高二英语上学期unit10a.doc

Unit 10 Frightening Nature知能聚焦language focuses单 词和短 语frightening; hurricane; astronomy; terrify; erupt; flee; urge; meanwhile; severely; heart-breaking; steady; knock about; afterwards; unbelievable; awake; whisper; appropriate ;wonder; at hand; start out; call for; a bit of/ bits of; on the other side of; upon arrival; calm down; a sheet of/sheets of; light up; a rain of; pick out; full-powered; all of a sudden.重 要句 型(1) Im afraid of（我害怕）(2) She is scared to death.（她吓得要死。）(3) Im frightened to death by （我被吓得 要死。）(4) draw ones attention to （提醒某人注意）(5) watch sb./sth. doing （观看某人/物正在做）(6) beg sb. to do sth. （恳求某人做）语 法和话 题a) grammar: ellipsisb) functional items:Talking about natural disasters happened in the past Learn to leave out already-known information when speaking Debating课前热身 Warming up1) 背景知识：Thousands of years ago, in the middle of an ocean, miles from the nearest island, an undersea volcano broke out. The hot liquid piled(堆积) higher and higher and spread（延伸） wider and wider. In this way, an island rose up in the sea. As time went on, hot sun and cool rains made the rock split and break to pieces. Sea waves dashed against the rock. In this way, soil and sand came into being. Nothing lived on the naked soil. And then the wind and birds brought plant seeds, spiders and other little creatures there. Only plants could grow first. Only they, in sunlight, could produce food from the minerals of the soil, water and air. While many animals landed on the island, they could find no food. A spider spun its web in vain, because there were no insects for its web to catch. Insects couldnt stay until there were plants for them to eat. So plants had to be the pioneer life on this new island. 判断正误：( )1. The passage mainly talks about how an undersea volcano broke out.( )2. The island got its first soil from cool rains.( )3. The word naked (in paragraph 3) means “new”. ( )4. The order of coming into being on the island is soil, plants and animals.( )5. Spiders were the first life that could live on the island.答案：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.读写指导 Instructions for reading and writing Reading In this letter, there are 7 paragraphs in all and they can be dividedinto 3 parts.Part 1. (para.1) The author tells us why he writes the letter and what the letter is about.Part 2. (para.2-6) The author talks about the details of the whole story -What he saw and heard in the process of the volcano eruption and the death of his uncle.Part 3.(para.7)By hoping Tacitus to pick out what information he likes, the author closes the letter.Main idea: Pliny writes a letter to his friend Tacitus to describe what he saw and heard in the eruption of the volcano Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.Writing:How to write a letter （如何写信） 书信是人们通过书面形式进行感情交流、传递信息、业务交往等的一种实用性文体。英语书信写作是英语学习者一项必不可少的技能。 1英语书信有其约定俗成的写法和格式(1) 信封的正确写法stamp(s)Ms.Zhang Hongyan 20 Xing Fu RoadUrumqi，Xinjiang ProfJames MillerPRC 508 South Olive Avenue.VIA AIR MAIL West Palm Beach，Florida, USA信封的写法有以下特点： 寄信人的地址应写在左上角。首先写寄信人姓名，然后写单位名称，跟着写街道、城市和省的名字，最后写国家。国家的名字可用通用略写形式，也可用全称省略定冠词“the”的形式。 收信人的姓名及地址应写在信封的中间部分。顺序仍是先写收信人姓名，然后以小到大的顺序依次写出街道、城市、省或州名及邮编，最后写国家名。 邮票需贴在右上角。 左下角括号内是附加投递说明。 (2)书写英文信封时应注意以下事项： 中文信封与英文信封相比，收信人和寄信人地址的位置正好相反。发信人名前不加职衔，但可以加Ms等以表示写信人性别，以便回信人知道如何称呼。 收信人名前应加适当尊称以示礼貌。常用的尊称有： Mr.(先生); Mrs.(太太); Miss(小姐); Ms(女士用于已婚：或未婚均可); Dr(博士); President(总统); Premier(总理); Prof(教授)用于全名前；Professor可用于姓前，也可以姓名后加Esq(先生)，表示一种尊称，但极少使用。 门牌号前无需加“No”，数字后也不加逗号。Road，Street，Avenue和Square可分别用Rd，St.，Ave，和Sq表示。美国的州名也可用缩写，但一定要用大家公认的缩写形式，否则信将无法投递。 如需寄给第三者然后再转交收信人，需在转交人名前加co字样。 如：MrWinchell Smith(收信人) co MrWillian Lytton(收转人)如信直接托人递交，可省地址。只在收信人姓名下写Kindness，of Forward by；Favor Of; By Politeness of等。再写上受托人姓名，如： MrJohn Anderson Kindness of DrHenry Albert (烦请享利艾尔勃博士面交约翰安德森先生) 如由人面交介绍信或推荐信，则在信封左下角 注：Introducing Mr 或Recommending Mr 2英语信函的八个组成部分 (1)信首(Heading)主要包括地址和日期。地址的写法与写信封上的地址YI 一 致；但不写寄信人姓名。美国人在日期写法上采用“月-日-年”顺序，日与年之间有逗号。例如：May 5，1987，而英国人则多用“日-月-年”顺序，日、月、年之间都不用逗号。例 5 May 1997.日期后序数词字尾的-st-nd；-rd可省略。而且除May，June和July外，其余月份名字都可缩写。年的表示要用全写，即19，不能使用12395的形式表示日期。信头一般写在信纸右上角。但平头信里也可移置左上角。(2)信内地址(Inside Address)指收信人的姓名和地址。多见于正式商业信件，一般私人信中可以省去。这一部分放在信头下面，空一行距离从信纸的左边写起。第一行写收信人的姓名，第二行开始写地址，写的顺序与发信人的地址写法相同。 (3)称呼(solutation) 收信人的称呼写在信纸左侧，在信内地址(如无信内地址，向上推至信首)一至二个行距下。 通常在收信人的姓氏或名字和尊称前加习惯用词“Dear”(并不一定表示亲昵)表示尊敬或亲密。 例如：Dear Ms Evans，Dear Mr Hedricks，Dear Bertha，Dear Professor Wang 公函信件 对机构尤其是不知姓名的男子常用： Dear Sir(s); Sir(s); Gentlemen(美国人常用，但从不用单数形式，也不在前加“Dear”一词) 对女士则用： Dear Madam; Madam 对不知收信人性别时用： To whom it May Concern 对已相互认识的人一般用： Dear Hilton; Professor Brown; Miss; Alcott; Dear Mr Lin等。 私人书信 熟人和亲友之间常用名字或昵称。如：Hi; Berty; My dear mother(美国人认为这种称呼比Dear更表亲密，但英国人用法反之)。 (4)书信正文(Body) 正文是书信的主要部分。在写公务信件时，行文应力求开门见山，语言简洁，层次清晰，中心突出。对亲友写信应态度热情，语言简练。 (5)结尾语 如同汉语信一样，英文信结尾也有“盼复信”、“祝好”、“代问全家好”之类的客套话。仅举几例常用语： 句子类 aI hope l can get your welcome letter again bYour immediate reply will be much appreciated CWe shall appreciate hearing from you again dGive my regards (respects) to your general manager 分词短句类(其后用逗号) aLooking forward to your kind decision b。Wishing your business ever successful CTrusting our friendship will last forever 介词短语类 aWith my best regards bWith all good wishes (6)结束语(closing) 结束语的格式与用语都比较固定。结束语的第一个字母总是大写，其后也总是用逗号。写信的对象不同，结束语也有所不同。 如：写给机关单位或不相识的人一般用： Yours truly，Yours faithfully，Yours sincerely，等。 在美国常略去Yours”，只用“Sincerely”一个词。 写给上级、长者或老师一般可用： Yours respectfully 写给亲属或密友一般用：Your loving mother(father，son); Yours; Yours ever，With my best wishes; Yours affectionately; With love;Fondly等。 (7)签名： 为表示信件的真实性，写信人应在信末签名。最好用打字机再打一遍，目的是方便辨认。在英美两国，妇女用括号 注上Mrs，Miss，以便对方知道如何称呼自己，例如： Yours Sincerely Elaine Harvis (手签) (Miss) Elaine Harvis(打字机打出) 签字后一般附有本人的职务、学衔，中文信件也注职务，但注技术职称，注意区别。美国书信格式中，往往把结束用语和签字放在信的左下角。 (8)信的附加部分 附件(Enclosure) 如信带附件：用Enc表示单项附件，用Encs，表示复数附件。如： Encsheepskin(附件毕业证一份) Enc1 photo，4 invoices(附件：一张照片，4张发票) 再启(Postscript) 如果补充其他内容，常以PS表示。但不用于正式事务信函中，以免给对方造成你办事丢三落四的印象。 例题精析： 一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼，发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，只好扫兴而归。对此你写了一篇感想并将该稿寄给了一家英文报纸，希望能引起公众对环保的重视。要点如下： 1你是陕西读者，名叫李泳，现在咸阳中学读书。2工厂向河里排放污水，有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾，致使河水污染，死鱼漂浮，散发臭气。 3.各地河流污染日趋严重，后果不堪设想。4.希望不久河水变清，污染得到有效阻止。 5.字数约100词左右。 【解题思路】1） 这是一封信，同时又是一篇记事加议论的文章。写作时应该使用书信的格式、内容应以记叙和议论并重的形式来写。2）在信纸的右上角写出写信人的地址和日期，应先写地址后写日期。地址和时间均应按照由小到大的顺序排列。3）确定人称、时态和叙述的顺序。叙述时，应使用第一人称以及过去时态来表达；以“我 ”的所见所闻为描写的顺序；分析污染产生的原因及后果；呼吁全社会以及当地政府重视污染、减少污染、抵制污染等。4）注意要写出所有要点：写信的地址和日期Xianyang Middle School，Xianyang, Shaanxi May 15，2004一天，你和朋友去河边钓鱼。The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside.注意：“我和朋友”翻译成英语时要说” my friend and I”,而不能说成” I and my friend”发现这条河污染严重，臭气熏天，死鱼漂浮(只好扫兴而归)。We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water.( so we got home empty-handed.)河流污染的原因：a)工厂向河里排放污水because factories always send waste water into the river.b) 有些市民向河中倾倒垃圾some people throw rubbish into the river. 河流污染后果：不堪设想If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers. 呼吁减少污染、抵制污染We expect the river will be made clean again soon,and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings.结尾与签名Yours sincerely, Li Yong 例文答案 Xianyang Middle School Xianyang, shaanxi May 15th Dear editor, We have to say that the condition of the pollution is now getting worse. The other day my friend and I went fishing on a riverside. We found the river so dirty and the smell so terrible that we could hardly stay there. We also found some rubbish and dead fish floating on the water. It is all because a lot of factories always send waste water and some people throw rubbish into the river. If the river water all over the country were polluted like this, all the living things in the water would be killed and harm would be done to the people close to the rivers. We expect the river will be made clean again soon, and something should be done to stop anyone from polluting our surroundings. Yours sincerely, Li Yong要点解析Key points analysis1 On the 24th of August in 79AD, between two and three in the afternoon my mother drew my uncles attention to a cloud of unusual size and shape. （公元79年8月24日下午两、三点种的时候，我母亲提醒我的叔叔注意看天空一团巨大而形状奇特的云。）draw ones attention to （提醒某人注意。） e.g, He drew my attention to the point that I had overlooked.他提醒我注意我所忽略的一点。注：1）当这个短语后没有to时，draw ones attention 用作“吸引某人的注意力” e.g. Beautiful paintings always draw my attention. 漂亮的水彩画总是吸引我的注意。 2） draw 一词的意思较多，是个很有用的单词。应注意学习其中的几种用法。a） draw vt.&vi. move by pulling 拉；牵e.g. （1）The fisherman drew his boat out of water.那位渔夫将自己的船拉出水面。（2）When you shoot an arrow, you draw the bow. 射箭时，你需要拉弓。b) obtain from a source 提取； 获取e.g. (1) draw ones salary 领工资(2) draw money from the bank 从银行提款(3) draw information from the witness 从证人中获取信息(4) His speech drew long applause. 他的演讲获得长时间的掌声。c) attract 吸引e.g. (1) Streets accidents always draw crowds.街道发生的意外总是吸引群众。(2) The movie drew large audiences.这部影片吸引了许多观众。(3) The movie Titanic is drawing well in Guangming Cinema. 电影铁达尼号在光明电影院十分卖座。2We watched it rising from a mountain - at such distance we couldnt tell which one, but we afterwards learnt that it was Mount Vesuvius.我们看着它从山上升腾起来- 如此远的距离使我们分辨不出是哪座山，但后来我们得知是维苏威火山。 1) watch sb./sth. doing 看着某人/物正在e.g. I watched the cat climbing the tree.我看着那只猫正在爬树。注：watch sb./sth. doing 与watch sb./sth. do 是不同的。在watch sb./sth. doing 里，doing为现在分词，作sb.的补语，表示该动作正在发生（或指整个动作完成过程中的一个片段）。然而，watch sb./sth do 意思为“看着某人/物做了某事” do 为不带to的动词不定式，作宾补，指整个动作过程。试比较：a) His father watched him doing his homework.他父亲看着他做作业。（doing 指正在进行中）b)His father watched him do his homework.他父亲看着他做了作业。（do指整个做作业的过程）可构成类似句型的动词还有：see; hear; observe; have; look at; notice; find; listen to; feel等。2) tell 在这里的意思是“辨别”“区分”，常用于下列句型： tell A from B “区分A与B” 以及 tell the difference between A & B “辨别A与B的不同之处” e.g.(1) Can you tell Lily from her twin sister Lucy? 你能将Lily与她的孪生姊妹Lucy区分开吗？(2) I cant tell the difference between the two.我辨认不出这两者之间的差别。3The sight of it awoke the scientist in my uncle to go and see it from closer at hand. 这样的景象唤醒了我叔叔心中的科学灵感，敦促他走近火山去看个究竟。1) awake (p.t. awoke ; p.p. awoke/awaked) vt.;vi&adj. 唤醒；使醒过来；醒的 e.g. (1) The sound of the door bell awoke the baby. 门铃声把婴儿闹醒了。 （2）I awoke at once as hearing the noise.一听到声响，我立即就醒来了。(3) Is she awake or asleep? 她是醒着的还是睡着的？(4) I lay awake all night. 我彻夜未眠。同义词辨析 awake; wake (1) awake 作adj.时，只作表语。(2) awake 为v.时，当“唤醒”讲，比wake正式, 既可作vt.也可作vi.来用。wake 常与up连用。e.g. a) When do you usually wake up?你通常什么时候醒来？b) Please wake me (up) at six. 请在六点钟叫醒我。2） at hand （near; within reach） 在近处；在手边e.g. a) He lives close at hand. 他住在近处。b) The examinations are at hand. 考试即将举行。c)I always keep a dictionary at hand. 我经常把字典放在手边。4Her house lay at the foot of Vesuvius.她的家位于维苏威火山脚下。 lie vi 存在；位于 e.g. a) China lies in the east of Asia. 中国位于亚洲东部。b) India lies on the southeast of China. 印度位于中国西南。c) Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国以东。 注：lie in表示A地位于B地范围内的某个方向。Lie on表示A地与B地相邻；相接壤。lie to 表示A地与B地不接壤，含“隔。相望”之意。同义词辨析 lie; lie; laylie 除了“存在”“位于”意思之外，还有“躺”“撒谎”之意。这时，它们的过去式和过去分词形式是不同的，应注意区分。请看下面的表格：动词原形释义过去式过去分词现在分词 例句lie躺laylainlyingOn the ground lay a wounded soldier.一位受伤的战士躺在地上。lie撒谎liedliedlyingTom always lies to his parents.汤姆经常对父母撒谎。lay放、置；下蛋laidlaidlayingLay down your book on the table.把书放在桌上。The white hen lays an egg each day.这只白母鸡每天下一个蛋。5. What started out as a trip for knowledge now called for courage.一次初衷为寻求知识的旅行现在需要勇气了。 call for “要求”“需要”“去取（某物）”“去接某人”e.g. Success calls for hard work. 成功需要努力。 Ill call for you at your house. 我到你家去叫你。注：call 与介词搭配构成的短语还有：（1）call on 号召；呼吁；（正式）拜访 e.g. The Party called on our youth to study hard for our country. 我们的党号召我们青年人为祖国努力学习。 I called on Mr. Green yesterday.我昨天拜访了格林先生。(2)call at ( a place) 访问某地 e.g.I called at Mr. Greens house yesterday.昨天我拜访了格林先生的家。(3)call in 召集；召回 e.g.The government called in some experts to deal with SARS.政府召集了一些专家来对付“非典”。The librarian has called in all books.图书管理员已经通知召回全部图书。6Ash and bits of rock that were burnt black were falling onto the ship now, darker and more, the closer they went.此时此刻，烟灰和几片被烧成黑色的石块散落在船上；他们越靠近（火山），天色就更暗，而且散落的东西也就越多。bit n. 一点 （pl. bits）一些，常用作a bit of 或bits of,后加不可数名词。e.g. a bit of cake 一小块蛋糕 a bit of time 一点时间He took some paper and bits of wood and soon made a fire.他拿了一些纸和几块木头，很快就生了一堆火。同义词辨析 a bit ; a little(1) 两者在肯定句中修饰动词、形容词、副词及其比较级时，可互换。意思是“一点儿” e.g.The speaker spoke up a bit / a little to make himself heard more clearly.演讲者把嗓门提高了一点，以便使别人听得更清楚。In fact, the earth is actually a bit/ a little nearer to the sun during the winter. 事实上，冬天地球离太阳更近一点。（2）a bit 和a little 在否定句中意思恰恰相反。not a bit 相当于 “not at all” (一点都不)；not a little 相当于 “very much”或 “extremely”e.g. He wasnt a bit hungry. (=He wasnt hungry at all.) 他一点儿都不饿。He wasnt a little hungry. (=He was very hungry.)他饿极了。 （3）a little 可直接作名词的定语，而a bit 则要与of 连用才可作定语，二者都只修饰不可数名词。e.g. There is only a little/ a bit of food left for lunch. 午餐只剩下一点儿食品了。7urge vt. 催促; 力劝; 激励; 怂恿They urged us to go at once.他们催促我们马上去。. 极力主张; 强烈要求(+on)+thatMy friends urged that I (should) apply for the job.朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。He urged that they go to New York.他极力主张他们去纽约。The people in that country urged independence.那个国家的人民要求独立。. 推进; 驱策We urged the school team on with loud cheers.我们大声助威,激励校队拼搏。vi. 极力主张; 强烈要求The citizens urged for the construction of a new hospital.市民们强烈要求建造一个新医院。n.C 强烈的欲望; 冲动; 迫切的要求The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel.假期快到了,我很想外出旅行。8.Observing the steady fall of the barometer, Captain Mac Whirr thought, “Theres some dirty weather knocking about.”注意到气压计平稳地下降，麦克沃尔船长心想，“尘土卷上来了。” knock V敲；打；撞； knock about(v.)漫游；闲逛 e.g. Hes knocked about in Africa for years.他在非洲漫游了好几年。 As a young man he suffered a lot from poverty. He used to knock about in the market, trying to find a job for a few coins. 年轻时他很穷，经常在市场里闲逛，找些零活挣些小钱。knockoff把(某人)从撞下来I knocked a glass bottle off the table because of carelessness我因为粗心把玻璃瓶碰下了桌子。I was having supper when somebody knocked at the door我正吃晚饭这时有人敲门。 词义拓展 knock into sb撞在某人身上；knock down撞倒；knock againston撞在上 I knocked my head againston the window我的头碰到了窗户。9With a tearing crash, tons of water fell upon the deck, as though the ship passed under a waterfall.随着猛烈的撞击，大量的海水散落在甲板上，似乎这只船从瀑布下穿过。 “Seems as if the wind had dropped, Sir.”“似乎风停止了，船长。” 1）seem seem与作为系动词使用的be，appear，look，sound，taste，feel，smell等属同一类词，后接形容词而不接副词： You seem a bit pale today 你今天脸色有点苍白。 She seemed (to be) angry with somebody 她好象在生谁的气。 John seemed (to be) honest enough 约翰看来很诚实。 seem用于一个不带形容词的名词前面时，常用seem to be I was introduced to a burly man who seemed to be a Soldier 我被介绍给一个魁梧的人，他看来像是个军人。 seem后所接的动词不定式，可以是完成时或进行时： The boy seems to have rickets 这男孩看来有软骨病。 The woman seemed to have seen a ghost 那个妇女好像是见了鬼似的。 He seems to be looking for someone 他好像在找什么人。 seem后跟like而不跟as： This seems like a good idea 这主意好像不错。 It seems like rain 好像要下雨。 seem not比doesnt seem，cant seem在使用上更为规范些： They seem not to like the house(规范) 他们似乎不喜欢这房子。 They dont seem to like the house(不规范) 他们似乎不喜欢这房子。 He seems to be unable to place me(规范) 他似乎记不起我是谁了。 He cant seem to place me at all(不规范) 他似乎怎么也记不起我是谁了。 ， seem后接as if或that： It seems as if you are in for trouble 看来你要碰到麻烦了。 It seemed that no one knew what had happened 似乎没有人知道出了什么事。 It seems as if the storm is going to break 看来暴风雨要开始了。 It seems (that) you were not telling all the truth 看来你没有说出全部实情。 there可作seem的先行主语； There seems to be some misunderstanding between them 看来他们之间好像有些误会。2）as though与as if两者的用法和含义完全相同，意为“好像”、“仿佛”，as if用得较普遍，as though更多用于不真实的比拟。1) as if+从句；好像。动词为虚拟语气，表示比喻或夸张，此时多用过去时代替现在时，用were代替was或is： He talks as if he knew all about it 他讲起话来好像完全知道此事似的。 He looks as if he had seen a ghost 他看起来好像见到了鬼似的。(不可能真的见鬼) 试比较： He looks as if he has been walking in the rain 他看上去像是刚在雨里走了一阵似的。(可能确实如此) It isnt as though he were dull 看起来他不像呆笨的样子。 He works with such enthusiasm，as though he never knew fatigue. 他工作热情这么高，好像从不知道疲倦似的。 He said it as if he meant it. 他说这话好像是很认真的。 2)as if+从句，动词不用虚拟语气，表示可能的事实： It looks as if it is going to snow 看起来好像要下雪啦。 3)as if+动词不定式：似乎，好