammar is not so important for students People may have different views about it because they are looking at the issue from different perspectives or they have different language learning contexts in mind grammar teaching 四 Grammar Presentation There are different ways of presenting grammar in the classroom Among them three are most frequently used and discussed The deductive method The deductive method relies on reasoning analyzing and comparing First the teacher writes an example on the board or draws attention to an example in the textbook Then the teacher explains the underlying rules regarding the forms and positions of certain structural words The explanations are often done in the student s native language and use grammatical terms Sometimes comparisons are made between the native language and the target language or between the newly presented structure and previously learned structures Finally the students practice applying the rule to produce sentences with given prompts Disadvantages of the deductive method Ask students the advantages and the disadvantages of the deductive method a it teaches grammar in an isolated way b Practice is often mechanical Advantages of the method a it could be very successful with selected and motivated students b it could save time when students are confronted with grammar rule which is complex but which has to be learned c it may help increase students confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success The inductive method In the inductive method the teacher provides learners with authentic language data and induces the learners to realize grammar rules without any form of explicit explanation It is believed that the rules will become evident if the students are given enough appropriate examples For example in order to present the two forms this is and these are the teacher will first hold up a book saying this is a book He or she will do the same showing other things Then the teacher holds up several books and saying these are books After several examples it is hoped that students will understand that these are just with plural forms of nouns Then students are invited to apply the newly presented structure to produce sentences with given visual aids or verbal prompts The teacher tries to say nothing but to correct when necessary Finally but optionally the teacher may elicit the grammar rule form the students The guided discovery method The guided discovery method students are presented with contextualized scenarios illustrating a specific structure Students are then guided to discovery the underlying rule of the structure as well Students discuss the similarities and the difference of the guided discovery method and the inductive method Give some examples of as its meaning in context followed by explicit teaching and learning if target structure The guided discovery method is similar to the inductive method in that the students are induced to discovery rules by themselves but different in that the process of the discovery is carefully guided and assisted by the teacher and the rules are then elicit and taught explicitly The other methods It can also start by providing a reading text or a listening text In recent years when discussing some approaches to teaching grammar Pennington proposes a synthesis to grammatical pedagogy She emphasized that grammar teaching should be collocational constructive contextual and contrastive the guided discovery method 五五 Grammar Practice According to Ur practice may be defined as any kind of engaging with the language on the part of the learner usually under the teacher supervision whose primary objective is to consolidate learning Ur also predicts that the following factors contribute to successful practice 1 Pre learning Practice is more effective when new language is clearly perceived and taken into short term memory by the learner 2 Volume and repetition The more language the learners are exposed to or produce the more they are likely to learn The learners should have plenty of time and opportunities to listen to speak read and write different examples of the structure s form and meaning 3 Success orientation Practice is most effective if it is based on successful practice 4 Heterogeneity Practice should be able to elicit different Some factors By doing mechanical practice the students pay repeated attention to a sentences and different levels of answers form different learners 5 Teacher assistance Practice is most effective when teacher assistance is available such as suggestions hints and prompts 6 Internet Internet is an essential feature of successful practice Learners who are bored find it difficult to concentrate and their attention wanders Mechanical practice it involves activities that are aimed at form accuracy In substitution drills the students substitute a part in a structure so that they get to know how that part function in a sentence Substitute the underlined part with the proper forms of the given words Green lawn Clean house Pretty garden Nice flowers Mr Green has the largest house in town In transformation drills the students change a given structure in a way so that they are exposed to another similar structure Change the following sentences into past tense Use the adverbs given in brackets Now he lives in London last year We have English and math today yesterday He us