毕业论文写作第10讲

毕业论文主体部分结构与要求 StructureofBodyofThesis Therearetwocommonapproachestotheorganizationsofthebodyofathesis aone levelmodelandatwolevelmodel TheformeroneisusuallytakenbyinaMaster sorBachelor sthesis whilethelatteroneisparticularusefulforadoctoralthesis Accordingtoaone levelmodel thebodyofathesisisdividedintofiveparts Introduction LiteratureReview Methodology ResultsandDiscussion andConclusion 1 IntroductionSpecifically thispartusuallyincludesthreecomponents ageneraldescriptionofyourstudy theneedforastudy andtheoverallstructureofthethesis 1 AgeneraldescriptionofyourstudyThesimplestwaytobeginthefirstcomponentis Thestudywasundertakentofindout Theresearchquestionstobeaddressedinthestudyarethefollowing Sincethisisanoverviewoftheresearchproblem youonlyneedtolistgeneralresearchquestions DetailsofresearchquestionswillbepresentedattheendofthepartofLiteraturerevieworatthebeginningofthepartofMethodology 1 Introduction2 TheneedforastudyFortheneedforyourstudy youarerequiredtoexplainwhythestudyisworthundertaking Usually thereasonscanbeexplainedintermsofpracticalaswellastheoreticalimportance Astudyissaidtohavetheoreticalvaluewhenitcanconfirmordisconfirmatheory ormodifyexistingtheories orclarifyacontroversialissue ordevelopanewmodelthatisbadlyneeded orenrichourunderstandingofaphenomenon ThepracticalvaluesinthefieldofappliedlinguisticsmaybyshownintheimprovingofL2teachingandlearning inthecompilingofbilingualdictionaries orintranslation etc 3 TheoverallstructureofthethesisWhendescribingtheoverallorganizationofthethesis theheadingsofeachchapterorpartshouldbecovered Insomecases Introductionalsoincludestheconceptualdefinitionsofkeyterms SometimesIntroductioniswrittenwhentheotherpartshavebeenfinalized Thereasonisobvious TheresearchquestionswhichweredevelopedinyourproposalmayhavebeenmodifiedinonewayoranotheralmostuntilyoufinishwritingupResultsandDiscussion 2 LiteraturereviewAliteraturereviewdemonstratesthewriter sconceptualunderstandingoftheresearchtopicandhis herabilitytoarguefortheneedforthestudy Aliteraturereviewprovidessuchcontextualinformation Itnotonlydescribewhathasbeendoneinthefieldandwhatproblemsremaintobesolved butalsoexplainstowhatextentyourstudyisdifferentfromthepreviousones whatkindofcontributioncanbemadetotheexistingknowledge howthedesignofyoustudyisgrowingouroftheexistingonesandwhatkindoftheoryyourdesignisbasedonifthereisany Specificallyspeaking aliteraturereviewshouldcontainthefollowingcomponents conceptualdefinitionsofkeyterms anexaminationoftheresearchtopicinlightofthetheoreticalperspective adescriptionofrelatedempiricalstudieswithevaluatingcomments acriticalreviewofresearchdesignsincludinginstrumentsrelatedtoyourstudy aconceptualframeworkifthereisany 2 Literaturereview 1 ConceptualdefinitionsofkeytermsWhatshouldbedefined Allthevariablesthatweremeasuredinyourstudyhavetobedefinedconceptually Howtodefine Listthedefinitionsgivenbyothersandgiveyourowncommentsonthem andyourowndefinitionorpreferencewillbeformed 2 AnexaminationoftheresearchtopicinlightofthetheoreticalperspectiveItiscommonthatareviewstartswithexplicatingatheoryoracontroversialissuethatisrelevanttotheproposedstudy 3 AdescriptionofrelatedempiricalstudieswithevaluatingcommentsThedescriptionandevaluationofrelevantempiricalstudiesisindispensableinaliteraturereview Themostcrucialthinghereisthatyouneedtoclassifythestudiesaccordingtoyourneeds Onceyouareclearaboutyourpurposes youcandescribetheemphasisandscoopofyourdescriptionandevaluation 4 AcriticalreviewofresearchdesignsincludinginstrumentsrelatedtoyourstudyThiscomponentisneededwhenoneofthedifferencesbetweenyourstudyandpreviousonesliesinresearchdesign 5 AconceptualframeworkifthereisanyThiscomponentisoptionalforabachelor sandmaster sthesis 3 Methodology TheMethodologyPartpresentsadetaileddescriptionofthewayyourproposedstudyisconducted Thedescriptionshouldbeexplicit transparentandsufficiently Byreadingthispart thereadercaneasilyvisualizeyourresearchprocessandreplicateyourstudyifshe hewishesto ThemajorcomponentsinMethodologyPartareintroductoryparagraph generalandspecificresearchquestions hypothesis subjects instruments data collection data analysis andlimitations Youcanusethesecomponents exceptintroductoryparagraph assecond levelheadingsorsubheadingsinsteadofprovidingdetailedcontent 1 IntroductoryparagraphInthisparagraph youonlyneedwriteoneortwoshortsentencesabouttheresearchdesign 2 Generalandspecificresearchquestions hypothesisInthispart allthegeneralquestionsarepresentedtogetherwithspecificquestions Iftheresearcherhasformedhypothesesinsteadofquestions thenshe heshouldlistallthehypotheses AllthequestionsappearinginthispartneedtobeansweredintheResultsPart Allthequestionsorhypothesesarestatedinthepresenttenseratherthaninthepasttense 3 Methodology 3 SubjectsSubjectsonlyrefertothepeoplewhoarestudiedandmeasuredbyyourinstrumentsandwhoseresponsesareusedinansweringtheresearchquestions Thispartdescribeshowmanysubjectshaveparticipated whothesubjectsare andhowtheyareselected Youhavealsotoreportthechangeinthenumberofsubjectsandexplainthereasonforsuchachange Personalinformationaboutsubjectsincludesgender age andeducationallevel Forsimplicityofpresentation theinformationconcernedcanbedisplayedinatablewhilegivingabriefverbalaccount Theprocedureforselectingthesubjectsmustbedetailedsothatotherpeoplecaneasilyreplicatethem 4 InstrumentsTheInstrumentspartdescribesresearchtoolsusedtomeasuredependentandindependentvariablesinyourstudysuchasalanguagetesttomeasuresubjects L2proficiency aquestionnairetoinvestigatesubjects attitudestowardsL2learningandaninterviewscheduletofindouthowtheygoaboutvocabularylearning Thedescriptioncoversthecontent thecategories thereliabilityandvalidityiftheinstrumenthasbeenusedbefore Fortheself designedinstrument thedevelopmentoftheinstrumentandtheresultsofapilotstudyshouldbeadded Theoperationaldefinitionsofindependentanddependentvariablesshouldbelistedhere 3 Methodology 5 Data collectionHereinthispart informationaboutgatheringdataisdetailed Theparthastoaddressthesequestions Whenwerethedatacollected Whowereresponsiblefordata collection Howarethedatacollected Andwhere Insomecases thetrainingofsubjectsorinterviewersorobserversisneeded 6 Data analysisTheData analysisPartisconcernedwiththeproceduresforanalyzingthedataanditsreliability Thepartofaquantitativeanalysismaybeginwithgeneraldescriptionofwhatkindofstatisticalpackagewasusedandwhatstatisticalanalyseshavebeenoperatedinyourstudy Forthequalitativedata analysis theproceduresshouldbespecifiedandcategoriesgeneratingfromthedataneedtobeexplained Detailsofstepstakentoincreasethereliabilityoftheanalysisofqualitativedataneedtobereported 7 LimitationsLimitationconcernsthoseconditionsthattheresearcherissupposedtomeetbuthashaddifficultyinimplementing Thelimitationsmaybeshowninasample forexample thesamplesizemaybetoosmallorthesampleisnotrandomlyselected Thelimitationscanalsobedisplayedinthedatacollected forexample wheretherateofmissingdataishigh 4 Resultsanddiscussion 1 ResultsWhatcanberegardedasresults Resultshererefertotheanswerstotheresearchquestionsandthefindingsyieldedfromyourstudy Inotherwords theresearcherneedstofocusonlyonthefindingsthatanswertheresearchquestions Howareresultsorganized Thebestwaytoorganizeresultsisbyresearchquestions Tobeginwith youhadbetterrestatetheresearchquestionsintheintroductoryparagraphoftheResultsPartandthenlisttheminshortenedformsassubheadingsinfrontofeachanswer finding Asaresult byreadingasubheading thereadercanlinkspecificresultseasilywiththeresearchquestionconcerned Howarequantitativeresultsreported Usuallyquantitativeresultsarereportedbytables graphscoupledwithaverbalaccount Howarequalitativeresultsreported Qualitativeresultsareprimarilypresentedinanarrativeformbutoccasionallysupplementedbyafigureoratable 4 Resultsanddiscussion 2 DiscussionEachresultreportedshouldbefollowedbyaproperdiscussion Whatismeantbydiscussingaresult Whenyoudiscussaresult youshouldgobeyondtheresultandexpressyourownopinionsabouttheresult i e yourpersonalspeculationonthereasonsforaresult yourjudgmentonitssignificance implications andthepossibledirectionforfutureresearch Theessentialdifferencebetweenreportingaresultanddiscussingtheresultisthattheformerisfact drivenwhilethelatterisopinion driven Usuallythediscussiongoingtogetherwiththereportofaresultcannotbetoolongsincealengthydiscussionwillseparatetheanswerstotheresearchquestionsanditwilldistractthereader sattention Howisaresultdiscussed Discussingtheresultusuallybeginswithspeculatingabouttheexplanationfortheresult Thespeculationscanbesupportedbytheexistingtheoryorempiricalfindingsfromotherstudied Thespeculationsshouldtakeintoaccountrivalexplanationsorthelimitationsinyourstudy 4 Resultsanddiscussion 3 SignificanceEvaluatingthesignificanceofaresultalsofallsintothescopeofdiscussing Thesignificancemaybetheoreticalorpractical Byevaluatingitstheoreticalsignificance youtrytolinktheresulttothepreviousfindingsorexistingtheoriestoseewhetheryourresultisthesameasthepreviousonesorinconflictandtoseewhetheryourresultisinsupportoftheexistingtheoreticalassumptionsoragainstthem Veryoften aresulthasnotonlytheoreticalsignificancebutalsopracticalsignificance Bypointingoutitspracticalsignificance youtrytospecifyhowL2reachingandlearningcanbenefitfromtheresult Thediscussingofaresultmaymovefurthertomakesuggestionsforfutureresearchonthebaseofshortcomingsinyourstudyoryourregretsinconductingthestudy 5 Conclusion Conclusioncanhelpreadersrefreshtheirmemoryandreviewwhatisessentialinthethesis TheConclusionusuallyconsistsofthreesections majorfindings implications andrecommendationsforfutureresearch 1 MajorfindingsThemajorfindingsareanintegrativesummaryofthemostimportantresults Therefore youcannotrepeatverbatimwhathasbeensaidintheResultspart Toorganizethissection therearetwoalternativeways Thefirstistopresentthembyresearchquestions Thatis tobeginwith youbrieflyrestateeachquestioninordertosavethereader stroubleofturningbacktotheearliersection Inmostcases youdonotneedtogobeyondthegeneralquestions Theresultsarethensummarizedinrelationtothequestion Thesecondalternativeistolistthemostimportantfindingswithoutreferringtoindividualquestions Themoonpracticeistosequencethemajorfindingsthatmirrortheorderofresearchquestions Ineithercase youshouldnotusejargonandstatistics Whatisexpectedhereisanon technicalverbalaccountofmajorfindings whichisusuallyshortandbrief Inadditiontothemajorfindingsrelatedtotheresearchquestions youmayalsoreportunexpectedresults i e theresultsyieldedbyanalysesthatyoudidnotplantomakeoriginallybutlaterprovedtobeinteresting 5 Conclusion 2 ImplicationsNowitistimeforyoutosynthesizetheimplicationstopresentthereadwithawholepicture Youneedtotakeatop downapproach i e youoverviewtheresultsandthinkoftheirimplicationsalongthreeperspectives theory methodology andpractice 1 TheoreticalimplicationsIntheLiteratureReviewpart youexaminedorlistedorobserveddifferentthe