句子结构(学生).doc

简单句的五种基本结构英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。英语五种基本句型列式如下：一： （主谓）二： （主系表）三： （主谓宾）四： （主谓间宾直宾）五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型 一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. ( )Weve worked for 5 hours. ( )The meeting lasted half an hour. ( )Time flies. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1) Dark clouds hung overhead. ( )2) Gradually a smile appeared on her face. ( )3) He is smiling all over his face. ( )4) I did well in English. ( )5) He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. ( )翻译练习：主谓结构（ 主语 不及物动词 ）1你应当努力学习。 2她昨天回家很晚。 3那天早上我们谈了很多。 4会议将持续两个小时。 5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8每天八时开始上课。 9这个盒子重五公斤。 10五年前我住在北京。基本句型 二： （主系表）系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。常见的半系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语He is a student. ( )Your idea sounds great. ( )分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并写出该句的系动词。1) His advice proved right. ( )2) The shop stays open till 8 oclock. ( )3) The machine went wrong. ( )4) All these efforts seem in vain. ( )5) These words sound reasonable. ( )6) The room soon became crowded. ( )7) The days are getting longer and longer. ( )8) He fell ill yesterday. ( )9) Trees turn green in spring. ( )10) What you said sounds great. ( )翻译练习：主系表结构（主语 系动词表语 ）1我的兄弟都是大学生。 2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5孩子们，请保持安静。 6这本书是有关美国历史的书。 7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 8他失业了。 9树叶已经变黄了。 10这个报告听起来很有意思。 基本句型 三： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1. My brother hasnt done his homework. ( )2. People all over the world speak English. ( )3. Jim cannot dress himself. ( )4. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. ( )5. He did not know what to say. ( )翻译练习：主谓宾结构（主语 及物动词 宾语 ）1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。4他们成功地完成了计划。 5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8 Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10他不知道说什麽好。基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：He give me a cup of tea. ( )强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.若直接宾语为人称代词：动词+ 代词直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Bring it to me, please. (不能说 Bring me it, please。)常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(带来）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. She ordered herself a new dress. ( )2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. ( )3. He brought you a dictionary. ( )4. He denies her nothing. ( )5. I showed him my pictures. ( )6. I gave my car a wash. ( )7. I told him that the bus was late. ( )8. He showed me how to run the machine. ( )翻译练习：双宾语结构（主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。 2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5. 他把车票给列车员看。 6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。 9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。The war made him a soldier.（ 他成为一个士兵，构成逻辑上的主谓关系）New methods make the job easy. （ ）I often find him at work. （ ）The teacher asked the students to close the windows. （ ） I saw a cat running across the road. 分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并指出是什么充当句子的宾语补足语1. They appointed him manager. （ ）2. They painted the door green. （ ）3. He pushed the door open. （ ）4. They found the house deserted. （ ）5. What makes him think so? （ ）6. We saw him out. （ ）7. He asked me to come back soon. （ ）8. I saw them getting on the bus. （ ）9. We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （ ）10. Ill have my bike repaired. （ ）11. We elected him monitor. （ ）12. Dont keep the lights burning. （ ）翻译练习：复合宾语结构（主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ）1我们叫她Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John. 3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4他们把门推开了。 5他们把小偷释放了。 6我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7他请我们参加做游戏。 8我要你把真相告诉我。 9卫兵命令我们立即离开。 10明天我要找人来修理机器。 11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 12痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 13我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 14他每个月理一次发。 15我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 16那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了17她正在听人家讲故事。 18男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 19我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 20他感到很难跟你交谈。 21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 22我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 23学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 24我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。考点1. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有 there is / are 过去有 there was / were将来有 there will be/ there is / are going to be.现在已经有 there has / have been可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be / there must have been.过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 考点2. 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for help. There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.考点3. There be 与have 的区别There be 某地有某物，某时有某事have 表示某人拥有某物。且记：没有 there has a book on the desk. There has a meeting this evening.这样的表达方法There be 句型1今晚没有会。 2这个村子过去只有一口井。 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5天气预报说下午有大风。 6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 8恰好那时房里没人。 9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10公共汽车来了。 11就只剩下二十八美元了。 12在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 13铃响了。 14二月份有二十八天。 练习 ：划分句子成分练习练习1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) Tees turn green when spring comes.2) The old man was feeling very tired.3) His job is to train swimmers.4) Where he was buried remained unknown.5) What he said proved true.6) We must keep quiet.7) The shop stayed open until eleven.8) She appeared younger than she really was.9) His face went red.10) He fell ill last week.11) The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious. 从上面我们可以看出， 常见的系动词有，_, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _, _等，它们后面一般跟_词作表语。练习2. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，体会it的替代性用法。1) It is very plain to me that he is round and tall like a tree.2) It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.3) It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.4) The chairman thoughtit necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting .5) She made it her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town.6) I dont think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work7) He made it known to his friends that he didnt want to enter politics.8) I leave it to your own judgment whether you should do it. 从上面我们可以看出，作形式主语和形式宾语一般用代词_, 真正的主语或宾语通常是_或_, 放在后面。练习3. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，留意定语是什么词性或结构充当，并留意定语的位置。1) Comrades in her group often help her with grammar.2) The women on the left are making shirts for the neighbors.3) The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.4) After the third period there is a long break for rest and exercise.5) Any man with a little sense can see that he is exactly like a rope.6) People all over the world speak English.7) The woman with a baby in her arms is his other .8) We need a place twice larger than this one.9) The man downstairs was trying to sleep.10) Every night he heard the noise upstairs.11) She carried a basket full of eggs.12) Its a book worth no more than one dollar.13) Its a city far from the coast.14) Some farmers saw something strange in the sky .15) He has money enough to buy a car.16) Do you have anything else to say?17) There is little time left.18) There were few people present at the meeting.19) Once there lived a king whose name was Midas.20) The film we saw last night was about the War of Liberation.21) The house that stands at the foot of the hill is a rest-home for the workers.22) He told us a story, which moved many of us to tears.23) The first thing I dug up was a piece of white cloth.24) Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.从上面我们可以看出，_, _, _和_ 作定语时常后置。练习4. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) What he said is true.2) We must do what the party told us to do.3) That is what interested her most.4) We must do whatever the people want us to do.5) Whoever smokes here will be punished.练习5. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，并说明是什么词性或结构作宾语。1) I hope to see him as soon as possible. 2) He wouldnt mind being left alone. 3) We are considering making a new plan. 4) It just missed being caught. 5) She admitted having taken the key. 6) My brother regretted missing a lecture given by Professor Liu.7) I regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you a job.8) I stopped to take a break.9) She tried living alone. 10) These young trees require looking after carefully. 11) Missing the train means waiting for an hour. 12) I meant to have called you. 13) To answer correctly is more important than to finish quickly.14) To save money now seems impossible.15) Being exposed to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.从上面我们可以看出，动词原形不能作主语、宾语，要变为_或_之后才能作主语和宾语。练习6. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译, 体会宾语与宾补之间的逻辑关系，并指出宾补是什么词性或结构充当。1) She found it difficult to do the work. 2) They made him monitor of the class. 3) We will make our school more beautiful. 4) All of us considered him honest. 5) They pushed the door open. 6) Then suddenly I saw a man lying on the ground. 7) His hunger had made him forget army discipline. 8) The old man asked us to sit down. 9) I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 10) They saw Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 11) He noticed a man enter the room. 12) The director had her assistant pick up some hot dogs. 13) I will have my watch repaired tomorrow. 14) On his way home, he suddenly heard his name called. 15) By speaking slowly, he made himself understood. 16) We want these trees planted soon. 17) Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 18) He left me waiting there. 19) I left the bag lying on the ground. 20) I cant get my car running on cold morning. 我们可以看出，非谓语做宾语补足语时，如果宾补和宾语之间是主动关系，常用现在分词或不定式做宾补，如果宾补和宾语之间是被动关系，则用_作宾补。练习7. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) I will bring you the book when I come next time.2) He asked the ruler why only the four rich men blew trumpets. 3) My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 4) She showed us many of her pictures.5) Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 我们可以看出，一些动词后面可以跟两个宾语， 一个表示人，叫做_宾语, 一个表示物，叫做_宾语.练习8. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，说出是什么词性或结构作定语，并体会定语和所修饰词之间的逻辑关系。1) There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.2) There was a terrible noise following the sudden burst of light. 3) There are many clothes to be washed. 4) There were many houses burned in the fire. 5) The bell indicating the end of the period rang, interrupting our heated discussion. 6) Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat. 7) A boy calling himself John wanted to see you8) He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home9) Havent you seen the sign reading “NO PHOTO”? 10) The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany11) Most of the singers invited to the party were from America. 12) With the governments aid, those affected by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements. 我们可以看出，非谓语作定语时， 如果和所修饰词构成主动关系， 用_; 如果和所修饰词构成被动关系， 用_; 如果表将来，多用_.练习9. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。口译，说出是什么词性或结构作状语语，并体会状语和句子主语之间的逻辑关系。1) To kill the boring time, I began to read a book. 2) Seeing this ,some comrades became very worried . 3) Holding his head high, the manager walked into the room to attend the meeting. 4) He sat there doing nothing. 5) Mary said pointing to the notice. 6) He sent me an e-mail, hoping to get further information. 7) The teacher entered the classroom, followed by two students. 8) He sat on the platform, prepared to answer the question. 9) His parents died, leaving him an orphan. （SV，现在分词作结果状语，主动关系）10) Tasting wonderful, this kind of food enjoyed a good sale. 11) Driven by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. 12) Built hundreds years ago, the temple looked old. 我们可以看出，非谓语作状语时， 如果和句子主语构成主动关系， 用_; 如果和句子主语构成被动关系， 用_; 如果表目的，多用_三.陈述句, 疑问句, 祈使句, 感叹句句子按用途可分四种：1）陈述句（肯定、否定）：He is six years old; She didnt hear of you before.2）疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Do they like skating? How old is he? Is he six or seven years old?Mary can swim, cant she?3）祈使句：表示命令或者请求. 又叫无主句，主语通常为you,省略.Be careful, boys; Dont talk in class4）感叹句：how 后面加上的是形容词副词.what后面加上的是名词.How clever the boy is! What a clever boy he is!四.简单句、并列句和复合句句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。e.g. He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（划线部分为并列谓语 ，只有一个主语，仍为简单句。）2) 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。要注意哟,逗号是不可以连接句子的,这一点和汉语不同.e.g. You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not onlybut also, neithernor, then等连接。e.g. The teachers name is Smith, and the students name is John.2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, eitheror, otherwise等。e.g. Hurry up, or youll miss the train.3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.3）复合句：复合句含有两个或两个以上主谓结构，其中一个主谓结构作另一个的成分。（而并列句的两个主谓结构间是并列关系， 而不是从属关系）。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。当简单句的一个成分从词或词组变为句子时，整个句子就成为复合句了。1. It is wrong. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句） 2. What he said is wrong.（what he said,是一个主谓结构，he为主语，said为谓语，what是宾语。What he said is wrong. 是另外一个主谓结构。What he said作主语，is wrong系表结构作谓语。因此，本句是复合句。What he said是名词性从句作主语）。3. The boy over there is my brother. （只有一个主谓结构，是简单句）4. The boy who is wearing a hat is my brother.（The boy is my brother.是一个主谓结构 who is wearing a hat也是一个主谓结构，作了前一个主谓结构中主语the boy的定语。因此本