经济学原理Chap03曼昆.ppt

InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade Chapter3 Copyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Allrightsreserved Requestsforpermissiontomakecopiesofanypartoftheworkshouldbemailedto PermissionsDepartment HarcourtCollegePublishers 6277SeaHarborDrive Orlando Florida32887 6777 Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc InterdependenceandTrade Consideryourtypicalday YouwakeuptoanalarmclockmadeinKorea YoupouryourselfsomeorangejuicemadefromorangesgrowninFlorida YouputonsomeclothesmadeofcottongrowninGeorgiaandsewninfactoriesinThailand YouwatchthemorningnewsbroadcastfromNewYorkonyourTVmadeinJapan Youdrivetoclassinacarmadeofpartsmanufacturedinahalf dozendifferentcountries andyouhaven tbeenupformorethantwohoursyet Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc InterdependenceandTrade Remember economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesproduceanddistributegoodsinanattempttosatisfythewantsandneedsofitsmembers Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Howdowesatisfyourwantsandneedsinaglobaleconomy Wecanbeeconomicallyself sufficient Wecanspecializeandtradewithothers leadingtoeconomicinterdependence Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc InterdependenceandTrade Ageneralobservation Individualsandnationsrelyonspecializedproductionandexchangeasawaytoaddressproblemscausedbyscarcity Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc InterdependenceandTrade But thisgivesrisetotwoquestions Whyisinterdependencethenorm Whatdeterminesproductionandtrade Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Whyisinterdependencethenorm Interdependenceoccursbecausepeoplearebetteroffwhentheyspecializeandtradewithothers Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Whatdeterminesthepatternofproductionandtrade Patternsofproductionandtradearebasedupondifferencesinopportunitycosts Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Imagine onlytwogoods potatoesandmeatonlytwopeople apotatofarmerandacattlerancherWhatshouldeachproduce Whyshouldtheytrade AParablefortheModernEconomy Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheProductionOpportunitiesoftheFarmerandtheRancher Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Self Sufficiency Byignoringeachother Eachconsumeswhattheyeachproduce Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisalsotheconsumptionpossibilitiesfrontier Withouttrade economicgainsarediminished Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiers Potatoes pounds Meat pounds 4 2 a TheFarmer sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier 0 Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiers Potatoes pounds Meat pounds 5 40 b TheRancher sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier 0 Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheFarmerandtheRancherSpecializeandTrade Eachwouldbebetteroffiftheyspecializedinproducingtheproducttheyaremoresuitedtoproduce andthentradewitheachother Thefarmershouldproducepotatoes Theranchershouldproducemeat Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheGainsfromTrade ASummary Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheGainsfromTrade ASummary Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionPossibilities Potatoes pounds Meat pounds 4 2 2 1 a HowTradeIncreasestheFarmer sConsumption 0 A 3 3 A Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionPossibilities Potatoes pounds Meat pounds 5 2 5 40 20 b HowTradeIncreasesTheRancher sConsumption 0 B 21 3 B Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheGainsfromTrade ASummary Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ThePrincipleofComparativeAdvantage Whoshouldproducewhat Howmuchshouldbetradedforeachproduct Whocanproducepotatoesatalowercost thefarmerortherancher Differencesinthecostsofproductiondeterminethefollowing Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc DifferencesinCostsofProduction Thenumberofhoursrequiredtoproduceaunitofoutput forexample onepoundofpotatoes Theopportunitycostofsacrificingonegoodforanother Twowaystomeasuredifferencesincostsofproduction Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc AbsoluteAdvantage Describestheproductivityofoneperson firm ornationcomparedtothatofanother Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ComparativeAdvantage Comparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc SpecializationandTrade Whohastheabsoluteadvantage Thefarmerortherancher Whohasthecomparativeadvantage Thefarmerortherancher Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc AbsoluteAdvantage TheRancherneedsonly8hourstoproduceapoundofpotatoes whereastheFarmerneeds10hours TheRancherneedsonly1hourtoproduceapoundofmeat whereastheFarmerneeds20hours TheRancherhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothmeatandpotatoes Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc TheOpportunityCostofMeatandPotatoes Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ComparativeAdvantage TheRancher sopportunitycostofapoundofpotatoesis8poundsofmeat whereastheFarmer sopportunitycostofapoundofpotatoesis1 2poundofmeat TheRancher sopportunitycostofapoundofmeatisonly1 8poundofpotatoes whiletheFarmer sopportunitycostofapoundofmeatis2poundsofpotatoes Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ComparativeAdvantage so theRancherhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofmeatbuttheFarmerhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofpotatoes Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ThePrincipleofComparativeAdvantage Comparativeadvantageanddifferencesinopportunitycostsarethebasisforspecializedproductionandtrade Wheneverpotentialtradingpartieshavedifferencesinopportunitycosts theycaneachbenefitfromtrade Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc BenefitsofTrade Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinasocietybecauseitallowspeopletospecializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc AdamSmithandTrade Inhis1776bookAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations AdamSmithperformedadetailedanalysisoftradeandeconomicinterdependence whicheconomistsstilladheretotoday Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc DavidRicardoandTrade Inhis1816bookPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation DavidRicardodevelopedtheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageasweknowittoday Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc ShouldTigerWoodsMowHisOwnLawn Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Summary Interdependenceandtradeallowpeopletoenjoyagreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsandservices Harcourt Inc itemsandderiveditemscopyright 2001byHarcourt Inc Summary Thep