英语44.doc

She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。 I meant to have told you about it, but I happened to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。 It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。 3) 不定式的进行时 . 不定式的进行时表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在 句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如： He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。 4) 动词不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式构成。 Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。 He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。 5) 疑问词+动词不定式： 不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如： On hearing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。 When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。 The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。 介词后一般不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如： Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。 I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。 2. 不定式的语法作用 . 1) 不定式作主语： To see once is better than to hear a hundred times. 百闻不如一见。 To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。 在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如： Its good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。 It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 16 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。 2) 不定式作表语： The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。 4) 不定式作补语：. 不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如： I would like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。 I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋这么快就穿破了。注意：动 词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如： Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？ 在make, let, have等使役动词和see, watch, notice, hear, feel等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带to。 I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。 They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。 注意：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如： Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。 He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。 以be said, be reported, be known, seem, happen, prove, appear等构成谓语的句子中，动词不定式通常也可看作主语补语。如： More than 20 people were reported to have been killed in the accident. 据报道，有20多个人死于事故。 I happened to be talking with him when he was hit by a car. 他被汽车撞的时候，我碰巧在和他谈话。 5)不定式作状语： . 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如： In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade. 为了保护幼苗不被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。 He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again. 今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。 不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有tooto, enoughto, soas to, suchas to, only to 等。The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。 He said he was clever enough to deal with it by himself. 他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。 Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？ He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。 不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。 They are surprised to learn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。 We are proud to 17 be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。 hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。如： The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。 The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。 2. 不定式的复合结构. Its expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 人们用电做饭是很昂贵的。 Itscareless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误真是粗心。 They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness. 他们认为我们要在黑暗中找到迷路的小孩是不可能的。 难点释疑： 1. 不定式不带to的规则： 前面我们已经谈到，在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时，不定式符号to常常省略，下面还有几种情况请大家注意： 在why引起的一些疑问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如： Why spend so much money? 为什么花这么多钱？ Why not let her have a try? 为什么不再让她试一试？ 在had better（还是最好）, had best（最好，顶好）, would rather（宁可，宁愿）, would ratherthan（宁可而不）, would sooner（宁可，宁愿）, would soonerthan（宁可而不）, cannot but（不得不，必然）, cannot choose but（只得）, cannot help but（不得不）等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如： Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的看法。 I would rather work than stay idle. 我宁愿工作而不愿闲坐。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。 Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。 Ones world outlook cannot but come through in what one says and does. 一个人的世界观必然在他的言行中表现出来。 在介词but, except之前如有动词do的任一形式，其后的动词不定式不用to。如： Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除了修理农具外，没有做其它的事情。 Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 现在他只有认输。 如but 之前没有do，其后的不定式则一般要加to。如： Im afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕我们别无选择，只好乘出租车了。 They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。 2. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别： 句型It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 Its difficult for us to finish the work within two hours. 我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。 Its reasonable for them to run away so quickly.他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。 It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。 Its kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。 Its silly of the boy to keep pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。 18 七、定语从句 （一）定义及相关术语 1定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行 词之后。 2先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。 3关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词通常有三个作用： A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman. 该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， who是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man，在定语从句中作主语。 （二）关系代词引导的定语从句 1who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。 Those who want to go to the museum must be at the school gate at 7 tomorrow morning. 想去博物馆的人必须在明晨7点到大门口集合。 Yesterday I helped an old man who had lost his way. 昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。 That is the teacher who teaches us physics. 那就是教我们物理的老师。 2whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。 Mr Liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus. 刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。 Li Ming is just the boy ( whom ) I want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。 The professor ( whom ) you are waiting for has come. 你正在等的教授已经来了。 The girl ( whom ) the teacher often praises is our monitor. 老师经常表扬的那个女孩是我们的班长。 注意：关系代词whom 在口语或非正式文体中常可用who 来代替，也可省略。 The man ( whom / who )you met just now is my old friend. 3Which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。 Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。 The factory which makes computers is far away from here. 制造计算机的那家公司离这很远。 He likes to read books which are written by foreign writers. 他喜欢外国作家写的书。 The house which is by the lake looks nice. 湖边的那幢房子看上去很漂亮。 This is the pen ( which ) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天买的钢笔。 The film ( which ) they went to see last night was not interesting at all. 他们昨晚看的电影一点意思也没有。 4That 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 The number of people that / who come to visit this city each year reaches one million. 每年来参观这座城市的人数达一百万。 Where is the man that / whom I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？ The person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。 The season that / which comes after spring is summer. 春天以后的季节是夏季。 Yesterday I 19 received a letter that / which came from Australia. 昨天我收到了一封来自澳大利亚的信。 5Whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。 I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country. 我拜访了一个全国知名科学家。 He has a friend whose father is a doctor. 他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。 I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。 注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替： The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. Do you like the book whose cover is yellow? Do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? （三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由介词+关系代词引出。 The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。 Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine (which / that) you asked for. Tomorrow Ill bring here the magazine for which you asked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。 This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday. This is the boy with whom I played tennis yesterday. 这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。 Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about. Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked. 我们将去听那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家演唱。 注意： 1 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of 等。 This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 这是我正在找的手表。 This is the watch for which I am looking . (误) The babies (whom / who / that) the nurse is looking after are very healthy. (正) 那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。 The babies after whom the nurse is looking are very healthy. （误） 2 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who, that；关系代词指 物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。 The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。 The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (误) The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正) 我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。 The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (误) 3介词+关系代词前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如： He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。. In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。 20 Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中3部是关于农村生活的。 （四）关系副词引导的定语从句 1when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day when I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。. The time when we got together finally arrived. 我们团聚的时刻终于到了。 October 1, 1949 was the day when the Peoples Republic of China was founded. 1949年10月1日是中华人民共和国成立的日子。 Do you remember the years when he lived in the countryside with his grandparents. 你还记得在农村和你祖父母一起生活的那些年吗？ 2.where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。 The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. 我十年前住的房子已被拆掉了。 I visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised . 我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。 Is this the place where they fought the enemy? 这是他们当初打敌人的地方吗？ 3why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。 The reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today. 我不知道他今天为何看上去不愉快。 注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用介词+关系代词引导的定语从句来表示。 如： From the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wanted to be when he grew up. 自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。 Great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live. 他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。. The reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear. 他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 1、限制性定语从句： The teacher told me that Tom was the only person that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。. China is a country which has a long history. 中国是一个历史悠久的国家。 In the street I saw a man who was from Africa. 在街上我看到一个来自非洲的人。 2、非限制性定语从句举例 Last summer I visited the Peoples Great Hall, in which many important meetings are held every year. 去年夏天，我参观了人民大会堂，在那儿每年都要举行许多重要会议。 注意区分下列几组句子的不同含义： Her brother who is now a soldier always encourages her to go to college. 她那当兵的哥哥总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她还有其他哥哥。） Her brother, who is now a soldier, always encourages her to go to college. 她哥哥是当兵的，他总是鼓励她上大学。（意含： 她只有一个哥哥。）限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外), all, none, few, little, some等代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等代词修饰时。如：Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said? 李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？ There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 All that can be done has been done. 所有能做的都做好了。 There is little that I can do for you. 我不能为你干什么。 He stayed in the library and looked up any information that they needed. 他呆在图书馆查找所需的资料。. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如： Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。 All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people. 所有应邀来参加她婚礼的客人都是重要人物。 2当先行词被序数词修饰时。 如：The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 3当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。 如：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 4当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。 如：This is the very dictionary that I want to buy. 这正是我要买的词典。 After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns. 家里发生了火灾过后，那辆旧车成了他的唯一拥有。. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如： Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting. 王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。 5当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。 如：Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirtthat fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？ 6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。 如：They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school 他们谈论着他们所能记起的在校时的人和事。 Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street. 瞧瞧那个沿街走来的人和他的 毛驴。 （二）关系代词as和which 引导的定语从句 as 和which 引导非限制性定语从句时， 其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。 1. as 和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如： He married her, as / which was natural. 他跟她结婚了，这是很自然的事。 He is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实， 这一点我们看得出来。 2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有正如、正像的含义。如： As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是发展中国家。 He is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 22 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。 John, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知， 约翰是个著名作家。 Zhang Hua has been to Paris more than ten times, which I dont believe. 张华已去过巴黎十多次了，这一点我不相信。 注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如： Tom was late for school again and again, which made his teacher very angry. 汤姆老是迟到，这使得老师很恼火。. These tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy. 这些桌子是金属的，这使得这些桌子很重。 3. 当先行词受such, the same 修饰时，关系词常用as。 如： Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。 He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那样傻。 This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。(三) 以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常由in which或that引导，而且通常可以省略。 The way (that / in which ) he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答这些问题的方式令人惊奇。 I dont like the way (that / in which) you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你冲她的样子。 （四）关系代词与关系副词的选择 用关系代词还是关系副词引导定语从句主要看关系词在定语从句中的作用（即所担当的成分）。 试比较： A. I know a place where we can have a picnic. 我知道一个我们可以野炊的地方。 I know a place which / that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. 我知道一个以自然景色优美而闻名的地方。 B. I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度假的日子。 I will never forget the days that / which we spent together. 我永远忘不了我们一起度过的日子。 C. This is the reason why he was dismissed. 这就是他被解雇的原因。 This is the reason that / which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting. 这就是他向我解释的他没有参加会议的原因。. （五）定语从句与同位语从句的区别 1定语从句修饰限定先行词，它与先行词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容， 它与先行词是同位关系。 The plane that has just taken off is for Paris.（定语从句） 刚起飞的那架飞机是开往巴黎的。 The fact that he has already died is quite clear.（同位语从句） 他已去世了，这个事实很明了。 2.定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，关系词在从句中担当相应句子成分，关系代词在从句中作宾语时经常可省略。同位语从句主要由连词that 引导，在从句中一般不担当成分；有时由where, when, how, who, whether, what 等连词引导，这些连词则在从句中担当成分。 The news that he told me is true. （定语从句）他告诉我的消息是真的。 The news that he has just died is true. （同位语从句） 他刚刚去世了，这个消息是真的。 The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. (定语从句) 我们现在面临的问题是如何筹集这么多资金。 The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve. （同位语从句） 23 我们如何筹集这么多资金，这个问题很难解决。 The question that he raised puzzled all of us. （定语从句） 他提出的问题让我们很为难。 The question whether he is sure to win the game is hard to answer. （同位语从句） 他是否一定会赢得那场比赛，这个问题很难回答。 3同位语从句与先行词一般可以用动词be发展成一个完整的句子,定语从句则不能。 A. The idea that he we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. （同位语从句） 我们可以向老师请教，这个主意不错。 The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice. B. The fact that the earth moves around the sun is known to all. （同位语从句） 地球围绕太阳转，这个事实人人皆知。 The fact is that the earth moves around the sun. C. Pay attention to the problem how we can protect the wild animals. （同位语从句） 请注意如何保护野生动物这个问题。 The problem is how we can protect the wild animals. 、主语从句 1定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2构成：关联词+简单句 3引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1)从属连词that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2)从属连词whether。如： Whether hell come here isnt clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。 难点释疑： 1主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that从句。如：Its a pity that we cant go. 很遗憾我们不能去。 Its no surprise that our team should have won the game. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。 C. It+be+过去分词(said, repo