09-并列与从属

Lecture IX Coordination and Subordination Warm up 1 Morning exercise is good for body for mind A both andB neither norC either orD not nor 2 almost universal acknowledgement of the vital importance of women s literacy education remains a dream for far too many women in far too many countries of the world A DespiteB SinceC BecauseD As 3 sixteen to school A Not till he was did he go B Not until was he he went C Till not was he He went D Not until he was did he go 4 The club is for members only You you re a member A can t go in ifB can go in only ifC can t go in unlessD can go in unless 5 Literature may and inform entertain express personal joy or reflect religious devotion glorify a nation or hero or a particular point of view whether it political social or aesthetic A inspire love describe is B instruct pain advocate be C convince hatred reveal were D alert pleasure explain has been In this lecture our discussion extends to the clause or the sentence of which words and phrases are components We focus on two important ways in which two or more units are combined into larger and more complex units The two ways are respectively referred to as coordination and subordination Both involve the linking of units of the same rank but in coordination the units are constituents at the same level whereas in subordination they form a hierarchy the subordinate unit being a constituent of the main clause Coordination is typically realized by coordinators which join units at the same level whereas subordination realized by subordinators A major difference between coordination and subordination is that the information in a subordinate clause is often placed in the background with respect to the superordiate clause Thus the syntactic inequality of subordination tends to bring with it a semantic inequality which is realized by syntactic hierarchization as well as by position It is sometimes said that an important difference between coordination and subordination is that only in the former can the relation between the two linguistic units be reversed without a change of meaning A conjunction B B conjunction A This is no more than a half truth It is true that the order can be reversed in certain cases of coordination Susan studies at a university and John works at a bank John works at a bank and Susan studies at a university But this potentiality is dependent on many factors only one of which is the relationship of meaning between two coordinated units Some of these factors are syntactic others are a matter of semantic or pragmatic asymmetry For example the following are obviously not synonymous He died and he was buried in the cemetery He was buried in the cemetery and he died In subordination however the subordinate clause tends to offer the background information in support of the main clause a semantic hierarchy that results from the syntactic inequality We ll have a rest if we can finish the work in time Because he had worked hard he passed the exam 1 Coordination Coordination and subordination are two devices for combining and relating ideas They are commonly used to connect clauses or sentences in order to establish various semantic relationships Generally speaking coordination establishes a relationship between ideas of approximately equal importance while subordination establishes a kind of relationship which indicates that one idea is more important than the other A coordination construction is a sequence of semantically related grammatical units which are similar in form equal in rank of structure identical in function and are connected by coordinators 两个或两个以上意义相关 层次相同 句法功能也相同 并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构 1 Formation On different ranks in grammatical hierarchy a sequence of coordinated Words you and me buy or sell good but expensive Phrases a teacher and his students with strength but without confidence American historians have tried to strike a balance between individuals and social groups and between the data of history and their significance With plays and films it is generally easier to assess how we should feel about what is narrated where the emphasis should fall what is important and what is not and how we should judge the characters involved H Porter Abbott The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative p73 Clauses Students can sit in the classroom or they can stay at dorm online When two or more independent clauses are coordinated they form a compound sentence for example Mary is a nurse her brother is a doctor and her parents are both famous writers The phone rang It was George He said he was sorry He promised never to harass me again He had turned over a new leaf he was going regularly to AA he had opened a bank account and already just that morning had made a deposit that he intended to keep there until he had been sober for three consecutive months H Porter Abbott The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative p64 2 Coordinating devices coordinators the security and ease of your relationship comes from your similarities Hijackers and kidnappers offer two equally impossible alternatives a refusal to meet their terms may mean death for their victim meeting their terms may mean more victims in the future Investigative workers are usually found in research laboratories or clinical settings but they also work in a wide range of other places highway departments where they study issues such as traffic control and composition of highway materials in advertising agencies where they work on market surveys in food producing companies where they work on nutritional aspects of food in military settings where they work on new weapons or new military strategies in financial departments where they work on questions of economic strategy and money flow in general in any place where problems are being attacked in a systematic scientific way NCE B3p174 It should be noticed that before some conjuncts such as accordingly furthermore hence however nevertheless therefore etc the punctuation mark should be a semicolon instead of a comma because these items are conjunctive adverbs not coordinating conjunctions Nations indeed seem to have a kind of biological span like human life from rebellious youth through caution to decay consequently predictions of doom are not uncommon Is our nineteenth century implied author trying to suggest that Heathcliff is not quite human more than human just as human as the rest of us Or is she asking us to keep our minds open on this subject H Porter Abbott The Cambridge Introduction to Narrative p86 3 Insertion between coordinated items Two coordinated items can be interrupted by an insertion just to lend emphasis to the second item for example At a time when his near contemporaries F Scott Fitzgerald Earnest Hemingway and John Dos Passos were already established and indeed famous writers Fitzgerald s great success with This Side of Paradise came in 1920 when he was only twenty three years old Faulkner remained entirely unknown hanging around the campus of the University of Mississippi the French Quarter of the New Orleans or more briefly the fringes of the American expatriate world in Paris Millgate 1 2 Likewise in a series of three or more coordinated items the last two can also be interrupted by an insertion to produce the same rhetorical effect New teachers classes and maybe even a new school can all cause students to worry 空中英语教室 08 9 p8 Author Richard Wilson the TV producer behind Have I Got News For You has written a book which bears a slight resemblance to the cult 1999 travel guide 100 Things To Do Before You Die co written by Dave Freeman who died after falling at his home last month and Neil Teplica Daily Telegraph 2008 09 18 Keith spends Saturday night walking down the street or when the cops are after him running through alleys 4 Symmetrical organization of coordinate constructions In a series of four or more than four coordinated items there are even more options than just repeating or eliminating coordinators Instead of listing the items one after another we can regroup them in pairs so that the series is made more balanced and symmetrical This pattern of coordination is especially common in formal written language How do you approach a new school year Do you have feelings of happiness and excitement or feelings of dread Cross talk can be heard anywhere from small village stages to the largest Beijing theatres and to radio and television Only a few cities are known as good baseball towns Cincinnati and Detroit Chicago and Boston Los Angeles and New York Black American writers from Frederick Douglas and W E B Dubois to Malcolm X and Eldridge Cleaver have found autobiography an especially congenial form The world doesn t want a human clone yet the world is going to have one whether it is outlawed or sanctioned hidden or announced damaged or healthy Faulkner s language of real duration discloses Christmas s true identity divided yet whole reprobate yet responsible determined yet free Expert performers whether in memory or surgery ballet or computer programming are nearly always made not born 2007 考研 American move from town to city to suburb from a job in one region to a better job elsewhere from the home where we raise our children to the home where we plan to live in retirement 5 Coordinators Semantically Considered Modern English has basic coordinators and or but Added to these are yet so nor items that can function both as conjunctions and as conjunctive adverbs In addition there are some correlative pairs semantically related to the basic coordinators including both and not only but also not nor neither nor either or etc There are some quasi coordinators including as well as as much as rather than more than etc ranking between a coordinator and a subordinator or a complex preposition Finally we shall mention the conjunction for which can also be viewed either as a coordinator or as a subordinator Here treated with subordinators like because Semantically considered English coordinators can be described under three headings Coordinators denoting addition represented by and Coordinators denoting alternation represented by or Coordinators denoting contrast represented by but 1 And group coordinators and both and not only but also not nor etc To denote addition or extension in positive or negative orientation As is reported a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged In addition and can denote other meanings such as Semantic extension He is Jack of all trades and master of none Temporal sequence He opened the door and went in Result He heard a cry for help and therefore he rushed out of the house Condition Think it over again and you ll find a way out Contrast Mary likes music and Jim is fond of sports Attitudinal disjunction He has a somewhat swelled head and I don t like this Grammatical constructions like nice and go and try and seem to be but actually are not coordinate constructions This room is nice and warm nicely warm I ll go and bring back your boots go in order to bring back You must try and come to the party try to come to NOT You tried and came 2 Or group coordinators or either or denoting alternation You have to do it one way or the other Besides it can also denote a negative condition Make up your mind or if not you ll miss the chance It should be noticed that the use of either or neither nor not only but also is different from that of both and The first three pairs can be used to connect two clauses while both and cannot Not only did the garage overcharge me but they hadn t done a very good repair job either Both Jane wanted to go to the south and her husband wanted to go there too It should be noted that when neither either occurs before a main verb what follows nor or may be with or without the verb He neither likes fiction nor likes poetry He has either gone to the movies or gone to the theatre Sometimes what follows neither either is only the predication while nor or is followed by a whole clause He neither likes fiction nor does he like poetry He has either gone to the movies or he has gone to the theatre But both and not only but also cannot be used this way Both and not only but also must be followed by a similar constructions He likes both fiction and poetry He not only likes fiction but also likes poetry 3 But group coordinators but not but while whereas yet only etc denoting contrast or a turn in meaning This coat is not mine but yours She is a funny girl yet you can t help liking her 4 Notice Both and only combines constituents rather than the whole sentence Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news Not only but also combines both constituents and the whole sentence but in parallels Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting Not only did he help me but also he sent me home Either or combines both constituents and the whole sentence whether in parallels or not Either you or I am going to shanghai He can either stay at home or leave He has either gone to the movies or gone to the theatre Neither nor combines both constituents and the whole sentence whether in parallels or not He neither likes fiction nor likes poetry 2 Subordination Subordination means putting a grammatical unit in a lower rank or position A grammatical unit that functions as a constituent of another unit of equal or lower bank of structure is called a subordinate construction which might be a finite clause a non finite clause a verbless clause or a phrase 如果一个语法结构含有同一层 次甚至高一层次的结构为其直接成分 这种现象叫做从属 从属于其他语法结构的结构叫做从属结构 从 属结构可以是限定分句 非限定分句或无动词分句 也可以是词组 主要是介词词组 1 Ways of subordinating minor ideas It is a general practice to put the main idea in the main clause and the minor idea in a dependent clause There are various ways of subordinating minor ideas which may be expressed by a finite or non finite clause or by a verbless clause eg As they were curious about their neighbors the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity Being curious about their new neighbors the Johnsons went and visited them at the first opportunity For a second they stood quite still wands directed at each other s chests then recognizing each other they stowed their wands beneath their cloaks and started walking briskly in the same direction J K Rowling Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows If the speaker wants to further minimize the importance of the minor idea he can even put it in a phrase chiefly a prepositional phrase eg With curiosity the Johnsons went and visited their new neighbors at the first opportunity Partly because of financial need and partly because of career choices for personal fulfillment mothers have been leaving the traditional role of full time homemaker Because of either economic necessity or strong determination personal fulfillment or both the phenomenon of latchkey children is widespread in our society NCE III P102 2 Subordinators Subordinate clauses are generally introduced by subordinators which in terms of word formation can be classified into simple subordinators complex subordinators correlative subordinators and marginal subordinators 1 simple subordinators one word subordinators after although as because before directly for if immediately lest like once since that though till unless until when ever where ever whereupon while whilst etc 2 complex subordinators multi word subordinators assuming that but that considering that except that excepting that for all that given that granted that granting that in that in order that insofar that in the event that now that provided that save that seeing that such that supposing that etc 3 correlative subordinators as as as so barely hardly scarcely when more less than no sooner than so as so that such as such that the the whether or etc 4 marginal subordinators even if if only just as only if every time that the instant that the moment that due to the fact that for the reason that by reason that for fear that in spite of the fact that in the light of the fact that on account of the fact that on the ground that regardless of the fact that in the sense that etc 3 Finite Subordinate Clauses Structurally subordinate clauses may be finite non finite or verbless A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase Syntactically subordinate clauses can be sub divided into nominal relative and adverbial clauses Following is a brief description of the three types of subordinate clauses 1 Nominal clauses noun clauses It can perform most functions of a noun phrase This kind of clauses is usually introduced by that or by a wh word such as who what which where when how why etc Nominal clauses can function as subject object subject complement appositive and prepositional complementation suject clause wh that Who should be responsible for the accident is not clear 1 object clause wh that Could you tell me how I get to the park 2 subject complement clause wh that My job is that I collect all the letters in this area 3 appositive clause that The news that our team won is true 4 2 Relative clauses A relative clause is normally introduced by a relative word ie by a relative pronoun a relative determiner or a relative adverb 形容词性分句 关系分句 主要作名词修饰语 通常由 who which that 等关系代词和 when where why 等关系副词引导 The man who did the robbery has been caught I still remember the place where I first met him 3 Adverbial clauses Adverbial clauses are those that perform the function of adverbial in a complex sentence Semantically this kind of clause can be subdivided into adverbial clauses of time place manner cause result purpose condition and concession 副词性分句 状语分句 按语义可分为时间状语分句 地点状语分句 方式状语分句 原因状语 分句 结果状语分句 目的状语分句 条件状语分句 让步状语分句 time as after before once since till until when whenever while as long as as soon as now that 1 Once you ve finished go to bed Since I was a child I have lived in England You can borrow it as long as you are not careless with it place where wherever anywhere everywhere 2 You are able to go wherever you like Corn flourishes best where the ground is rich He woul