考研英译汉难点辨析

考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之同位语同位语是用来对名词(或代词)作进一步的解释，它可以是单词、短语或从句。同位语从句是名词从句的一种，置于某些名词之后如：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision, possibility, assumption, suggestion, question, and so on。这种从句通常由that引导，也可用what, why, whether, when等引导。在阅读时，要注意同位语与本位语分割的现象。如，The thought came to me that I would invite him to McDonalds.当时我产生一个念头，即我要请他吃麦当劳。同位语从句that I would :McDonalds与其先行词The thought被came to me分隔。翻译时，可增加“即”或用冒号、破折号分开。例There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historians inquiry.(1999年真题)分析：本题属于同谓语结构。句子“there is no agreement whether.or.or”引导的名词从句是agreement的同位语。在这个同位语从句中，methodologies后面跟着两个并列谓语，即refers to.or(refers)to。peculiar to historical work和appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry都是形容词短语，分别修饰concepts和research techniques。译文：所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一。考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之分词作状语分词短语不仅可以用作形容词，还可用来说明动词或整个句子所表达的概念，这时它与副词短语相似。它在句子中可以作状语，也可做定语。如Not knowing what to do, I telephoned our manager.因为不知道该怎么办，我就给经理打了电话。此外，还可表示时间、方式伴随、原因、让步或条件。要注意的是分词的下列两种用法和结构：1)分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，如果不一致，要用独立主格结构。如:On walking along the street, I lost my sad mind.走在街上，我忘了烦恼。2)with+名词(或代词宾语)+分词(短语)作状语，表示伴随情况。如：With water expected to be scarce by tomorrow, we have set aside a big drum for it.预期明天缺水，我们已经准备了一个大木桶。例Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice.(1997年真题)分析：逗号前面是一个现在分词短语，作状语，里面又有一个that从句作the view的同位语，逗号后面的that从句是一个宾语从句。译文：这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。 考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之否定句由于语言文化的差异，英汉两种语言表达否定的方式和手段有很大的不同。例如，英语的否定范围具有不同的情况，因此许多否定句往往是具有歧义的。如, The ambassador did not leave Japan to take up an appointment in China.可译为：1)那位大使没有离开日本到中国去就职。2)那位大使不是为了到中国就职而离开日本。在阅读中，只能根据上下文得出正确的含义。英语的否定重心也是阅读中应注意的问题。Dont give up because it is easy.只能理解为：不要因为简单就放弃呀。此外，不定代词中的every, all, both以及副词always, quite,与否定词结合时，不是全部否定，而是部分否定，不是“全不是”，而是“不全是”。这些都是在阅读中应注意的问题。例Small minded scholars, rude educators, and ill mannered gentlemen are hardly unknown in England.分析：这句话是一个“双重否定”的句子。两个否定分别由hardly和unknown(由表示否定的前缀un与形容词known构成)表达。译文：在英国，狭隘的学者、粗鲁的教育家和无礼的绅士并不罕见。考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之比较结构下列几种结构均可表示比较：1)如果要表达人与人、事与事等之间是相似的，可用as或like。如：Hes bit of a snob, as his father does.他这人有点势利，就像他父亲那样。还有so do I, so am I, neither/nor do I等也表示相似。2)当要表达事物之间在某方面一样时，可用as: as:和as much/many: as:如，Learn as much as you can about what to expect in the future.对于预料将发生的事要尽量多做准备。3)表达事物之间差别的结构可采用more :than与其不如，no less then简直是，实在是；It is that.but that.这不是说，而是说。后可接形容词、副词、动词或名词。more: than可译作“与其说不如说”。如，the so called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.(考研试题)。理论科学家和应用科学家之间的所谓区分，与其说是实际的，不如说是表面的。例Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(1994年真题)分析：本句属于比较结构，含有一个比较结构not so much.as“与其说不如说”。they为插入语。through the insights of great men of genius和because of more ordinary things为两个状语。like improved techniques and tools为介词短语作定语，修饰things.译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。 考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之it的用法it在各种英语表达中出现的机率非常频繁，它常用来表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点和距离等外，还可用于强调句型中。强调的部分可以是主语、宾语或副词短语。如,It was the headmaster that my brother borrowed some reference books from yesterday.我哥哥昨天是向校长借了一些参考书(强调介词“from”的宾语“the headmaster”)。it还可在句中充当形式主语或形式宾语。 如，It struck me that the situation was pretty strangely.我感到形势异常。在阅读中，要弄清当it与被代替的成分分离，或一个句子中多次出现it时，它们在句中的作用。例1How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.分析：在本句中it指代information这一词。How.performance为主语从句。depends upon为谓语动词。with which引导一定语从句，修饰skill and wisdom, which指skill and wisdom。译文：这些测试在多大程度上被后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。例2It is possible that familial tendencies reflect common environment relationships or an environmental factor superimposed on a genetic one.分析：在本句中“It”作形式主语，“that”引导的主语从句才是真正主语，过去分词短语“superimposed on a genetic one”作后置定语，修饰“environmental factor”，代词“one”指代的是“factor”。译文：家族倾向性可能反映的是环境方面共有的关系或是在遗传因素上所附加的环境因素。例3You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and deduction, that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories.(1993年真题)分析：本句为带有三个由that引导的宾语从句的主从复合句。It为形式宾语，代替三个真正的宾语从句。译文：你们都多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，而且从某种意义上来说，他们依靠这种方法力求从自然界归纳出某些自然规律，然后根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之省略法指省去那些在译文中不言而喻的字词，或省去那些译出来反而会显得突兀、累赘或不合汉语的表达习惯的词语。(一)省略人称代词一般说来，英文的句法比汉语严格，每个句子一般都有完整的主谓宾。而汉语的表达习惯则往往会在指代关系明确的情况下，几个谓语借用上下文提到一个共同的主语，不必一个个重复，因此，作主语及作宾语的人称代词汉译时往往会省略。如：Give him an inch and hell take an ell.得寸进尺。Follow the river and you will get to the sea.顺藤摸瓜。(二)省略物主代词英语用物主代词多于汉语。如：She puts on her clothes.她穿上衣服。(三)省略非人称代词用来表示时间、天气、自然环境或距离的非人称代词it，用来代替不定式短语或从句作形式主语的先行代词it，和强调句式中的it,汉译时往往省略。如：It was a cold morning of spring when I went to see her.我在一个寒冷的春天早晨去见她。What day is it today?It is Saturday.今天星期几?星期六。(四)省略并列连词，and和or如：This little room is warm and cozy.这个小房间温暖舒适。She went into the room and closed the door.她走进房间，关上门。All I am, or can be, I owe to my angel mother.我之所有，我之所能，都归功于我慈爱的母亲。(五)省略从属连词汉语中的逻辑关系往往是隐含在句子含义中的，由语序加以体现。因此，英语中一些表示原因、条件或时间的从属连词有时可省略。如：Because everyone uses language to talk, everyone thinks he can talk about language.人人都用语言交谈，人人也就自认能够谈论语言。(六)省略冠词冠词是英语中有而汉语没有的词类。一般来说，除了带明显指示意义的定冠词和含有明显的“一个”、“每一个”意思的不定冠词要译以外，其他往往可省而不译。(七)省略介词介词的译法比较复杂，可译成动词短语，介词短语，定、状语短语等，还有的可以省略。(八)省略不言而喻的词(九)省略重复的名词(十)省略为语气关系而多加的副词或连词考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之并列平行结构英语常用并列连词，如：and, but, so, yet, for, nor, or, not only: but also, either: or或neither: nor等连接两个或几个同等成分，这种结构称为并列结构。连接的同等成分可以是动词的宾语、介词短语或名词的定语等。例1In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. (1995年真题)分析：本句是由and连接的并列结构，每个并列结构中各有一个when引导的时间状语从句。在第二个时间状语从句中有一个what引导的主语从句。译文：一般说来，当要测定的特征能得以十分精确的界定，测试的就最佳；反之，如果所要测定和预测的东西得不到明确的界定，那么测试的效果就最差。例2Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures, and may report their findings soon.(1998年真题)分析：本句由and引导的并列结构，两个并列谓语分别是“are closing in on such structures”和“may report their findings soon”，它们的主语Astrophysicists后面有一个由分词短语充当的定语“working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments”。译文：天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。例3It is not that (不是)the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that (而是) the latter (后者) is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former (前者)。(1993年真题)分析：此句为not.but连接的并列复合句。在not和but后分别有一由that引导的表语从句。译文：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所有的天平在构造原理和工作方法上存在多少差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更为精密的仪器，因而在计量上必然比前者准确得多。考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之分割结构分割结构是英语表达中经常出现的一种句法，其作用是保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻或为了语义严密，结构紧凑，将语法关系密切的两个句子成分(如主语和谓语)用其他句子成分分隔开来。英语的分隔必须遵循两点：尾重原则，即把长而复杂的成分放在句末；句尾信息焦点原则，即把新信息、语义重点放在句尾。例1In the Middle Ages widespread use was made of arguments from analogy, on the belief that the universe formed an ordered structure that the macrocosmic pattern of the whole is reproduced in the microcosmic pattern of parts so that it is possible to draw inferences by analogy from one to the other.分析：虽然这个句子比较长，但我们首先要挑出此句的主、谓、宾。这句话的谓语非常短，只有两个词：was made。of arguments from analogy是use的定语。正因为谓语短，定语长，为了句子的平衡，was made便插在use和它的定语之间，形成分隔结构。on the belief: other是介词短语，作状语。belief后面有两个以that引导的同位语从句：that the universe: structure和that the microcosmic: of parts。so that引导的是一个状语从句，表结果。从结构来讲，该句可按原文顺序翻译。分隔部分可以不管，只要把use转换成动词，把被动的was made转译成主动，即译成汉语的无主语句。译文：在中世纪，广泛采用类推法的各种论点，这些论点基于下述观念，即宇宙形成一个有次序的结构，整体的宏观格局是部分微观格局的再现，因此，有可能通过类推法作出由此及彼的推断。例2And numerous experiments have shown once the concept of self is changed, other things consistent with the new concept of self are accomplished easily and without strain.分析：动词shown后面是一个主从复合句。连词once引导的是宾语从句中的状语从句。宾语从句的主句是other thingsstrain。consistentof self是形容词短语作定语，修饰other things,它使宾语从句的主语和系动词分隔开。without strain是介词短语作状语，意为“毫不费力地”，翻译时要根据汉语习惯将隔开的部分还原出来。译文：而且大量事实证明，自我感观一旦改变，其他一些与新的自我感观相一致的事情就可以轻而易举且毫不费力地完成。 考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之倒装句倒装(inversion)是一种语法手段，用以表示一定句子结构的需要和强调某一句子成分的需要。英语的最基本的结构是主、谓结构，倒装就是将这种比较固定的词序加以颠倒。倒装有两种。将主语和谓语完全颠倒过来，叫做完全倒装(complete inversion)。如Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是两国之间开始了恶战。只将助动词(包括情态动词)移至主语之前，叫做部分倒装(partial inversion)。如At no time was the entrance left unguarded.入口无时无人把守。英语句子的倒装一是由于语法结构的需要而进行的倒装，二是由于修辞的需要而进行的倒装。前一种情况，倒装是必须的，否则就会出现语法错误，后一种情况，倒装是选择性的，倒装与否只会产生表达效果上的差异。例1Among the advantages that future biochips, or “living computers”, would have over conventional semiconductor chips are that they are smaller, they do not generate as much heat, and they allow for the parallel processing of information, making them faster than todays semiconductor devices.分析：这是一个倒装句。主语是以that引导的三个并列句：they are smaller, they do: heat和they allow: information,谓语动词是are, among: chips是表语。that future: chips是advantages的定语从句。介词over是advantages所要求的。as much heat是与conventional semiconductor chips比较而言的。allow for意为“可以供之用”。making: devices修饰主语中的第三个句子，与前面两个无关。该句的翻译可采用两种方法：are前面的部分用逆序法，后面的部分用顺序法。译文：与普通半导体晶片相比，未来的生物芯片或者“活计算机”具有一些优点：体积小，产生的热量少，并能并行处理信息，从而使其速度比当今的半导体元件更快。例2This is the world out of which grows the hope, for the first time in history, of a society where there will be freedom from want and freedom from fear.分析：句中的定语从句out of which grows the hope是完全倒装句。主语the hope of a society和定语where there will befear较长，置于动词grows之后。由于限制性定语从句out of which grows the hopeof a society与主句关系紧密，所以采用融合法将This is the worldof a society译成一个单句。where引导的定语从句太长，可用后置法译成一个单句。译文：这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。在这个世界上有希望诞生一个没有贫困、没有暴力的社会。 考研英语英译汉难句分类辨析之定语从句一篇文章的意义不在于材料本身，而是在于读者与材料不断交流活动的结果。考研大纲阅读理解部分对考生规定的六种能力的要求，主要测试考生对语篇的理解和把握作者意图的推理过程，那么我们如何在规定的时间内更深、更准确地理解一篇阅读材料呢?以及在英译汉中更进一步地把句子译的更趋完美呢?这就要求我们能够对材料或英译汉中一些难句进行系统的剖析和理解。本节是为硕士研究生编写的特色备考篇章，其特色就是通过对英语篇章中的难句进行剖析，最终达到深刻理解和完美翻译的目的。下面从定语从句、倒装句、分割结构、省略法、并列平行结构、同位语、分词作状语、否定句、比较结构、it的用法及词义的正确选择等方面分别进行阐述。一、定语从句定语从句是英语中一种最常见的句型，它可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句，即定语从句的关系词在文中修饰哪个词、短语或句子。在主句中不可缺少的定语从句称限定性定语从句。对主句起附加说明作用的定语从句称非限定性定语从句。此外，定语从句和主句之间还存在着状语关系，说明原因、目的、让步、假设等。例1The change met the technical requirement of the new age and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.(1996年真题)分析：该句总体上是一个并列句，其框架为“The change met.and prevented”, “that”后边引导的是一定语从句，作后置定语，修饰“the decline in efficiency”。介词短语“in the second and third generation”, “after the energetic founders”又作为定语从句中“spoiled”的状语。译文：这一变化适应了新时代技术的要求，防止了效率下降，而效率下降已使许多老家族公司破产，因为第二、三代继承人已不像公司创立者那样精力充沛。例2The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.(1994年真题)译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思考并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。考研英语阅读理解英译汉常考短语及句型一、常考的短语及句型anything but根本不；nothing but只不过是；all but几乎，差一点，除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that +从句，若不是；., only to+动词，结果是；not so much.as.与其说，不如说；not so much as连在一起写为连都不(肯)；not nearly/by no means/far from远不；to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone更不用说；much less, still less引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定；no more.than.和一样都不；more.than.与其不如；no less than.简直是，实在是；nothing less than完全是，实在是；not that.but that.不是而是；cannot.too.再也不过分，应该；other.than，other than不同于，非，除了；the last person/thing, etc.+ to do sth最不可能的；It is asserted that.有人断言；It is reported that.据报道；It is believed that.人们/有人认为；It is considered that.有人/人们认为；It is said that据说；It is supposed that.据推测 考研英语阅读理解英译汉常见的短语及句型实例1.as引导的特殊状语从句，翻译时作定语从句处理例：“In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”(1994年考研试题)译文：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简言之，我们所称之为的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用。这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”2.anything but根本不；nothing but只不过是；all but几乎，差一点；除以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that +从句，若不是例1.Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.(1990年考研试题)译文：虽然他单独一人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。注释：句中anything but意为not at all。试对比：He seldom talked of anything but painting.(他除了绘画很少谈到别的事情)。此句中but作介词，意为except。例2.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. (1993年考研试题)译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式。例3.The party was all but over when we arrived.译文：我们到达时，聚会已近尾声。注释：此句中all but意为nearly, almost。例4.But for the rain, we would have had a nice holiday.译文：要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。例5.But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.译文：要不是你看见我掉在水里，我早就淹死了。3.“名词，+or +名词”结构中or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即；或者称”例：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.译文：再者，除机器外技术还包括技艺，即制作方法，而运用这些技艺并不一定都需要机器。4.“.,only to +动词”意为“，结果却”例：They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or theopera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.(1995年考研试题)译文：他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院或歌剧院买价格很贵的戏票，结果却发现，所演的节目令人失望。注释：“.，only to +v.”表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。5.not nearly永远不例：Food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. (1991年考研试题)译文：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。注释：1) this是指上面的“到21世纪初世界人口将增加到60亿或70亿”。2)又例：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job. (这里的人手远远不够承担这项工作。)6.not so much.as.与其说不如说例1.Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (1994年考研试题)译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。例2.The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted. (1995年考研试题)译文：美国人所需要的各种便利条件与其说是反映一种从容不迫的生活方式，还不如说反映一种忙碌的生活方式。在这种忙碌的生活方式中甚至几分钟时间都得珍惜。注释：1)not so much as连在一起写，则意为“连都不(肯)”，如：He didnot so much as thank me for returning his money that I found. (我把找到的钱还给他，他却连谢都不肯谢。) 2)该句型有时也可以用not so much :but :如：The important thing is not so much the actual population of the world, but its rate of increase.(重要的与其说是世界的实际人口量，还不如说是人口的增长率。)又如：But whether their efforts can more effective than those of the traditional politician may depend not so much on the present day working scientists, but on the scientists now being trained, i.e - you.(但是，他们的努力是否能比传统的政治家的努力更有成效，与其说是取决于现在正在工作的科学家，倒不如说取决于正在被培训的科学家，也就是你们。) 3)要注意“not so much: but :”与“not so +形容词+ but +从句”之意的区别，后者意为“虽然但是”，例如：The bridge was not so crowded but the bicycles could go through.”(这桥上虽然很拥挤，但是自行车还能穿过去。)7.much less, still less引导的词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定less是由little的否定意义而来的，所以这两个词组只能用于否定句中，意为“更不必说”。to say nothing of, not to speak of ,not to mention, let alone这四个词组意为“更不消说”，也是一种追补的说法。但它们与much less和still less有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义。例1.I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings. (我不能同意这种行为，更谈不上参加这些行动了。)例2He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry. (1991年考研试题)(他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。)例3In old China, there was hardly any machine building industry,to say nothing of an electronic industry. (1985年考研试题)(在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制作工业，更不用说电子工业了。)例4I dont know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus. (我连代数几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。)例5I cant add two and two, let alone do fractions. (我2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了。)注意：(美国成语词典)认为let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的词典认为，该短语也可以引导追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.车里已经坐了五个人了，行李和那两条狗就不带走了。8.no more.than.和一样都不例1.The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain. (1994年考研试题)译文：心脏和胃一样都无智力可言，因为它们都