修辞手法-平行结构.doc

.10.平 行Parallelism1. 定义Parallelism: The similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent, complementary or antithetic in sense esp, for rhetorical effect or rhythem (WED); A balanced construction of a verse or sentence, where one part repeats the form or meaning of the other (CD). 英语中Parallelism是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。英语Parallelism(平行)源于希腊语的paralllismos，意即along side one another(并排)。这是英语里最常用修辞格之一，广泛见诸于诗歌、散文、小说、戏剧、演讲中。Parallelism具有结构整齐，节奏鲜明，表达简练，语义突出的特点，能有效地增强语势，表达强烈的感情，说明深刻的道理。 英语Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子等，其中以三项式平行结构最为普遍。2主要格式(1) 单词平行The letter, short, cold, sharp-tongued, was unexpected. 没料到，这封信很短，语气冷淡，言词尖刻。 Her fianc is tall, bland and handsome. 她的未婚夫高大、和蔼、英俊。Bob does his work quickly, carefully, and efficiently. 鲍勃做工作做得快、很细心、效率高。Civilized men arrived in the Pacific，armed with alcohol, syphilis, trousers and the Bible. ( H. Ellis ) 文明人来到了太平洋，带着酒、梅毒、裤子、圣经等一身武器。 Lumber, corn, tobacco, wheat, and furs moved downtown to the delta country.( Noel Grove: Mark TwainMirror of America)木材、玉米、烟草、小麦和皮货沿河而下运到三角洲一带。 We hate what we fear and so where hate is, fear is lurking. Thus we hate what threatens our person, our liberty, our privacy, our income, our popularity, our vanity and our dreams and plans for ourselves. ( Cyril Connolly: The Unquiet Crave ) 我们仇恨我们所畏惧的，所以凡是存在仇恨的地方，肯定潜伏着畏惧。我们的身体，我们的自由，我们的隐私，我们的收入，我们的人缘，我们的虚荣，我们的梦想和为自身所作的各种安排，凡此种种受到威胁，我们就会仇恨。 An Englishman thinks seated; a Frenchman, standing; an American, pacing; an Irishman, afterward. ( O Malley ) 英国人坐着想，法国人站着想，美国人走着想，爱尔兰人事后想。Those who huddled pitifully together on the left were the old, the infirm, the ill, the very young.左边那些可怜的人挤在一起，他们都是些老、弱、病、幼的人。The past, with its crimes, its follies, and its tragedies, flashes away. ( Churchill )往昔与它的罪恶、蠢行、悲剧一闪而过。(2) 短语平行Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. ( Francis Bacon: Of Studies ) 读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。Better to reign in hell than serve in Heaven. ( Milton )宁在地狱为王，不在天宫为臣。We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.我们求知门路很多：阅读、回忆、观察或实践。 Peter enjoys going to movies, listening to music, and playing cards.彼特喜欢看电影、听音乐、玩牌。 Read not to contradict and confuse; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. ( Francis Bacon: Of Studies )读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。 A money 1ender serves you in the present tense, lends you money in the conditional mood, keeps you in the subjunctive and ruins you in the future. ( Joseph Addison ) 放债人用现在时态为你服务，借钱给你时用的是条件语气，使你老是处于虚拟的状态，并且会在将来毁掉你。With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. 有了这一信仰，我们就能够一起工作，一起祈祷，一起进大狱，一起追求自由，我们知道，有朝一日我们终会争得自由。 The nodules vary in almost every respect you can think of: in size, from one to 15 centimeters; in color, from redbrown to jetblack; in shape, from spherical to what is known in nodule jargon as “hamburger-shaped”; and in structure, from those that are very hard to those that crumble in your hand. ( Stuart Harris ) 这些矿结石不论在哪一方面几乎都不一样：论大小，从115厘米长不等；看颜色，从红棕到深黑不等；看形状，从椭圆形到结石行话“汉堡包形”不等；从结构上软硬不等，有的很硬，有的在手中就可搓碎。3从句平行 When a person wants to discover and change his “losing streak”, when he wants to become more like the winner he was born to be, he can use gestalt-type experiments and transactional analysis to make change happen. ( Howard Kendler )如果一个人想去发现并改变他已“失去的个性特征”，如果他想成为常胜者，他就能运用格式塔式实验和相互作用分析使自己发生变化They vanish from a world where they were of no consequences; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they left no sign that they had existed ( NoelGrove: Mark TwainMirror of America )他们在这样一个世界消失了：在那里他们微不足道，他们一无所就，他们在那儿是个过错、失败、犯傻，在那儿他们没有留下什么痕迹。It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 倒是我们应该在这里把自己奉献给仍然留在我们面前的伟大任务，以便使人们从这些光荣的死者身上汲取更多的献身精神，来完成他们已经完成、彻底为之献身的事业；以便使我们下定最大的决心，不让这些死者白白牺牲；以便使国家在上帝福佑下得到自由的新生，并且使这个民有、民治、民享的国家永世长存。 *该例出自林肯在葛底斯堡烈士公墓落成典礼上的演讲。整篇演讲仅10句话，只延续了3分钟，但措辞简练，感情深沉，意义深刻，已成为演讲的经典名篇。在最后一句里，作者运用了一个含有四个目的状语从句的平行结构，深刻而有力地阐明了学习英烈应见于行动，努力完成他们未尽之伟业。government of the people，by the people，for the people为千古名言，本身也是一个三项式的平行结构。 4. 句子平行We are caught in war, wanting peace, We are torn by division, wanting unity. 我们卷入战争，渴望着和平。我们被分隔搞得四分五裂,期望着统一。 *该句工整、对称，酷似汉语的对偶句；国内有些学者将Parallelism译为排偶，因为他们认为该英语辞格相当于汉语的排比与对偶。 We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ( W. S. Churchill ) 我们要在陆地上打击他，我们要在海上抗击他，我们要在空中袭击他。*Parallelism常与Repetition合二为一，交织运用，以增强修辞效果。以该句为例，We shall fight him 属于反复，而by land, by sea ,和in the air又互为平行结构。 Any man or state who fights on against Nazidom will our aid. Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe. ( W. S. Churchill )不论谁，不论什么国家，只要抗击纳粹就会得到们的支持。不论谁，不论什么国家，只要同希特勒一个鼻孔喘气就是我们的敌人。 The world listens. The world watches. The world waits to see what we will do.世界在倾听。世界在注视。世界等待着我们做些什么。No one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy. ( Herbert Spencer: Social Statistics ) 没有一个人能够得到完全自由，除非所有的人都得到自由；没有一个人能变得完全高尚，除非所有的人都变得高尚；没有一个人能得到完全幸福；除非所有的人都得到幸福。 We can never be satisfied as long as the Negro is the victim of the unspea