工业设计专业英语第三版第十课翻译1

精品文档 1欢迎下载 On The Case Study Method Of Research And Teaching In Design 设计的研究和教学方法案例学习 Case studies have a rich history for exploring the space between the world of theory and the experience of practice It is one thing to have an idea and another thing to make that idea concrete and real Designers by the nature of what they do must become skilled at moving between those two places But recognizing and understanding the transition from the one place to the other and back again is difficult Case studies are a useful tool for research and teaching that focus on the transition between theory and practice The format has been widely used in other disciplines and it can be used effectively in design Word Concrete adj 混凝土的 实在的 具体的 有形的 vi 凝结 vt 使凝固 用 混凝土修筑 n 具体物 凝结物 format n 格式 版式 开本 vt 使格式化 规定 的格式 vi 设计版式 discipline n 学科 纪律 训练 惩罚 vt 训练 训导 惩戒 Translation 案例研究在探索世界之间的空间理论和实践的经验有着丰富的历史 有一个想法是一 回事和按照想法做出具体和真实的事情是另一回事 设计师 他们所做的事情的本质就是 有技巧的调和这俩者 但是从一个地方到另一个过渡的认识和理解 再反过来 是很困难的 案例研究对研究和教学是一个有用的工具 注重理论与实践之间的过渡 这种模式已广泛 应用于其他学科 并且它可有效地在设计使用 Law schools first showed the way for the case study approach beginning in 1870 Before that law was taught by the Dwight Method 德 怀特法 which emphasized memorization and recall and left much of the practical learning to apprenticeships Christopher Langdell changed that way of teaching when he arrived at Harvard Law School He believed that at its root the art of practicing law involved understanding core principles and being able to apply those principles in different situations Of course the legal profession was fortunate in this respect because there already existed an infrastructure by which cases were written to explain and interpret the principles used to reach legal judgment When Langdell started teaching he had his students read the original sources which were the cases and develop their own conclusions guided by conversation and discussion in the classroom The dialectic of discussion rather than simply memorizing the grammar of the law enabled the student to better understand legal principles and their possible application indifferent situations Langdell set in motion a teaching approach that initially was met with resistance but by 1920 became the dominant teaching mode in law schools and continues to this day Word 精品文档 2欢迎下载 apprenticeship n 学徒期 学徒身分 fortunate adj 幸运的 侥幸的 吉祥的 带来幸运的 infrastructure n 基础设施 公共建设 下部构造 interpret vt 说明 口译 vi 解释 翻译 resistance n 阻力 电阻 抵抗 反抗 抵抗力 dominant adj 显性的 占优势的 支配的 统治的 n 显性 Translation 从 1870 年开始 法学院第一个展示了案例研究的方法 在这之前 法律通过德怀特方法 教育 它强调学生记忆和回忆 而且离开实际学习 Christopher Langdell 来到哈佛大学法 学院改变了教学方式 他认为 在它的本质 参与法律实践的艺术理解核心原则 能够在不同 的情况下应用这些原则 当然 在这方面法律职业是幸运 因为已经存在有基础设施的情况 下写来解释和解释原则用于达到法律判决 Langdell 教学的时候 他的学生阅读原始的来 源 这是情况下 而且通过在教室里对话和讨论 发展自己的结论 辩证的讨论 而不是简单 的语法记忆法 使学生更好地理解法律原则及其可能的应用情况漠不关心 Langdell 启动 一种教学方法 最初遇到阻力 但到 1920 年 成为占主导地位的教学模式在法律学校 一直持 续到今天 Around 1920 the Harvard Business School began exploring the possibility of using the case study approach in their graduate program They too realized the need to prepare students for the job of making and implementing decisions in a murky world The biggest hurdle was the lack of existing case studies so Wallace P Donham the dean of the Harvard Business School created a group known as the Bureau of Business Research which developed and wrote case studies from 1920 to 1925 These cases served as a starting place and the writing of additional case studies became an integral part of a law professor s duties Word implementing n 实施 执行 实现 v 贯彻 执行 implement 的现在分词 integral adj 积分的 完整的 整体的 必须的 n 积分 部分 完整 Translation 大约在 1920 年 哈佛商学院开始探索使用案例研究方法的可能性在研究生的课程中 他们也意识到需要学生在一个未知的世界准备和实施决策的工作 最大的障碍是缺乏现有 的案例研究 所以华莱士 p Donham 哈佛商学院 Harvard Business School 院长 创建 一组称为商业研究 开发和案例研究从 1920 年到 1920 年 这种情况下作为一个开始的地 方 额外的案例研究的写作成为一个法学教授的职责的一部分 The case study method continued to make inroads into new professions when the Harvard Medical School 哈佛医学院 adopted it in the mid 1980s Professors there realized that the art of practicing medicine lay in the connection of scientific and medical principles with the unique social contexts in which doctors found themselves making decisions Since the need to constantly be learning new techniques and approaches is more prevalent in the medical profession than in the law or business professions the case 精品文档 3欢迎下载 study method evolved from being a practical example of principle in context to a catalyst for learning previously unknown principles When what one already knew did not answer the question one sought out other ideas that could This was dialectic in a productive form moving from the known to the unknown seeking new ideas and methods Word context n 环境 上下文 来龙去脉 constantly adv 不断地 时常地 prevalent adj 流行的 普遍的 广传的 catalyst n 物化 催化剂 刺激因素 dialectic n 辩证法 逻辑论证 adj 辩证的 辩证法的 方言的 Translation 案例研究方法继续打入新的职业 哈佛医学院在 1980 年代中期采用它 教授意识到行 医的艺术在于连接科学和医学的原则与独特的社会环境中 医生发现自己做决定 由于需要 不断地学习新技术和方法在医学界比法律或商业职业更为普遍 案例研究方法原则演变是从 一个实际的例子在上下文中学习未知的催化剂的原则 当人们已经知道没有回答这个问题 一个可能寻找其他的想法 这是辩证的生产形式 从已知到未知的事物 寻求新的思路和方 法 In each instance of case study adoption there was an understanding that problem solving lay at the core of the professional experience Scholarship could teach the underlying foundation of knowledge that informed the topic but could not always make clear the process of analysis Case studies are not a perfect solution to the problem They cannot tell what decisions should be made but they can connect the student to social phenomena real life experience and existential situations in a way that helps to sharpen thinking and inform decision making Word instance n 实例 情况 建议 vt 举 为例 underlying adj 潜在的 根本的 在下面的 优先的 v 放在 的下面 为 的基础 优先于 underlie 的 ing 形式 existential adj 存在主义的 有关存在的 存在判断的 Translation 采用案例研究的每个实例中 有一个理解解决问题的核心专业经验 学识可以传授这个 话题的根本基础知识 但过程分析可能并不总是明确的 案例研究并不是一个完美的解决问 题的办法 他们不知道应该做出什么决策 但是他们可以连接学生社会现象 现实生活经验 存在的情况下 有助于提高思维和通知 决策 Much of the groundwork for the use of case studies in design was laid in the last decade For example the continuum of design theory and design studies has developed a view of designers as problem solvers who employ diverse methods and techniques In turn design research has evolved into a formal component of the design process However designers have not yet made the leap to writing and using case studies as an important part of design education and research development Word 精品文档 4欢迎下载 groundwork n 基础 地基 根基 employ vt 使用 采用 雇用 使忙于 使从事于 n 使用 雇用 diverse adj 不同的 多种多样的 变化多的 evolved n 进化了的 v 使逐步形成 evolve 的过去分词 leap vi 跳 跳跃 n 飞跃 跳跃 vt 跳跃 跳过 使跃过 n Leap 人名 法 莱亚 Translation 在过去的十年大部分案例研究设计的使用 例如 可循环设计理论和设计研究启发了设 计师解决问题采用不同的方法和技术的观点 反过来 设计研究已经发展成为设计过程的一 个正式组件 然而 设计师还没有飞跃写作和使用案例研究设计教育和研究开发的重要组成 部分 There may be several reasons for this First unlike law business and medicine the principles underlying the design process are not well documented articulated or agreed upon The pluralism of the field is a significant reality While most design processes follow a similar pattern they are subject to many variations in practice based on personal idiosyncrasies as well as differences of circumstance and product type Indeed design processes sometimes arc thought of more as corporate or organizational intelligence than public knowledge As a result a method of creating and developing a product often is regarded as privileged proprietary information that cannot be shared with the public This secrecy does not lend itself to in depth examination by outsiders Consequently there is not a repository of cases from which to draw Companies themselves sometimes attempt to conduct case studies of their work but the results usually lack the objective rigor necessary Word pluralism n 多元主义 多元论 兼任 pattern n 模式 图案 样品 vt 模仿 以图案装饰 vi 形成图案 privileged adj 享有特权的 有特别恩典的 v 给予 特权 免除 privilege 的过去分词 proprietary n 所有权 所有人 adj 所有的 专利的 私人拥有的 Translation 可能有几个原因 首先 法律 商业 医学 背后的原则设计过程没有很好的记载 铰 接或约定 田野的多元化是一个重要的现实 虽然大多数设计过程遵循类似的模式 他们在 实践中有许多变化 基于个人特质以及差异情况和产品类型 事实上 设计过程有时会认为 比公共知识更多的是企业或组织的情报 因此 创建和开发产品的方法经常被视为专有信息 不 能与公众共享的特权 这个秘密不被外界深入检查 因此 没有一个存储库的情况下公司自 己有时试图进行案例研究的工作 但是结果通常缺乏必要的客观严谨 In fact the tendency in design to publish what amount to marketing pieces in design magazines self promotional articles on the work of a designer has clouded the value of case studies as a tool of research and teaching Without following the discipline or rigor of well conceived case study methods the numerous descriptive articles that merely report on a design course or a new product or a 精品文档 5欢迎下载 new technique pass for case studies but seldom are more than anecdotes when viewed from the perspective of research Word tendency n 倾向 趋势 癖好 rigor n 严厉 精确 苛刻 僵硬 numerous adj 许多的 很多的 perspective n 观点 远景 透视图 adj 透视的 Translation 事实上 营销的设计趋势在设计杂志发布多少件自我宣传文章一个设计师的工作的案例研究 的价值 研究和教学的工具 不遵循纪律或严格周密的案例研究方法的大量的描述性文章 通过案例研究 只是报告设计课程 或一个新产品或新技术 但很少从研究的角度超过轶事 A second reason for the relative dearth of case studies in design involves the practice of design as an art Well designed products often are attributed to the genius of an individual or the innovation of a moment and designers may be reluctant to believe that there are universal ideas to be extracted from these stories Word involve vt 包含 牵涉 使陷于 潜心于 genius n 天才 天赋 精神 individual adj 个人的 个别的 独特的 n 个人 个体 innovation n 创新 革新 新方法 extract vt 提取 取出 摘录 榨取 n 汁 摘录 榨出物 选粹 reluctant adj 不情愿的 勉强的 顽抗的 Translation 案例研究相对缺乏设计涉及的实践设计作为一种艺术的第二个原因 精心设计的产品 往往归因于个人或创新的天才 而且设计师可能不愿相信从这些故事中提取的普遍的想法 A third r